Three-Centered Curves for Architecture:

Arches, Bridges, Tunnels, Roofs, Domes,

and Now Diagrids
By Robert Stevens
Thanks to the reduced ceiling or roof height compared with a semicircular arch, architects have
often preferred a depressed or oblate elliptical arch. Now, with the success of the gherkin tower,
the advantages of the prolate elliptical form can also be appreciated. But, with the added difficulty
of making a perfect ellipse on a building site, many architects prefer a close approximation like the
three-centered arch, sometimes called a basket-handle arch, and why not a 3-centered diagrid?
While this is quite feasible once you know the measurements, finding the radii for formwork or
trusses can be a time-consuming process if you don't know how to go about it; and most
carpenters and handymenand even architectsdidn't learn more than a method of drawing an
ellipse at school and dont have the number-crunching means of structural engineering companies
to make complex calculations. Rather than giving yet another method of drawing a 3-centered arc,
this paper shows a simple way to calculate the radii for any 3-centered arc you wish.

The Fundamentals

Moorish in origin, through Persian

constant (2a). In Fig. 1a, an oblate ellipse, the

horizontal axis is the major axis whose length is 2a;
the minor axis measures 2b and the distance
between foci is 2c. The area is a.b ; the perimeter
is 2{(a2 + b2)/2}.

descent, the oval form in architecture

was introduced in Spain from the 15th
century and remained popular with
architects in arches (e.g. the vaulting of
the arcades in the Place des Vosges in
Paris, and especially proscenium
arches), domes and plans during the
Baroque period (e.g. the Bernini
colonnade of Saint Peters piazza in
Rome, and the White House in
Washington), but less so since WWII
i.e. in the steel-and-concrete era until
now. The ceiling height requirement can
be a determining factor, but while it
makes little structural difference
employing an arcuated form when using
reinforced concrete, in contrast to a
semi-circular or single-centered arc,
half an oblate elliptical arch or ellipsoid
dome is less structurally sound. On the
other hand, a prolate ellipsoid (vertically
elongated), like the Achaemenid
cupolas in Persia or the Swiss Re tower
in London, is more structurally sound,
(the latter also thanks to the virtues of
the diagrid) due to their form similar to
the ideal catenary shape.
Before going into the specifics of a
pseudo-ellipse, let us first look at the
characteristics of a true ellipse. It is well
known that an ellipse is described as
the locus of points where the sum of the
distances from the two foci is always a

Fig. 1a An oblate ellipse

By turning the above ellipse through 90 we get a prolate

form where the major axis is vertical, as follows:

Fig. 1b A prolate semi-ellipse

The eccentricity of an ellipse, defined by = c/a, indicates how much the curve is elongated in
contrast to a circle of the same height (2b), and the lower the value of , the more the curve
approaches a circle in fact, when c = 0, = 0 and the curve is a circle. In general, with conic
sections, < 1 gives an ellipse, = 1 gives a parabola, and > 1 a hyperbola. Thus the domain
of eccentricity for an ellipse is 0 < < 1, and since the mean value of between 0 and 1 is 1/2, it
follows that the majority of ellipses have an eccentricity 1/2 and a 2c.
The coefficient of compression or aspect ratio of an ellipse or pseudo-ellipse (n = b/a) is quite
distinct from the eccentricity and indicates the relation between the height and the width, (also
its flatness or roundness). Clearly, when b = a, the coefficient of 1 indicates a circle, and since b
and a are interchanged in a prolate form, the domain of this coefficient is 0 < n < 1.
A building in the form of a prolate semi-ellipsoid can be stood on a stilted (perfectly vertical)
ground floor for a more graceful form, or a prolongation of the ellipse with decreasing diameter,
like the iconic Swiss Re gherkin tower (30 St Mary Axe, London) of Arup/Norman Foster +
Associates. Curiously, although prolate semi-elliptic forms existed in Persia and the onion shape
was common in the East, this prolate form was rarely adopted in the West for arches or domes
in previous centuries. It doesnt require any more roof height than a 2-centered Gothic arch, but
perhaps its because an ellipse requires a constantly changing radius that makes it hard to
realize. For most practical purposes though, with or without todays computing power, a close
approximation to an ellipse can be realized quite simply with only 2 different radii. Of course, the
specific focusing properties of a real elliptic curve are not to be found in a 3-centered arc, so the
latter should not be used if a focusing surface is required for reflected sound or light.
There are many ways of drawing a close approximation to an ellipse1, and some of them (e.g.
with 5 centers) are as complicated as drawing a true ellipse or are limited in eccentricity. A
pseudo-ellipse can be drawn from a 2-centered arc where b = c and R = 2b (or r = c = 1/2a = 3/4b
and R = 2b as in the Achaemenid cupolas2), but a better-known method of drawing one is often
employed to represent a circle in isometric projection (Fig. 2a). This is drawn in an isometric
rhombus and is known as the Stevens method, but it imposes a curve where b = c only.

Fig. 2a A classical way of drawing a

pseudo-ellipse (or a circle in isometric
projection) by the Stevens method.

These examples are suggestive of another common method of drawing an approximation to an

ellipse (again with 3-centers, Figs. 2b, 2c), and this will help in obtaining a general formula for
the radii of a 3-centered pseudo-elliptic arc.

Fig. 2b A common way of drawing a

pseudo-ellipse with eccentricity = 1/2.

Fig. 2c Variations of the above

pseudo-ellipse with the same
eccentricity but different
aspect ratios.

Two circles are drawn with radius r of 1/4 the required major axis or span width, in such a way
that they meet at the centerline. Two tangents are drawn at any angle (e.g. 45, 30 or 60, as
you like) to meet the centerline at point O, giving the center of the circle with radius R that
completes the top part of the pseudo-ellipse. The 30 example also shows another method of
drawing such a curve as the central triangle joining the three foci is equilateral, and the lower
points of intersection of the center circle intersect the other two circles in line with O T and OT.
It may be observed that the centers of the minor and major arcs are located on the axes. In
addition, the points of tangency T and T' are the points of change of center of curvature
common to both minor radius arc and major radius arc; the normal at each of these points is
thus in line with both their centers. Whilst this method is normally used for an eccentricity of 1/2
(since c = r), it does allow us to move to a general case where b, c and r are independent.
Moreover, it shows how the pseudo-elliptic curve changes with different aspect ratios, even
with the same eccentricity; and as a corollary the inverse is also true, since different eccentricities are possible with the same aspect ratioin contrast with a true ellipse. Assuming a
constant minor axis, any change in the eccentricity of a true ellipse requires a change in the
major axis thus changing the aspect ratio, whereas a change in the eccentricity of a pseudoellipse can be done without a change in the major axis or the aspect ratio. And a major
problem for an architect with defining a 3-centered arch is that there are so many variables. If
you disregard the height to the spring line and extrapolations like the eccentricity and aspect
ratio, there are 5 in all: a, b, c, r and R. So the first thing to do is to eliminate some of the
unknown parameters by giving them known or assumed values. Assuming construction of an
oblate arch, for example, the span width and possibly the rise height are often given in building
constraints. In the event there is some doubt about the rise height, the architect or his client
usually has an idea of how rounded or flattened the arch should be, in particular with regard to
the ceiling or roof height. So even if you only have the span width (2a), you can work out the
rise height from the desired coefficient of compression or aspect ratio (b/a), bearing in mind the
need for a common rise height if several arches are contiguous. Fortunately, this can be done
graphically for an oblate or prolate ellipse with a computer drawing tool (e.g. PowerPoint,
Illustrator or Photoshop etc.), by flattening a circle to the required height and width.
You then have the choice of deciding either on a value for the eccentricity, or choosing the
value of the minor radius. If you have decided on the aspect ratio and drawn the equivalent
ellipse in the step above, you will have a good idea of what the curve is to look like since the
difference between the equivalent ellipse and the 3-centered curve is so slight. But this doesnt

indicate the eccentricity required, which is linked with the focal separation (c = .a). In general,
the smaller the eccentricity (or focal separation compared with the half-span) the more
rounded is the curve, and thus more suited, in the oblate form of an arch, to an opening that is
not wide (but this does not apply for the prolate form, assuming you have free rein with the
height). For spans of 120 cm or less, a semicircular arch is usually best ( = 0; c = 0) since the
rise height is only 60 cm; for spans up to 2.2 m a well-rounded ellipse goes well (0 < < 1/2;
0 < c < r); for spans of about 2.4 m the semi-rounded curve of the above diagram 2b ( = 1/2;
c = r) fits well; and for spans of 2.5 m or greater, the curve should be duly elongated without
changing the rise height (1 > > 1/2; c > r). It may help to make an assumption for the focal
separation c in terms of a multiple of the minor radius, r ; you can thus use a curve with a
known eccentricity and aspect ratio that satisfies your aesthetic requirements for various span
widths. In addition, you can easily calculate several possible scenarios, as a spreadsheet with
the following formulas makes this so simple. And, with experience, it becomes clear for which
spans you should use which eccentricity and aspect ratio to give the desired harmonious curve
to an arc, which arent necessarily those of the rough guidelines given above, especially if your
assumptions are different or youre considering a roof or prolate form.
Calculating the Unknown Parameters
For the sake of simplicity, we shall just look at the case of an oblate arc, but the calculations
are obviously the same with a prolate form. When the parameters a, b, c (as well as , given by
c/a, and the coefficient of compression given by the ratio b/a) have been decided upon, only
the minor and major radii remain to be determined, and this is what we shall calculate here.
However, the choice of the minor radius is also a leveraged factor in differentiating an arch or
prolate pseudo-ellipsoid in terms of general roundness or flatness, especially in case you wish
to clearly distinguish it from a true ellipse, but the calculations are much the same.

Fig. 3 General case for calculating

the parameters of any 3-centered
semi-elliptic arc

Finding the Minor Radius r and Major Radius R

Referring to Fig. 3 we can deduce an equation for the major axis and hence the minor radius:
.
2a = 2c + 2r, or a = c + r ; . . r = a c (I)
In the event you prefer to impose a particular minor radius r rather than a focal separation c,
you can deduce the value of c by rearranging (I) to read c = a r. In addition, by substituting
a = c/, then c - c/ = - r and c = .r , which shows the key role r has in the value of c.
1-
You can even impose your own values for r and c if you have a free hand with the span width
2a. Moreover, a spreadsheet (cf. appendix) allows you the freedom to try any combination of
values, for example to achieve a Renaissance harmony (i.e. based on ratios of small whole
numbers) or proportions based on the irrational number of the Golden Section (e.g. r = 1,
b = c = .r, giving a = 2, while aspect ratio and eccentricity are both equal to 0.618034).

In Fig. 3, applying the Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle OMF or OMF gives:
.
(R - r)2 = (R - b)2 + c2 ; . . R2 2Rr + r2 = R2 2Rb + b2 + c2, or 2R(b r) = b2 + c2 - r2 ;
.
. . the major radius R = b2 + c2 - r2 (II)
2(b - r)
You may note that the term (b r) in the second equation implies that the relation between the
rise height and the minor radius greatly affects the major radius or flatness/roundness of the top
part of the curve: firstly, r cannot be greater than b (and should be much less than b for a wellrounded top curve), and when r = b you get a flat-topped, or pseudo-3-centered curve (R ).
On the other hand, b cannot be greater than R since this gives a prolate curve where b and a
are interchanged (since the foci of an ellipse are always on the major axis), and when b = R you
get a circle.
Example 1 ( < 1/2; c < r)
.
Span 2a = 220 cm; . . a = 110 cm.
Rise height b = 71 cm (i.e. aspect ratio b/a required = 0.645)
.
Focal separation 2c = 1 3/4r (or required = 0.4667); . . c = 7/8 r.

Given:
Assumed:

.
From equation (I) r = 110 7/8 r ; r(1 + 7/8) = 110 ; . . r = 110 x 8 = 58.67 cm
15
From equation (II) R = 712 + (7/8 r)2 - r2 = 712 - r2(1 - 49/64) = 5041 - (3441.8 x 15/64)
2(71 58.67)
2 x 12,33
24.67
.

. . R = 5041 - 806.67 = 4234.3 = 171.6 cm.

24.67

24.67

Example 2 ( = 1/2; c = r)
.
Span 2a = 240 cm; . . a = 120 cm.
Rise height b = 72 cm (i.e. aspect ratio required = 0.6)
Focal separation 2c = 2r (since eccentricity required = 0.5).

Given:
Assumed:

.
From equation (I) r = 120 r ; 2r = 120 ; . . r = 60 cm.

From equation (II) R = 722 + 602 - 602

2(72 - 60)

= 5184 = 216 cm.

24

Example 3 ( > 1/2; c > r)

.
Span 2a = 350 cm; . . a = 175 cm.
Rise height b = 75 cm (i.e. aspect ratio required = 0.4286)

Given:
Assumed:

.
Focal separation 2c = 4 1/4r (or eccentricity required = 0.68); . . c = 17/8 r.

From equation (I) r = 175 17/8 r ; r(1 + 17/8) = 175 ; r = 175 x 8 = 56 cm

25
From equation (II)

R = 752 + (17/8 r)2 - r2 = 5625 + (3136 x 225/64)

2(75 56)
2 x 19

. . R = 16650

= 438.16 cm.

38

Fortunately the calculations can be checked before being set in concrete, since scale drawings
will immediately show up any mistakes; the tangents of the minor-radius curve and the majorradius curve only coincide at T and T if the calculations are correct.
An interesting point about these solutions is that once you have found the curve you like, and
consequently the radii for a given eccentricity and aspect ratio, then re-dimensioning to any
size with that same eccentricity and aspect ratio is a piece of cake since you can scale the
basic parameters (a, b, c, r and R) in geometric proportion. On the other hand, if you want an
even margin around a pseudo-elliptical arch, or to make a pseudo-elliptical staircase, you can
simply use the same centers with both radii increased arithmetically by the width of the margin
or stairs. In this latter case the eccentricity and aspect ratio will be different for the inside and
outside curves, but the margin or stair width remains constant.
If you are converting an existing semicircular arch into a (narrower and shallower) 3-centered
arch, in this case you can assume values for b and r (R > b > r), assuming R is unchanged;
then it only remains to find the value of c and a. By rearranging equation II,
..
.
. 2R(b r) = b2 + c2 - r2 ; . . c2 = r2 - b2 + 2R(b r), or c = {r2 - b2 + 2R(b r)} ;
and, from equation I, a = c + r.
In the event you want to go beyond the purity and rigidity of late Modernism, you can adopt an
asymmetry like in the form of an egg. In this case you can assume values for b and R, then the
calculation of the pseudo-ellipse form for each side would be a matter of choosing either a
different value for r for each side (from which you can calculate the different values for a and c
using the formulae of the above paragraph), or a different value for a for each side from which
you can calculate the different values for c and r as follows:
..
.
. 2R(b r) = b2 + c2 - r2 and substituting for r = a c . . 2R(b a + c) = b2 + c2 (a c) 2
.
.
. . 2Rb 2Ra + 2Rc = b2 + c2 a2 + 2ac - c2 . . 2Rc - 2ac = b2 a2 + 2Ra 2Rb
.
.
. . 2c(R a) = b2 a2 + 2R(a b) . . c = b2 a2 + 2R(a b)
2(R a)
and, from equation I, r = a - c.

Making Oblate or Prolate 3-Centered Formwork on Site

a) Formwork for exterior and load-bearing oblate arches
It is well known how difficult it can be to make
an ellipse on a building site and, while it is far
easier to make a 3-centered curve than a true
ellipse, finding carpenters to make formwork
with three centers is often quite a challenge, so
it's worth looking at ways of avoiding
complicated shapes. With oblate arches, you
may consider corbeling (in brick or stone) the
minor arcs at the abutment both sides, and
then the bricks laid or concrete poured with
single-radius formwork that of the major arc
only making the junctions at T and T. Or,
instead of corbeling you can make the minorarc sections (with formwork S2 and S3 in Fig.4)
separately in concrete and then pour the major
arc with simple major-radius formwork (S1).

Fig. 4 Theoretical formwork

However, making the formwork requires exact knowledge of where T and T are located. Once
you have found the curve you like and know the radii (r and R), the precise location of these
tangent points can be determined by trigonometry, as follows:

Fig. 4bis Calculating location of T

and T in order to make formwork

The same principles for formwork apply

to making vaulting (e.g. like the glass roof
of the new Berlin Main Railroad station),
tunnels, bridges, for an oval plan to a
bow window, a room (like an oval office),
a staircase, a whole building, or a sports
stadium, for example like Roman
amphitheaters or the National Stadium in
Beijing known as the birds nest.

Fig. 5 Practical formwork for an oblate load-bearing

arch, vaulting or tunnel etc.

b) Building interior and non-load-bearing oblate arches

Making an oblate arch in a non-load-bearing wall is far simpler than the previous example
since it can be done without formwork, directly in plywood or plasterboard, using the spandrel
S4 of figure 4bis. You can, for example, cut out two templates in the shape of S4 and separate
them with blocks of wood to give the same width as the wall. This gives a mold that can be
filled with plaster; it can then be integrated in the gap in the wall to form the arch, supported by
an impost or metallic or wooden jambs.
c) Oblate or prolate arches and pseudo-ellipsoids
Making a prolate pseudo-elliptic arch or building in concrete can be done with similar formwork
to that described above for oblate arches. Although not practical for doors or windows, a
prolate pseudo-semi-elliptical form can also be used for decorative features such as open
portals, especially using laminated wood, steel or aluminum and glass.
However, the fact that only two different radii are required for such forms implies another
simple form of construction the triangulated diagrid (an exterior structural system using
perimeter diagonals) similar to the geodesic principle invented by R. Buckminster Fuller. Since
this latter technique was designed for hemispherical domes, the same technique can be used

with two radii to make an oblate or prolate pseudo-semi-ellipsoid, either using steel or
concrete, and offering column-free floor space as well as bending and shear rigidity.

Making Roof / Dome Trusses

a) Trusses for external prolate arcs
Using the same principles as for the formwork for an arch, a roof or dome truss can be
constructed, as shown below. The prolate form is particularly interesting if the space under the
roof is to be used as an attic storey, since the useful height c can easily be 2.4 meters or more.
There are similarities with a Mansard roof, but the curvature makes it stronger than the
Mansards straight surfaces. Moreover, the outward stresses at the bottom of such a dome or
arch are far less than with a semicircular form, and thus require less buttressing.

Fig. 6 - Example of a truss for a prolate

3-centered roof or dome

b) Trusses for external depressed or oblate arcs

In the same way as for the prolate form, an oblate roof or dome truss can be constructed using
the principles shown below. While the oblate form is not interesting if the space under the roof
needs to be used as an attic, it could be useful over a light well or to improve drainage and
strength in contrast with a flat roof.

Fig. 7 - Example of a W-truss for

a 3-centered oblate roof or dome

c) Trusses for interior domes or barrel vaults

To simplify the woodwork or metalwork of a truss for a sloping roof and an interior oblate
dome or barrel vault, the pitch of the roof should coincide with the slope of the common
tangent of the minor and major curves. This can be done simply with a spreadsheet

indicating the ratio c : R-b or tan . In the example shown in Fig. 8, this ratio coincides with a
pitch of 3 : 4 (tan = 0.75), since it is an oblate Achaemenid curve very close to a true
ellipse and clearly designed with a 3/4/5 triangle3 in an orgy of harmonious ratios of 1: 2, 2 : 3
and 3 : 4 usually attributed to Pythagoras lending itself naturally to this pitch of roof and
giving an abundance of round figures in the calculations (see appendices I and II, where
round figures in the calculations are retained as much as possible). However, the same can
be done for any pitch of roof, e.g. the more common 1 : 2 where tan = 0.5 and the tangent
point is nearer the center of the quadrant, but its coordinates l and d are not round figures.

Fig. 8 The pitch of the roof

should coincide with that of the
common tangent of the 3-centered
curve to simplify truss design.

In many cases an external dome is mounted above an interior dome, in which case the above
truss of Fig. 8 can be combined with that of Fig. 6.

Conclusion
In response to growing demand for making 3-centered arches, this paper has been extended
in scope. In addition to demonstrating a simple formula for calculating the radii of any threecentered arc, several examples are given of real-life cases for those who wish to make
arches, vaults or domes for interior or exterior applications.
1

Browning, Hugh C. The Principles of Architectural Drafting: a Sourcebook of Techniques and Graphic Standards.
Watson-Guptill Publications, New York 1996.
2
3

Dieulafoy, Marcel. LArt antique de la Perse, IV: Les monuments vots de lpoque achmnide. Paris 1884-89.
Le Corbusier. Vers une Architecture. Editions Crs, Paris 1923.

Application of 3/4/5 Triangles

to 3-Centered Curves
Appendix I

Arch building with radiating voussoirs was known from 3000 B.C. and in Mesopotamia and Persia,
at least up to the middle of the 6th century B.C. (before the influences of Egypt and Greece),
architecture was essentially arcuated, using sun-dried or kiln-fired bricks due to the lack of timber
and building stone. We also have many examples to prove that arcs were not always semicircular,
and it was probably understood that the arcs that best withstood earthquakes and the passage of
time were those extended vertically in what we would today call a quasi-catenary form. It is
doubtful that a true catenary or even a true ellipse could be made at that time, but making a threecentered curve was perfectly feasible. And, over the years, it is probable that they hit upon a way
of drawing a three-centered arc from a rectangle and triangle with dimensions based on small
whole numbers.
From evidence such as the clay Babylonian tablet known as Plimpton
it has
become
clear that
Fig.322
8 The
pitch
of the roof
should
that
of the
some trigonometry and especially the 3/4/5 right triangle were known
fromcoincide
aroundwith
1800
B.C.
And
common the
tangent
of the 3-centered
while it carries no historical weight; it is not surprising that Euclid attributed
invention
of what
curve to simplify truss design.
we now know as the theorem of Pythagoras to one of his own, although Pythagoras of Samos,
who lived at the time of Cyrus, made no claim to this invention. Moreover, triangulation in Greek
roofs did not appear before the 3rd century B.C., and since the Greeks had plenty of building stone
and timber, and their architecture was thus columnar and trabeated, it is more likely that the
necessity for arcuated building applications was the mother of this invention, in Mesopotamia or
Persia rather than in Greece.
Experience with the calculation of numerous 3-centered arcs shows that the only format that
systematically gives round figures (even to the coordinates l and d of the common tangent point)
occurs when the internal triangle is of the form 3/4/5 (tan = 3/4 or 4/3). The most harmonious of
these is the curve called Achaemenid in the text. This curve is very near to a real ellipse, with the
ratios r/c = 1 and b/R-b = 1, and is suitable for spans up to about 2.5 meters or roof height.

Fig. I/1 Prolate and oblate forms of the Achaemenid curve

10

Drawing the Achaemenid 3-centered curve is simply a matter of starting with a rectangle ABCD,
6 x 4 units (or multiples thereof) divided into four quarters and then making a diagonal from a top
corner to the mid point at the bottom so as to cut the major axis at F. Each point F is the center of
the minor curve, radius 3/2, while O is the center of the major curve, radius 4. Note that the
triangle AEO is also 3/4/5.
The coordinates of the common tangent at T are 1.2 and 2.4 units respectively from the major
and minor axes.
It can be assumed that many other formats were tried before the above curve was retained to
meet the constraints of oblate cupolas. And since the easier a curve is to draw, the easier it is to
fabricate on a building site, other formats with tan = 3/4 must have been looked at, including
r/c = 1/3 with b/R-b = 1/2; or r/c = 1/2 with b/R-b = 5/8; or r/c = 2/3 with b/R-b = 3/4; and with
tan = 4/3 an example is r/c = 1 with b/R-b = 2. All of these formats give round figures, but not
necessarily graceful curves.
The following figure is an example of a reasonably graceful curve that can be drawn with the
greatest simplicity. Based on a rectangle measuring 18 x 13, it offers an aspect ratio of 5/9, which
is slightly lower than the previous example, while the eccentricity is 2/3, i.e. slightly higher. As a
result, this format is suitable for wider spans that the previous example, say 2.5 to 3 meters
(e.g. 2.7m = 15 x 18cm).

Fig. I/2 This 3-centered

curve is drawn in much the
same way as the previous
example except that the
rectangle measures 18 x
13 units (or multiples
thereof), the vertical
division is into 5/8, and the
foci F are located 2/3 of a
(6 units) from the centerline.
The coordinates of the
common tangent at T are
2.4 and 7.8 respectively
from the major and minor
axes.
The lower aspect ratio
(0.555 instead of 0.666)
makes this curve more
suitable for wider arches
than the previous example.

11

Calculations of 3-Centered Arches

Appendix II

This paper has shown a simple way to calculate the radii for any 3-centered arc, and the
following copy of a spreadsheet with these formulae gives examples of exact dimensions (as
much as possible with round figures) and the approximate appearance with an example for
each heading. If you need the freedom to try your own combinations of values any
spreadsheet, such as Microsoft Excel, can be programmed as required; but this can be quite
time-consuming which is why the following list has been made with as many examples as
days in a human gestation period (273).
Eccentricity

< 1/2 (c < r)

Coordinates of T

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

140.0

45.00

30.00

40.00

132.50

150.0

60.00

24.00

51.00

200.0

74.00

36.00

210.0

74.00

220.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.643

0.429

0.343

42.97

37.84

87.50

0.800

0.320

0.873

57.53

38.42

64.00

133.80

0.740

0.360

0.602

69.01

54.83

46.50

58.50

136.00

0.705

0.443

0.750

81.60

46.80

75.00

47.50

62.50

159.00

0.682

0.432

0.565

78.26

54.40

220.0

75.00

52.50

57.50

145.00

0.682

0.477

0.750

87.00

46.00

220.0

74.00

51.00

59.00

153.20

0.673

0.464

0.644

82.94

49.61

220.0

73.50

45.70

64.30

182.40

0.668

0.415

0.420

70.58

59.29

220.0

71.00

52.00

58.00

168.50

0.645

0.473

0.533

79.29

51.18

226.0

74.00

52.00

61.00

171.50

0.655

0.460

0.533

80.71

53.82

230.0

69.00

56.00

59.00

220.80

0.600

0.487

0.369

76.42

55.35

232.0

69.50

56.00

60.00

229.80

0.599

0.483

0.349

75.79

56.64

233.0

75.00

48.70

67.80

236.10

0.644

0.418

0.302

68.32

64.90

233.0

69.50

56.48

60.02

233.01

0.597

0.485

0.345

76.08

56.73

233.0

75.95

50.00

66.50

203.50

0.652

0.429

0.392

74.27

61.91

233.0

80.10

46.40

70.10

182.75

0.688

0.398

0.452

75.27

63.88

235.0

68.50

54.00

63.50

357.60

0.583

0.460

0.187

65.66

62.42

12

(b

250.0

75.00

55.00

70.00

375.00

0.600

0.440

0.183

67.62

68.85

300.0

80.00

74.00

76.00

762.50

0.533

0.493

0.108

82.19

75.56

Eccentricity = 1/2 (c = r)

Coordinates of T

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

140.0

45.00

35.00

35.00

101.25

150.0

45.00

37.50

37.50

200.0

75.00

50.00

220.0

80.00

225.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.643

0.500

0.622

53.49

29.72

135.00

0.600

0.500

0.417

51.92

34.62

50.00

112.50

0.750

0.500

1.333

90.00

30.00

55.00

55.00

128.00

0.727

0.500

1.146

96.44

36.16

75.00

56.25

56.25

150.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

90.00

45.00

226.0

66.19

56.50

56.50

226.00

0.586

0.500

0.354

75.33

53.27

226.0

70.00

56.50

56.50

181.48

0.619

0.500

0.507

82.04

50.40

231.0

67.00

57.75

57.75

242.65

0.580

0.500

0.329

75.79

54.86

233.0

68.24

58.25

58.25

233.00

0.586

0.500

0.354

77.67

54.92

240.0

70.00

60.00

60.00

245.00

0.583

0.500

0.343

79.46

56.76

245.0

71.00

61.25

61.25

258.51

0.580

0.500

0.327

80.27

58.22

248.0

72.00

62.00

62.00

259.20

0.581

0.500

0.331

81.49

58.86

250.0

74.37

62.50

62.50

232.98

0.595

0.500

0.394

85.41

58.15

250.0

75.00

62.50

62.50

225.00

0.600

0.500

0.417

86.54

57.69

270.0

75.00

67.50

67.50

375.00

0.556

0.500

0.225

82.32

65.85

300.0

80.00

75.00

75.00

640.00

0.533

0.500

0.134

84.96

74.34

300.0

84.00

75.00

75.00

392.00

0.560

0.500

0.244

92.74

72.87

300.0

90.00

75.00

75.00

270.00

0.600

0.500

0.417

103.85

69.23

316.0

100.00

79.00

79.00

238.10

0.633

0.500

0.572

118.23

68.57

320.0

105.00

80.00

80.00

220.50

0.656

0.500

0.693

125.55

65.77

350.0

105.00

87.50

87.50

315.00

0.600

0.500

0.417

121.15

80.77

360.0

100.00

90.00

90.00

500.00

0.556

0.500

0.225

109.76

87.80

400.0

120.00

100.00

100.00

360.00

0.600

0.500

0.417

138.46

92.31

13

(b

Eccentricity

> 1/2 (c > r)

Coordinates of T

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

150.0

30.00

58.50

16.50

150.00

150.0

34.75

47.00

28.00

182.0

45.50

56.88

200.0

40,00

200.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.400

0.780

0.488

65.73

14.83

195.00

0.463

0.627

0.293

54.88

26.87

34.125

182.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

70.00

31.50

78,00

22,00

200.00

0.400

0.780

0.488

87.64

19.78

40.00

72.00

28.00

250.00

0.400

0.720

0.343

81.08

26.49

220.0

60.00

60.00

50.00

235.00

0.545

0.545

0.343

76.22

47.30

226.0

56.25

71.00

42.00

226.00

0.498

0.628

0.418

87.21

38.75

231.0

71.00

59.25

56.25

182.63

0.615

0.513

0.531

85.62

49.68

235.0

68.50

59.20

58.30

235.20

0. 583

0.504

0.355

78.71

50.94

235.0

70.60

62.50

55.00

188.00

0.601

0.532

0.532

88.35

48.55

240.0

60.00

70.00

50.00

300.00

0.500

0.583

0.292

84.00

48.00

250.0

70.00

65.00

60.00

276.25

0.560

0.520

0.315

83.03

57.23

255.0

75.00

65.00

62.50

237.75

0.588

0.510

0.399

88.18

58.04

255.0

72.00

72.50

55.00

218.10

0.565

0.569

0.496

96.95

49.27

256.0

72.00

70.00

58.00

240.00

0.563

0.547

0.417

92.31

53.54

256.0

72.00

68.25

59.75

256.00

0.563

0.533

0.371

89.03

56.02

262.0

62.50

86.41

44.59

262.00

0.477

0.660

0.433

104.13

40.92

288.0

78.77

80.00

64.00

288.04

0.547

0.556

0.382

102.85

59.78

290.0

70.00

90.00

55.00

332.50

0.483

0.621

0.343

107.84

52.03

290.0

75.00

95.00

50.00

243.00

0.517

0.655

0.565

119.61

43.52

294.5

70.17

97.25

50.00

294.53

0.477

0.660

0.433

117.13

45.88

300.0

60.00

117.00

33.00

300.00

0.400

0.780

0.488

131.46

29.66

300.0

78.00

80.00

70.00

474.00

0.520

0.533

0.202

93.86

68.61

300.0

71.56

94.00

56.00

347.80

0.477

0.627

0.340

112.04

53.01

310.0

71.00

105.00

50.00

323.00

0.458

0.677

0.417

124.23

46.15

315.0

72.50

102.00

55.50

370.00

0.460

0.648

0.343

120.00

52.50

14

(b

320.0

74.00

107.50

52.50

332.00

0.463

0.672

0.417

127.69

48.46

325.0

74.50

110.00

52.50

338.50

0.458

0.677

0.417

130.19

48.46

350.0

75.00

120.00

55.00

425.00

0.429

0.686

0.343

137.84

52.03

350.0

75.00

125.00

50.00

375.00

0.429

0.714

0.417

144.23

46.15

360.0

75.00

130.00

50.00

400.50

0.417

0.722

0.399

148.54

46.43

376.8

80.75

138.40

50.00

376.83

0.429

0.735

0.467

159.57

45.30

400.0

80.00

156.00

44.00

400.00

0.400

0.780

0.488

175.28

39.55

400.0

80.00

150.00

50.00

440.00

0.400

0.750

0.417

169.23

46.15

420.0

82.00

160.00

50.00

466.00

0.390

0.762

0.417

179.23

46.15

450.0

180.00

67.50

157.50

270.00

0.800

0.300

0.750

162.00

126.00

450.0

105.00

160.00

65.00

405.00

0.467

0.711

0.533

190.59

57.35

500.0

100.00

195.00

55.00

500.00

0.400

0.780

0.488

219.10

49.44

Coordinates of T

c = b ; Aspect Ratio = Eccentricity

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

150.0

50.00

50.00

25.00

87.50

160.0

50.00

50.00

30.00

180.0

56.50

56.50

200.0

60.00

220.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.667

0.667

1.333

70.00

15.00

102.50

0.625

0.625

0.952

70.69

21.72

33.50

114.40

0.628

0.628

0.976

79.90

23.98

60.00

40.00

140.00

0.600

0.600

0.750

84.00

32.00

60.00

60.00

50.00

235.00

0.545

0.545

0.343

76.22

47.30

238.0

68.00

68.00

51.00

195.50

0.571

0.571

0.533

92.00

45.00

240.0

75.00

75.00

45.00

153.75

0.625

0.625

0.952

106.03

32.59

250.0

75.00

75.00

50.00

175.00

0.600

0.600

0.750

105.00

40.00

270.0

87.50

87.50

47.50

163.20

0.648

0.648

1.156

123.42

31.08

300.0

90.00

90.00

60.00

210.00

0.600

0.600

0.750

126.00

48.00

300.0

100.00

100.00

50.00

175.00

0.667

0.667

1.333

140.00

30.00

320.0

100.00

100.00

60.00

205.00

0.625

0.625

0.952

141.38

43.45

350.0

120.50

120.50

54.50

197.50

0.689

0.689

1.565

166.42

29.35

15

(b

400.0

140.00

140.00

60.00

222.50

0.700

0.700

1.697

191.69

30.46

400.0

144.50

144.50

55.50

217.30

0.723

0.723

1.985

194.06

24.97

440,0

120.00

120.00

100.00

470.00

0.545

0.545

0.343

152.43

94.59

450.0

150.00

150.00

75.00

262.50

0.667

0.667

1.333

210.00

45.00

480.0

150.00

150.00

90.00

307.50

0.625

0.625

0.952

212.07

65.17

500.0

166.70

166.70

83.30

291.60

0.667

0.667

1.335

233.36

49.95

The Achaemenid
Coordinates of T

Eccentricity = 1/2; ARatio = 2/3; r = 3b/4; R = 2b

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

12.0

4.00

3.00

3.00

8.00

24.0

8.00

6.00

6.00

36.0

12.00

9.00

60.0

20.00

144.0

(a

d
(b

c/a

tan

0.667

0.500

0.750

4.80

2.40

16.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

9.60

4.80

9.00

24.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

14.40

7.20

15.00

15.00

40.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

24.00

12.00

48.00

36.00

36.00

96.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

57.60

28.80

150.0

50.00

37.50

37.50

100.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

60.00

30.00

162.0

54.00

40.50

40.50

108.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

64.80

32.40

174.0

58.00

43.50

43.50

116.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

69.60

34.80

180.0

60.00

45.00

45.00

120.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

72.00

36.00

183.0

61.00

45.75

45.75

122.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

73.20

36.60

186.0

62.00

46.50

46.50

124.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

74.40

37.20

192.0

64.00

48.00

48.00

128.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

76.80

38.40

204.0

68.00

51.00

51.00

136.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

81.60

40.80

210.0

70.00

52.50

52.50

140.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

84.00

42.00

216.0

72.00

54.00

54.00

144.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

86.40

43.20

222.0

74.00

55.50

55.50

148.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

88.80

44.40

225.0

75.00

56.25

56.25

150.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

90.00

45.00

240.0

80.00

60.00

60.00

160.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

96.00

48.00

246.0

82.00

61.50

61.50

164.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

98.40

49.20

252.0

84.00

63.00

63.00

168.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

100.80

50.40

258.0

86.00

64.50

64.50

172.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

103.20

51.60

264.0

88.00

66.00

66.00

176.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

105.60

52.80

16

300.0

100.00

75.00

75.00

200.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

120.00

60.00

330.0

110.00

82.50

82.50

220.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

132.00

66.00

360.0

120.00

90.00

90.00

240.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

144.00

72.00

375.0

125.00

93.75

93.75

250.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

150.00

75.00

390.0

130.00

97.50

97.50

260.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

156.00

78.00

420.0

140.00

105.00

105.00

280.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

168.00

84.00

450.0

150.00

112.50

112.50

300.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

180.00

90.00

480.0

160.00

120.00

120.00

320.00

0.667

0.500

0.750

192.00

96.00

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a = 1/2

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

170.0

42.50

53.10

31.90

170.20

172.0

43.00

53.75

32.25

175.0

43.75

54.70

180.0

45.00

200.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.500

0.625

0.416

65.35

29.46

172.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

66.15

29.77

32.80

174.90

0.500

0.625

0.417

67.33

30.27

54.00

36.00

202.50

0.500

0.600

0.343

65.68

34.05

50.00

62.50

37.50

200.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

76.92

34.62

200.0

50.00

55.00

45.00

350.00

0.500

0.550

0.183

63.11

44.26

250.0

62.50

77.00

48.00

259.70

0.500

0.616

0.390

94.46

44.71

263.0

65.75

79.50

52.00

288.70

0.500

0.605

0.357

96.96

48.98

264.0

66.00

84.00

48.00

253.00

0.500

0.636

0.449

103.67

43.79

265.0

66.25

85.50

47.00

246.50

0.500

0.645

0.474

105.64

42.46

288.0

72.00

96.00

48.00

252.00

0.500

0.667

0.533

118.59

42.35

300.0

75.00

100.00

50.00

262.50

0.500

0.667

0.533

123.53

44.12

320.0

80.00

112.00

48.00

260.00

0.500

0.700

0.622

137.36

40.75

350.0

87.50

120.50

54.50

291.00

0.500

0.689

0.592

148.27

46.90

17

(b

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a = 1/2 ; R = 2a = 4b

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

144.0

36.00

45.00

27.00

144.00

156.0

39.00

48.75

29.25

160,0

40,00

50,00

168.0

42.00

180.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.500

0.625

0.417

55.38

24.92

156.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

60.00

27.00

30,00

160,00

0.500

0.625

0.417

61.54

27.69

52.50

31.50

168.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

64.62

29.08

45.00

56.25

33.75

180.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

69.23

31.15

200.0

50.00

62.50

37.50

200.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

76.92

34.62

224.0

56.00

70.00

42.00

224.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

86.15

38.77

240.0

60.00

75.00

45.00

240.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

92.31

41.54

256.0

64.00

80.00

48.00

256.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

98.46

44.31

264.0

66.00

82.50

49.50

264.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

101.54

45.69

288.0

72.00

90.00

54.00

288.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

110.77

49.85

300.0

75.00

93.75

56.25

300.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

115.38

51.92

320.0

80.00

100.00

60.00

320.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

123.08

55.38

360.0

90.00

112.50

67.50

360.00

0.500

0.625

0.417

138.46

62.31

(b

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a = 1/2 ; Eccentricity =

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

158.0

39.50

48.82

30.18

162.67

160.0

40.00

49.44

30.56

170.0

42.50

52.53

180.0

45.00

55.62

c/a

tan

(a

0.500

0.618

0.396

59.94

28.05

164.75

0.500

0.618

0.396

60.70

28.41

32.47

175.04

0.500

0.618

0.396

64.49

30.19

34.38

185.34

0.500

0.618

0.396

68.29

31.96

18

(b

183.0

45.75

56.55

34.95

188.40

0.500

0.618

0.396

69.43

32.49

200.0

50.00

61.80

38.20

205.93

0.500

0.618

0.396

75.87

35.51

220.0

55.00

68.00

42.00

226.35

0.500

0.618

0.397

83.49

39.04

250.0

62.50

77.25

47.75

257.42

0.500

0.618

0.396

94.84

44.39

260.0

65.00

80.34

49.66

267.71

0.500

0.618

0.396

98.64

46.17

300.0

75.00

92.70

57.30

308.90

0.500

0.618

0.396

113.81

53.27

320.0

80.00

98.88

61.12

329.49

0.500

0.618

0.396

121.40

56.82

340.0

85.00

105.07

64.94

350.04

0.500

0.618

0.396

128.99

60.37

360.0

90.00

111.24

68.76

370.68

0.500

0.618

0.396

136.57

63.92

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a =

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

160.0

49.44

42.00

38.00

120.80

180.0

55.62

56.25

33.75

200.0

61.80

62.50

220.0

67.98

225.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.618

0.525

0.589

61.28

32.75

117.01

0.618

0.625

0.916

79.05

24.88

37.50

130.02

0.618

0.625

0.916

87.83

27.65

53.00

57.00

190.36

0.618

0.482

0.433

75.65

52.31

69.53

55.00

57.50

189.25

0.618

0.489

0.459

79.00

52.25

230.0

71.07

56.00

59.00

194.90

0.618

0.487

0.452

80.31

53.76

238.3

73.64

58.90

60.25

196.50

0.618

0.494

0.479

84.95

54.33

240.0

74.16

59.00

61.00

199.80

0.618

0.492

0.470

84.93

55.21

250.0

77.25

65.50

59.50

189.20

0.618

0.524

0.585

95.55

51.36

260.0

80.34

70.00

60.00

190.60

0.618

0.538

0.635

102.16

50.65

280.0

86.52

86.50

53.50

183.29

0.618

0.618

0.894

122.15

39.89

300.0

92.71

96.10

53.90

192.30

0.618

0.641

0.965

133.53

38.79

360.0

111.25

125.00

55.00

222.02

0.618

0.694

1.128

166.16

36.48

19

(b

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a = ; Eccentricity = 1/2

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

160.0

49.44

40.00

40.00

129.44

180.0

55.62

45.00

45.00

200.0

61.80

50.00

220.0

67.98

226.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.618

0.500

0.500

57.89

35.78

145.62

0.618

0.500

0.500

65.12

40.25

50.00

161.80

0.618

0.500

0.500

72.36

44.72

55.00

55.00

177.98

0.618

0.500

0.500

79.60

49.19

69.84

56.50

56.50

182.84

0.618

0.500

0.500

81.77

50.54

230.0

71.07

57.50

57.50

186.07

0.618

0.500

0.500

83.21

51.43

240.0

74.16

60.00

60.00

194.16

0.618

0.500

0.500

86.83

53.67

250.0

77.25

62.50

62.50

202.25

0.618

0.500

0.500

90.45

55.90

360.0

111.25

90.00

90.00

291.25

0.618

0.500

0.500

130.25

80.50

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

161.8

50.00

50.00

30.90

105.90

220.0

68.00

68.00

42.00

238.3

73.64

73.65

260.0

80.34

266.0

(b

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio = ; Eccentricity = ( c = b )

2a
Span

c/a

tan

(a

0.618

0.618

0.895

70.60

23.03

143.92

0.618

0.618

0.896

96.02

31.29

45.50

155.95

0.618

0.618

0.895

103.99

33.91

80.40

49.60

170.10

0.618

0.618

0.896

113.49

36.94

82.20

82.20

50.80

174.10

0.618

0.618

0.894

116.07

37.86

288.0

89.00

89.00

55.00

188.49

0.618

0.618

0.895

125.67

40.99

296.0

91.47

91.47

56.53

193.74

0.618

0.618

0.894

129.16

42.14

366.0

113.10

113.10

69.90

239.55

0.618

0.618

0.894

159.70

52.10

400.0

123.61

123.60

76.40

261.81

0.618

0.618

0.894

174.53

56.95

523.6

161.80

161.80

100.00

342.71

0.618

0.618

0.894

228.46

74.54

20

(b

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a = 1/3

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

150.0

25.00

58.33

16.67

225.00

180.0

30.00

67.50

22.50

200.0

33.33

76.00

240.0

40.00

300.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.333

0.778

0.292

63.00

16.00

330.00

0.333

0.750

0.225

72.44

21.95

24.00

338.10

0.333

0.760

0.249

81.81

23.29

96.00

24.00

320.00

0.333

0.800

0.343

103.78

22.70

50.00

133.33

16.67

300.00

0.333

0.889

0.533

141.18

14.71

350.0

58.33

145.00

30.00

415.20

0.333

0.829

0.406

156.29

27.79

360.0

60.00

150.00

30.00

420.00

0.333

0.833

0.417

161.54

27.69

400.0

66.67

165.00

35.00

480.70

0.333

0.825

0.399

177.96

32.51

420.0

70.00

175.00

35.00

490.00

0.333

0.833

0.417

188.46

32.31

(b

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a = 2/3

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

150.0

50.00

50.00

25.00

87.50

180.0

60.00

60.00

30.00

200.0

66.67

67.00

250.0

83.33

270.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.667

0.667

1.333

70.00

15.00

105.00

0.667

0.667

1.333

84.00

18.00

33.00

116.50

0.667

0.670

1.344

93.48

19.69

83.00

42.00

146.00

0.667

0.664

1.324

116.52

25.31

90.00

90.00

45.00

157.50

0.667

0.667

1.333

126.00

27.00

300.0

100.00

100.00

50.00

175.00

0.667

0.667

1.333

140.00

30.00

350.0

116.67

143.00

32.00

195.10

0.667

0.817

1.823

171.06

15.39

360.0

120.00

140.00

40.00

202.50

0.667

0.778

1.697

174.46

20.31

400.0

133.33

165.00

35.00

222.60

0.667

0.825

1.848

195.78

16.65

21

(b

Coordinates of T

Aspect Ratio b/a = 3/4

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

150,0

56,25

45,00

30,00

81,70

180.0

67.50

64.00

26.00

200.0

75.00

78.00

225.0

84.38

250.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.750

0.600

1.768

71.11

14.77

96.10

0.750

0.711

2.238

87.74

10.61

22.00

105.90

0.750

0.780

2.525

98.45

8.10

56.25

56.25

126.56

0.750

0.500

1.333

101.25

33.75

93.75

100.00

25.00

132.10

0.750

0.800

2.607

123.34

8.95

265.0

99.38

91.50

41.00

141.90

0.750

0.691

2.152

128.68

17.28

300.0

112.50

110.00

40.00

159.70

0.750

0.733

2.331

146.76

15.77

350.0

131.25

130.00

45.00

186.10

0.750

0.743

2.370

171.46

17.49

400.0

150.00

155.00

45.00

211.90

0.750

0.775

2.504

196.79

16.69

(b

Coordinates of T

= 30 ; 2c = R - r (equilateral)
2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

220.0

57.00

72.40

37.60

182.40

220.0

69.74

55.00

55.00

250.0

64.00

83.33

280.0

78.51

300.0
360.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.518

0.658

0.577

91.20

32.56

165.00

0.634

0.500

0.577

82.50

47.63

41.67

208.33

0.512

0.667

0.577

104.16

36.09

84.00

56.00

224.00

0.561

0.600

0.577

112.00

48.50

95.10

75.00

75.00

225.00

0.634

0.500

0.577

112.50

64.95

106.80

100.00

80.00

280.00

0.593

0.556

0.577

140.00

69.28

22

(b

Roof 1:2

Coordinates of T

tan = 0.5 ; Eccentricity < 0.5

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

300.0

122.50

36.00

114.00

194.49

300.0

100.00

65.45

84.55

400.0

176.40

30.90

450.0

180.00

500.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.817

0.240

0.500

86.99

101.96

230.91

0.667

0.436

0.500

103.26

75.62

169.10

238.15

0.882

0.155

0.500

106.57

151.22

58.90

166.10

297.84

0.800

0.262

0.500

133.16

148.57

196.60

69.90

180.10

336.41

0.786

0.280

0.500

150.44

161.09

600.0

200.00

130.90

169.10

461.81

0.667

0.436

0.500

206.52

151.25

600.0

225.00

98.18

201.83

421.36

0.750

0.327

0.500

188.43

180.52

600.0

250.00

65.45

234.55

380.91

0.833

0.218

0.500

170.34

209.79

800.0

352.80

61.80

338.20

476.30

0.882

0.155

0.500

213.15

302.44

1000.0

393.20

139.80

360.20

672.82

0.786

0.280

0.500

300.88

322.18

Roof

(b

2:3

Coordinates of T

tan = 0.667
2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

250.0

75.00

71.74

53.26

182.50

300.0

132.50

25.10

124.90

360.0

132.50

68.15

400.0

176.64

450.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.600

0.574

0.667

101.30

44.30

170.15

0,883

0.167

0.667

94.38

103.92

111.85

234.63

0.736

0.379

0.667

130.23

93.04

33.51

166.49

226.88

0.883

0.168

0.667

125.89

138.51

198.75

37.65

187.35

255.22

0.883

0.167

0.667

141.58

155.88

500.0

220.85

41.81

208.19

283.56

0.883

0.167

0.667

157.30

173.22

600.0

265.00

50.20

249.80

340.30

0.883

0.167

0.667

188.77

207.84

1000,0

441.65

83.69

416.31

567.18

0.883

0.167

0.667

314.62

346.39

23

(b

Roof 1:1

Coordinates of T

tan = 1 ;

Eccentricity << 0.5

2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

280.0

130.00

17.07

122.93

147.07

300.0

135.06

25.50

124.50

400.0

180.05

34.05

450.0

200.00

500.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.929

0.122

1.000

103.99

86.93

160.57

0.900

0.170

1.000

113.52

88.05

165.95

214.11

0.900

0.170

1.000

151.37

117.37

42.67

182.33

242.69

0.889

0.190

1.000

171.57

128.95

225.10

42.50

207.50

267.61

0.900

0.170

1.000

189.20

146.75

600.0

270.12

51.00

249.00

321.14

0.900

0.170

1.000

227.04

176.10

1000.0

450.20

85.00

415.00

535.23

0.900

0.170

1.000

378.40

293.50

(b

Roof 3:4

Coordinates of T

tan = 0.75
2a
Span

b
Rise

c
(= a - r)

r
minor

R
Aspect
Major
b/a

200.0

75.00

37.50

62.50

125.00

204.0

94.00

12.00

90.00

220.0

60.00

75.00

240.0

94.00

250.0

c/a

tan

(a

0.750

0.375

0.750

75.00

50.00

110.00

0.922

0.118

0.750

66.00

72.00

35.00

160.00

0.545

0.682

0.750

96.00

28.00

39.00

81.00

146.00

0.783

0.325

0.750

87.60

64.80

110.00

22.50

102.50

140.00

0.880

0.180

0.750

84.00

82.00

250.0

75.00

75.00

50.00

175.00

0.600

0.600

0.750

105.00

40.00

280.0

80.00

90.00

50.00

200.00

0.571

0.643

0.750

120.00

40.00

300.0

112.50

56.25

93.75

187.50

0.750

0.375

0.750

112.50

75.00

300.0

135.00

22.50

127.50

165.00

0.900

0.150

0.750

99.00

102.00

320.0

142.50

26.25

133.75

177.50

0.891

0.164

0.750

106.50

107.00

350.0

157.50

26.25

148.75

192.50

0.900

0.150

0.750

115.50

119.00

24

(b

400.0

180.00

30.00

170.00

220.00

0.900

0.150

0.750

132.00

136.00

500.0

225.00

37.50

212.50

275.00

0.900

0.150

0.750

165.00

170.00

600.0

270.00

45.00

255.00

330.00

0.900

0.150

0.750

198.00

204.00

1000.0

450.00

75.00

425.00

550.00

0.900

0.150

0.750

330.00

340.00

25