PhysioEx Lab Report

Exercise 4: Endocrine System Physiology

Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone

Name: Dayana Osorio Lux

Date: 3 October 2022

Session ID: session-6b3d0dfc-1755-31ef-0f4d-b1e1419206f1

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1 Which of the following statements about metabolism is false?

You correctly answered: All of the energy from metabolism is ultimately

stored in the chemical bonds of ATP.

2 Thyroxine is

You correctly answered: the most important hormone for maintaining the
metabolic rate and body temperature.

3 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is

You correctly answered: produced in the pituitary gland.

4 An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of the

following?

You correctly answered: goiter development.

5 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is

You correctly answered: secreted by the hypothalamus.

6 Which of the following statements is true?

 You correctly answered: The hypothalamus primarily secretes tropic
hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones.

Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: Make a prediction about the basal metabolic rate
(BMR) of the remaining rats compared with the BMR of the normal rat you
just measured.

Your answer: The BMR of both remaining rats will be lower than the
normal rat's BMR.

2 Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen after you inject
thyroxine into the three rats?

Your answer: The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic but will not
develop a goiter.

3 Predict Question 3: What do you think will happen after you inject TSH
into the three rats?

Your answer: The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic and develop a
goiter.

4 Predict Question 4: Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a drug that inhibits the

production of thyroxine by blocking the attachment of iodine to tyrosine
residues in the follicle cells of the thyroid gland (iodinated tyrosines are
linked together to form thyroxine). What do you think will happen after
you inject PTU into the three rats?

Your answer: The normal rat will become hypothyroidic and develop a
goiter.

Stop & Think Questions

1 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 426 ml O2/hr.

2 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1710 ml O2/kg/hr.

3 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

4 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

 Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1549.18 ml O2/kg/hr.

5 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

6 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1549.18 ml O2/kg/hr.

7 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800).

The normal rat is

You correctly answered: euthyroid.

 8 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800).

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is

You correctly answered: hypothyroid.

9 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800).

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is

You correctly answered: hypothyroid.

10 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

11 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

 Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1536.59 ml O2/kg/hr.

12 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 426 ml O2/hr.

13 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1704 ml O2/kg/hr.

14 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

15 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1549.18 ml O2/kg/hr.

16 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine
injection.

The normal rat is

You correctly answered: hyperthyroid.

17 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine
injection.

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is

You correctly answered: hyperthyroid.

18 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
 hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine
injection.

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is

You correctly answered: hyperthyroid.

19 Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with thyroxine?

You correctly answered: None of the rats developed a goiter with this
injection.

20 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 426 ml O2/hr.

21 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1704 ml O2/kg/hr.

22 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

 ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

23 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1536.59 ml O2/kg/hr.

24 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

25 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

 You answered: 1549.18 ml O2/kg/hr.

26 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the TSH
injection.

The normal rat is

You correctly answered: hyperthyroid.

27 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the TSH
injection.

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is

You correctly answered: hypothyroid.

28 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the TSH
injection.

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is

You correctly answered: hyperthyroid.

29 Which of the rats did not develop a goiter after injection with TSH?

You correctly answered: the thyroidectomized rat.

30 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

31 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1512 ml O2/kg/hr.

32 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 378 ml O2/hr.

33 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

 Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1536.59 ml O2/kg/hr.

34 Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour.

You answered: 384 ml O2/hr.

35 Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate.

You answered: 1573.77 ml O2/kg/hr.

36 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the PTU
injection.

The normal rat is

 You correctly answered: hypothyroid.

37 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the PTU
injection.

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is

You correctly answered: hypothyroid.

38 Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthyroid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the PTU
injection.

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is

You correctly answered: hypothyroid.

39 Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with PTU?

You correctly answered: the normal rat.

Experiment Data
Rat Weight ml ml O2/hr BMR (ml Palpation Injected
(g) O2/min O2/kg/hr)
Normal 250 7.1 426.00 1704.00 No Mass none
Tx 246 6.3 378.00 1536.59 No Mass none
Hypox 244 6.3 378.00 1549.18 No Mass none
Tx 246 6.3 378.00 1536.59 No Mass none
Normal 250 7.1 426.00 1704.00 No Mass none
Hypox 244 6.3 378.00 1549.18 No Mass none
 Normal 250 7.1 426.00 1704.00 No Mass none

Tx 246 6.3 378.00 1536.59 No Mass none

Hypox 244 6.3 378.00 1549.18 No Mass none
Normal 250 6.3 378.00 1512.00 Mass PTU
Tx 246 6.3 378.00 1536.59 No Mass PTU
Hypox 244 6.4 384.00 1573.77 No Mass PTU

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 7 out of 7 questions correctly.

1 How would you treat a thyroidectomized animal so that it functions like a

"normal" animal?

You correctly answered: Provide the animal T4 supplements.

2 As a result of the missing hormone(s) in the hypophysectomized rat, what

would be an expected symptom?

You correctly answered: decreased basal metabolic rate.

3 An injection of thyroxine to an otherwise normal rat will cause which of

the following?

You correctly answered: hyperthyroidism.

4 Why didn't any of the rats develop a goiter after thyroxine injection?

You correctly answered: In all cases, TSH levels were not elevated by the
thyroxine injection.

5 Why did the normal rat develop a palpable goiter with the TSH injection?

You correctly answered: The TSH receptors on the thyroid gland were
excessively stimulated.
6 An injection of propylthiouracil to an otherwise normal animal will cause
which of the following?

You correctly answered: goiter development.

7 Why did the normal rat develop a palpable goiter with the propylthiouracil
injection?

You correctly answered: The injection decreased the negative feedback

mechanism on TSH.

Review Sheet Results

1 Part 1: Determining the Basal Metabolic Rates

Which rat had the fastest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Your answer:

La rata normal.

2 Why did the metabolic rates differ between the normal rat and the
surgically altered rats? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?

Your answer:

Las 2 ratas, aparte de la normal, tuvieron una BMR menor al de la normal,

una porque no tenía glándula tiroides y la otra porque no tenía la
hipófisis.

3 If an animal has been thyroidectomized, what hormone(s) would be

missing in its blood?

Your answer:

Falta la T3 y T4.
4 If an animal has been hypophysectomized, what effect would you expect
to observe in the hormone levels in its body?

Your answer:

Niveles bajos de T3 y T4 porque la TSH producida por la hipofisis es baja.

5 Part 2: Determining the Effect of Thyroxine on Metabolic Rate

What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the normal rat's BMR?

Your answer:

Los niveles de tiroixina subieron por lo que el BMR aumento para

desarrollar hipertiroidismo.

6 What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the thyroidectomized rat's

BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR?
Was the dose of thyroxine in the syringe too large, too small, or just right?

Your answer:

El BMR aumento, ahora en el caso de la rata normal y de la rata con Tx se

debió al peso que tenían sin embargo, ambas tenían hipertiroidismo.

7 What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the hypophysectomized

rat's BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's
BMR? Was the dose of thyroxine in the syringe too large, too small, or just
right?

Your answer:

La BMR aumentó, generando hipertiroidismo en la rata, a diferencia de la

rata normal es mayor aunque por su peso; básicamente se buscaba pasar
de hipotiroidismo a eutiroidismo.

8 Part 3: Determining the Effect of TSH on Metabolic Rate

 What was the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) injections on

the normal rat's BMR?

Your answer:

El BMR aumentó por lo que se generó hipertiroidismo y bocio.

9 What was the effect of TSH injections on the thyroidectomized rat's BMR?
How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR? Why
was this effect observed?

Your answer:

La BMR no se vio afectada a como estaba en el principio pues esta rata no

tiene glándula tiroides, entonces la TSH no tiene a quién estimular.

10 What was the effect of TSH injections on the hypophysectomized rat's

BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR?
Was the dose of TSH in the syringe too large, too small, or just right?

Your answer:

El BMR aumenta produciendo hipertiroidismo, el BMR de la rata normal

como de la rata hipofisectomizada son similares diferenciandose por el
peso de ambas. Una dosis muy alta genera hipertiroidismo más no el
eutiroidismo que deseamos.

11 Part 4: Determining the Effect of Propylthiouracil on Metabolic Rate

What was the effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) injections on the normal

rat's BMR? Why did this rat develop a palpable goiter?

Your answer:

El BMR disminuyó lo que provocó un hipotiroidismo en la rata, se

desarrolla un bocio porque el PTU bloqueó la unión del yodo a los
residuos de tirosina en las células del folículo de la glándula tiroides.
12 What was the effect of PTU injections on the thyroidectomized rat's BMR?
How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR? Why
was this effect observed?

Your answer:

No hubo efecto en la rata Tx porque no tiene su glándula tiroides; los

BMR de la rata normal y tiroidectomizada son casi iguales porque el
bloque de la unión del yodo con los residuos en las células del folículo de
la glándula tiroides, mientras que en la otra no hay glándula y por ende
no hay efecto en ella.

13 What was the effect of PTU injections on the hypophysectomized rat's

BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's BMR?
Why was this effect observed?

Your answer:

El BMR de la rata normal y la rata hipofisectomizada es similar aunque la

primera desarrolló bocio y la otra no, esto se debe principalmente al no
haber niveles adecuados de tiroxina por el bloqueo del yodo entonces el
hipotálamo desarrolla más TRH estimulando la hipófisis para que libere
más TSH.