,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; kjf;fytuq;fSk; ,d td;KiwfSk;

mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;TfSk; Kk;nkhopTfSk;

M.T.M. Rizvi

Eastern University Sri Lanka

abuagar73@yahoo.com
Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;
,yq;if gy ,dq;fs;> kjq;fs;> nkhopfs;> fyhrhuq;fs; nfhz;l gd;ikj;Jt ehlhFk;.
gd;ikj;Jtk; vd;gJ gpugQ;r xOq;fpy; kpfTk; ,ay;ghd xU mk;rKkhFk;.
,g;gd;ikj;Jtq;fspy; kj> ,d> nkhop>fyhruh gd;ikj;Jtq;fis mbahff;nfhz;Nl
,yq;if tuyhw;W neLfpYk; kjf;fytuq;fSk; ,d td;KiwfSk; epfo;e;J te;Js;sd.
rkfhyj;jpy; r%fq;fspilNaahd gd;ikj;Jtk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa fhuzpahf
nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F gfukhf ,e;j ,ay;ghd NtWghLfs; gpsTf;Fk; gpur;rpidf;Fkhd
fhuzpahfTk; r%fq;fspilNaahd rf tho;Tf;Fk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd
jilf;fw;fshfTk; khw;wg;gl;Ltpl;ld. ,jd; tpisthf ,yq;if ehL ,it njhlu;hd
kjf;fytuq;fisAk; ,dg;gpur;rpidiaAk; gy;JiwfspYk; gy gupkhzq;fspYk; vjpu;
nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; ,dg;gpur;rpid tuyhw;W uPjpahfTk; r%f uPjpahfTk; vd
gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspYk; mjdJ ghjpg;gpd; gd;Kfj;jd;ikAlDk; Muhag;gl;Ls;s
NghjpYk;. ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ,yf;Ffis mbahff; nfhz;L Ma;Tfs; mikag;
ngwtpy;iy vd;Nw fUjKbfpwJ. Mjyhy; ,jw;fhd Mf;fG+u;tkhd jPu;tpid Kd;itf;f
Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; Njit vd;w tifapy; ,yq;ifapy; ,lk; ngw;w kjf;fytuq;fs;>
,d td;Kiwfis milahsg;gLj;jp> ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jhf;Fjy;fspdhy;
ehl;Lf;F Vw;gLk; gy;Jiw jOtpa ghjpg;GfisAk; ,j;jhf;Fjy;fSf;F gpd;dzpahd
fhuzpfisAk; fz;lwpe;J>kj fytuq;fis jPu;g;gjw;fhd my;yJ Fiwg;gjw;fhd
topfis ,];yhj;jpd; xspapy; Ma;T uPjpahf ,t;Ma;T Kd;itj;Js;sJ.nghJthf
fhydpj;Jt fhyg;gFjp Kjy; mz;ikf;fhyk; tiuahd kjf;fytuq;fisAk; mjw;fhd
gpd;dzpapidAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSld; Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;JtJld; mjid jPu;g;gjpy;
,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ,yf;Ffis ikakhf nfhz;L Muha;tjidAk; ,t; Ma;tpy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpwTr; nrhw;fs;: gd;ikj;Jtk;> kjk;> fytuk;> td;Kiw> nghwpKiw> jPu;T

mwpKfk;

,yq;if gy ,dq;fs;> kjq;fs;> nkhopfs;> fyhrhuq;fs; nfhz;l rpwpa ehlhFk;.

,q;F ,dk;> kjk;> nkhop> fyhrhuk; vd;gd tpj;jparkhf miktJ ,ay;ghd
tplakhFk;. ,jid ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fkhd fhuzpfshf
gad;gLj;JtJ Njrj;jpd; jhu;kPf flikahFk;.

,e;ehL gd;ikj;Jtj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd xU rpwpa NjrkhFk;. gd;ikj;Jtk;

vd;gJ gpugQ;r xOq;fpy; kpfTk; ,ay;ghd xU mk;rkhFk;. ,g;gd;ikj;Jtq;fspy;
kj> ,d> nkhop>fyhruh gd;ikj;Jtq;fis mbahff;nfhz;Nl ,yq;ifapd;
tuyhw;W neLfpYk; kjf;fytuq;fSk; ,d td;KiwfSk; epfo;e;J te;Js;sd.

rkfhyj;jpy; r%fq;fspilNaahd gd;ikj;Jtk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa

fhuzpahf nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F gfukhf ,e;j ,ay;ghd NtWghLfs; gpsTf;Fk;
gpur;rpidf;Fkhd fhuzpahfTk; r%fq;fspilNaahd rf tho;Tf;Fk; ehl;bd;
mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd jilf;fw;fshfTk; khw;wg;gl;Ltpl;ld.

,jd; tpisthf ,yq;if ehL ,it njhlu;hd kjf;fytuq;fisAk;

,dg;gpur;rpidiaAk; gy;JiwfspYk; gygupkhzq;fspy; vjpu; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.

481
,g;gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;TfSk; jPu;Tg;nghjpfSk; gy jug;gpduhYk; Kd;itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd MapDk; ,d;Wtiu ,g;gpur;rpid jPu;ff
; g;gltpy;iy
khwhf ,g;gpur;rpid tpj;jpahrkhd tbtq;fis ngw;Wte;Js;sJ Mjyhy;
,jw;fhd Mf;fG+u;tkhd jPu;tpid Kd;itf;f Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;.
,jw;fhd jPu;tpid kjg;ghuk;gupaq;fspypUe;J ngWk; Nehf;fpy; “,yq;if
tuyhw;wpy; kjf;fytuq;fSk; ,d td;KiwfSk; mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;TfSk;
Kk;nkhopTfSk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu xd;wpid rku;gpf;fpd;Nwd;.
,e;ehl;by; ,j;njhlu; gpur;rpidf;F epue;ju jPu;tpid ngWtjw;fhf ,jaRj;jpAld;
ciof;ff;$ba murpay; jiyikfSf;Fk; rka jiyikfSf;Fk; rka
ghuk;gu;aq;fspspUe;J topfhl;liy ngWtjw;F ,t;tha;T xU Muk;g fl;l
topfhl;lyhf mikayhk; vdf;fUJfpNwd;.

Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

1. ,yq;ifapy; ,lk; ngw;w kjf;fytuq;fs;>,d td;Kiwfis mwpjy;.

2. ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; ehl;Lf;F Vw;gLk; gy;Jiw
jOtpa ghjpg;GfisAk; ,j;jhf;Fjy;fSf;F gpd;dzpahd fhuzpfisAk;
fz;lwpjy;.
3. kj fytuq;fis jPu;g;gjw;fhd my;yJ Fiwg;gjw;fhd topfis
,];yhj;jpd; xspapy; Ma;T uPjpahf fz;lwpjy;.

Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid

,dk;> kjk;> nkhop> fyhrhuk; Nghd;w r%fq;fspilNaahd ,ay;ghd NtWghLfs;

gpsTf;Fk; gpur;rpidf;Fkhd fhuzpahfTk; r%fq;fspilNaahd rf tho;Tf;Fk;
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd jilf;fw;fshfTk; khw;wg;gl;Ltpl;ld. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf
kj gd;ikj;Jtj;ij mbahf nfhz;L Vw;gl;l tz;zKs;s kj td;KiwfSk;
gpur;rpidfSNk Ma;tpd; gpur;rpidahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

Ma;T tiuaiw

nghJthf fhydpj;Jt fhyg;gFjp Kjy; mz;ikf;fhyk; tiuahd

kjf;fytuq;fisAk; mjw;fhd gpd;dzpapidAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSld;
Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;JtJld; mjid jPu;g;gjpy; ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ,yf;Ffis
ikakhf nfhz;L Muha;tjidAk; Ma;Tf;fhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yf;fpa Kd; Ma;Tfs;

,yq;ifapd; ,dg;gpur;rpid tuyhw;W uPjpahfTk; r%f uPjpahfTk; vd gy;NtW

Nfhzq;fspYk; mjdJ ghjpg;gpd; gd;Kfj;jd;ikAlDk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;Jld; ,g;gpur;rpidapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;> mijj; jPu;g;gjpy;
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glNtz;ba tplaq;fSk; jug;GfSk; Nghd;wd murpay;
uPjpahfTk; r%ftpay; uPjpahfTk; myrg;gl;Ls;sd. ,dg;gpur;rpidia “,yq;if
482
murpaypy; nkhopAk; kjKk;” vd;w E}y; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd
%yq;fyshf nkhopAk; kjKk; mike;jd vd;gij tuyhw;W uPjpahf
mZFfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W “,dg;gpur;rpid Xu; ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lk;” vDk;
E}iyj;jtpu ,dg;gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;T rka fz;Nzhl;ljpy; Kd;itf;fg;
gltpy;iy vd;Nw fUjyhk;. ,J nghJthd ,];yhkpa topfhl;liy toq;fpa
NghjpYk; $l ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ,yf;Ffis mbahff; nfhz;L
mikatpy;iy. Mjyhy; ,q;F Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l jiyg;G
,j;Jiwapy; Mf;fG+u;tkhd Gjpa mwptpay; gq;fspg;ghf mikAk;.
Ma;T Kiwik

,t;tha;thdJ ,uz;lhk; epiy %yq;fyhd E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>

,izajsq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; jfty;fSk; juTfSk; jpul;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
NkYk; gFg;gha;T uPjpahd Ma;T Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L ,t;tha;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ma;tpd; KbTfSk; fye;Jiuahly;fSk;

,yq;if Xu; mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;ju;fs; 70.2> ,e;Jf;fs; 12.6> ,];yhkpau;fs; 9.7> fpwp];jtu;fs;

7.4 vd;w tPjj;jpy; ehd;F kjj;jtu;fs; thOfpd;wdu;. mNjNtis rpq;fstu;fs;
82% ,yq;if jkpou;fs; 4.3% ,e;jpa jkpou;fs; 5.1% Nrhdfu;fs; 9.7%
gwq;fpau;fs; 0.2% kyha; K];ypk;fs; 0.3% VidNahu; 0.2% vd gy
,dj;jtu;fs; thOfpd;wdu;. ,t;thwhf gy kj> ,d> nkhop> fyhrhu>
gpd;dzpfis nfhz;l kf;fs; thOk; xU ehNl ,yq;if. ,q;F fhzg;gLk;
kjq;fs;> nkhopfs;> fyhrhuq;fs; midj;Jk; ,e;j ehl;bd; kfj;jhd tsq;fs;
MFk;. cyfpd; gpujhd ehd;F kjq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;Lj;Jk; kf;fs;
thOfpd;wdu;. ,e;ehd;F jug;ghUk; jj;jkJ kjk; rhu;e;j ehLfSldhd
ey;YwTf;Fg; ghykhf mika KbAk;. ,e;j cwtpd; %yk; ehl;bd; rfy Jiw
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; fhj;jpukhd gq;fspg;ig toq;fyhk;.

,e;j ehl;by; thOk; xt;nthU gpui[Ak; gd;ikj;Jt r%fj;jpy; thOfpd;Nwhk;

vd;gjid Gupe;J mLj;jtu;fsJ ,d> kj> nkhop> fyhrhuk; rhu;e;j czu;Tfis
kjpj;J rftho;Tf;F mbj;jsk; ,LtJ ,d;wpaikahjJ.

MapDk; ,g;gd;ikJtj;ij ruptu mwpe;J Gupe;J ehl;bd; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk;

tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd gq;fspg;G nra;tjw;F gjpyhf ,ay;ghd ,t;
tpj;jpahrq;fSk; gd;ikj;JtKk; gpsTf;Fk; gpuptpidf;Fkhd fhuzpahf gad;
gLj;jp Njrpa xw;WikAk;> xUikg;ghLk;> mgpUj;jpAk; rPu;Fiof;fg;gl;l tz;z
Ks;sd.

483
 kj td;KiwfSk; ,dg;gpur;rpidAk;

gd;ikj;Jt r%fj;jpy; thOk;NghJ ,q;F fhzg;gLk; ,ay;ghd tpj;jpahrq;fis

tpsq;fp> gu];guk; Gupe;Jzu;TlDk; tpl;Lf;nfhLg;GlDk; rftho;T tho;tJ
kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. MapDk; ,jw;F khwhf ,e;j NtWghLfis mbahf
nfhz;L r%fq;fspilNa epue;jukhd gpsTk; gpuptpidAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJld; ,e;j vjpu;kiwahd kdg;ghq;Fk; rpe;jidg;Nghf;Fk; ,dg; gpur;rp
idf;Fk; kjf;fytuq;fSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nrd;Ws;sikf;F rhd;wuhf fytuq;fs;
mikfpd;wd. ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf gjpthd rpy fytuk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk;
juTfs; mikfpd;wd.

Mz;L fytuq;fs;

1896 rpyhgk; fyfk; (K];ypk; fpwp];jtu;)

1900 mefhupf ju;k ghy Njhw;Wtpj;j “rpq;fs kfh Nghjp rig” K];ypk;fSf;F
vjpuhf fLikahd gpur;rhuq;fis Muk;gpj;jik

1905 1905.05.02 aho; K];ypk; fytuk;

1915 fz;bf; fytuk; - murpay; uPjpahd KjyhtJ kjf;fytuk;

1948 gpujku; b.v];. Nrdehafh ,yq;if K];ypk; rdj;njhifia kl;Lg;gLj;j

rpq;fs FbNaw;wq;fis K];ypk;fs; tho;e;j gFjpfspy; mKy;gLj;jpaik

1972 kltiyf; fytuk;

1974 k`paq;fiz gq;fufk;khd fytuk;

1976 Gj;jsk; gs;sthrypDs; nghyp]hu; GFe;J 7 K];ypk;fis Rl;Lf; nfhz;lik.

1980 Nfhk;gdpj;njU gs;spthaypy; 1 K];ypk; gLnfhiy

1982 fhyp Jytj;ij K];ypk;fs; tpul;babg;G

1985 1985.08.07 kd;dhu; mstf;f gs;sp gLnfhiy kw;Wk; VwhT+u; jkpo; K];ypk;
fytuk;

1989 rk;khe;Jiw jkpo; K];ypk; fytuk; kw;Wk; mWg;gis gs;sp fytuk;

1990 1990.07.12 FUf;fs; klk; vDkplj;jpy; `h[pfs; 68 Ngu; Gypfshy; gL nfhiy

NkYk; 1990.07.30 mf;fiwg;gW 14 K];ypk;fs; gL nfhiy. 1990.08.01 rpfg;G
Mf];l; Muk;gk; md;W mf;fiwg;gW 8 K];ypk;fs; gLnfhiy. 1990.08.03
fhj;jhd;Fb gs;spthay; gL nfhiy>1990.08.05; md;W mk;ghiu Ky;ypad; fhL
17 K];ypk; tptrhapfs;; gL nfhiy 1990.08.06 mk;ghiw 33 K];ypk; tptrhapfs;
1990.08.12 rk;khe;Jiwapy; 4 tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; mNj ehs; VwhT+u; vy;iyg;Gu

484
 K];ypk; fpuhk gLnfhiyfs;.1990.08.13 tTdpahtpy; 09 K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk;
1990.08.15 mk;ghiuapy; mue;jyht K];ypk; fpuhkj;jpy; 09 K];ypk;fs; Gypfshy;
nfhiy NkYk; tlf;F K];ypk;fs; Gypfshy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lik

1992 1992.04.29 Nghyd;dWit mypQ;Rg; nghj;jhid 56 K];ypk;fs; gLnfhiy

1992.07.15 fpuhd; Fsj;jpy; g];]pypUe;J ,wf;fg;gl;L Gypfshy; 22 K];ypk;fs;
nfhiy 1992.10.15 nghyd;dWit gs;spa nfhls;s 187 Ngu; gL nfhiy

1994 cFu];gpl;b fytuk;

1997 Nguhjid gs;sp fytuk;

1998 fz;b iyd; gs;sp gpur;rpid kw;Wk; fynfju kbNf fytuk; 1998.05.02 ntypkl>
1998.05.08 jpf;nty;y fytuq;fs;

1999 1999.02.14 nehr;rpahfk>gd;dy. kPnay;y fytuk; kw;Wk; gJis `p[hg;

gpur;rpid (jkpo;-K];ypk;)

2000 2000.07.17 gs;Nsfk> 2000.07.19 nty;yk;gpl;b fytuq;fs;> 2000.09.16 jiytu;

m\;ug; tpkhd tpgj;J> 2000.12.04 jp`hup> 2000.12.15 nfhg;Nga;fd fytuq;fs;

2001 2001.04.16 tlnjdpa> 2001.04.20 khtdy;y kw;Wk; fhyp fl;Lf; nfhil

fytuq;fs;

2002 2002.07.31 Nfhllhu Ky;iy> 2002.10.25 khspfhtj;ij> 2002.11.17 kJuq;Fsp

fytuq;fs; kw;Wk; NgUtis Nkhjy;.

2005 2005.12.05 kUjKid 2 K];ypk; kPdtu;fs;; nfhiy

2006 2006.8.04 %J}u; K];ypk;fs; Gypfshy; ntspNaw;wk;

2009 2009.03.10 khj;jiw mf;Fu];] kPyhj; tpohtpy; jw;nfhiy Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjy; 14

Ngu; gyp.

2011 mEuhjGuk; Xl;Lg;gs;sk; ]pahuk; ngsj;j kjFUf;fshy; jfu;g;G

2012 nghJgy Nrdh ngsj;j fLk; Nghf;F mikg;G Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kd;dhu; Kryp
K];ypk; fpuhk kPs;FbNaw;wg; gpur;rpid 2012.04.20 jk;Gs;s efu; i`upa;ah gs;sp
thay; ngsj;j kjFUf;fshy; jhf;Fjy;>2012.05.25 nj`ptis fy;tp`hiu
tPjpapYs;s jhUu; u`;kh gs;spthriy mt;tplj;jpypUe;J mfw;WkhW Nfhup
ngsj;j kj FUkhu;fs; jiyikapy; Mu;g;ghl;lk;. 2012.05.28 FUdhfy; khtl;l
Mupa tj;ijapy; cs;s Fu;Md; kj;u]htpy; njhOif elhj;Jtij
epWj;jf;Nfhup Mu;g;ghl;lk;. 2012.07.24 FUdhfy; khtl;l njJU Xahfk apy;
muT Neu njhOif elhj;Jtij epWj;jf;Nfhup Mu;g;ghl;lk;. 2012.07.26 nfhOk;G
nj`ptis gPup]; khtj;ij jhUy; mf;uk; Fu;Md; kj;u]htpy; njhOif
elhj;Jtij epWj;jf;Nfhup Mu;g;ghl;lk; 2012.08.30 nty;yk;gpl;b nfhfpytj;ij

485
 gs;spthrypDs; Eise;j ngsj;j kj FUf;fs; mjid jhf;fg; Nghtjhf
vr;rupj;jik.2012.10.27 mEuhjGu ky;tj;J XahNyd; gs;spthrYf;F
jPitf;fg;gl;lik.2012.12.08 fz;b efu K];ypk; tpahghupfSf;F vjpuhf
Rtnuhl;bfs;.2012.12.24 k`paq;fid gs;spthriy kPs; Gzuikg;G nra;a
Ntz;lhk; vd vr;rupj;J Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;.

2013 2013.01.07 mEuhjGu ky;tj;J XahNyd; gFjpapy; ePz;l fhykhf tho;e;J tUk;
K];ypk;fis mq;fpUe;J ntspNaw;WkhW ngsj;j Mu;g;ghl;lk;. 2103.01.19
nfhOk;G k`ufk efupy; K];ypk; tu;jfu; xUtuJ filia %LkhW
mr;RUj;jy;.2013.01.20 mEuhjGu Gjpa efuj;jpy; K];ypk; cztfq;spy; rhg;gpl
Ntz;lhk; vd;Wk;> kyl;Lj;jd;ik jUk; khj;jpiufis mtu;fs; czTfspy;
Nru;f;fpwhu;fs; vd;Wk; gyp $wp Mu;g;ghl;lk;. 2013.01.23 NgUtis cztfk;
jhf;fg;gl;lik. 2013.01.24 Fspahg;gpl;bapy; K]ypk;fSf;F vjpuhf Mu;g;ghl;lk;
mjpy; gd;wpapd; cUtj;jpy; my;yh`; vd tiue;J gjhiffs; nfhz;L
nry;yg;gl;lik.2013.02.01 fz;bapy; rpj;jpnyg;ig khtj;ij vd;w tPjp
ngau;g;gyif ik G+rg;gl;L tpj;jpahu;j;j khtj;ij vd khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
2013.02.07 md;W 2013 Mk; Mz;il”`yhy; xopg;G” Mz;lhf nghJ gyNrdh
mikg;G mwptpj;jik. 2013.02.09 tufh nghiyapy; ngsj;j kj FUf;fs;
K];ypk;fSf;nfjpujhf Mu;g;ghl;lk;. 2013.02.11 uk;Gfid gFjpapy; `yhy;
vjpu;g;G Rtnuhl;bfs;. 2013.02.13 rpak;gyhf];nfhLt fpspd;nghyapy;
K];ypk;fspd; filfs; cilg;G.2013.02.14 [hjpf n`y cUkapd; jiytu;
rk;gpf;f udtf;f `yhy; mq;fpfhuk; xopf;g;gl Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyNay; ngsj;j
Gul;r;rp ntbf;Fk; vd vr;rupf;if tpl;lik. 2013.03.04 k`u rpiwr;rhiy
gs;sthay; kPJ jhf;Fjy; 2013.03.11 nghJ gy Nrdh mikg;gpd; R+o;r;rpapdhy;
`yhy; cs; ehl;Lf;F ,y;iy ntspehl;Lf;F kl;LNk vd ,yq;if [k;kpaJy;
cykh rig mwptpj;jik.

2014 2014.06.16 mSj;fik ,dthj fytuk; ,J md;iwa Ml;rp ftpo;tjw;Nf

fhuzpahf mike;jJ.

2015 2015.02.22 nghyd;dWit Ef`jkid K];ypk; fpuhkk; xd;wpd; Fu;Md; kj;u]h

cilf;fg;gl;lik. 2015.05.30 nfhOk;G nghuiy [hkpAy; my;ghu; k];[pj;
jhf;fg;gl;lik. 2015.07.07 mf;fiug;gw;W khefu rigf;Fl;gl;l K];ypk; gpu
Njrj;jpYs;s kzpf;$l;Lf; NfhGu cr;rpapy; ngsj;j J}gp ];jhgpf;fg;ll; ik.
2015.07.16 ,g;ghfKt gf;kn P fhy;y [_k;kh gs;spf;F juhtP`; njhOiff;fhfr;
nrd;w ,isQu;fs; ,de;njupahjtu;fshy; ntl;lg;gl;ik.

2016 2016.01.07 nty;yk;gpl;b nghy;tj;ij k];[pj; E}u; ,y; ,\h njhOJ tpl;L te;j
K];ypk;fs; kPJ”rpq;fNy” vd Nfhrkpl;lthW mtu;fisj; jhf;fpaik.2016.03.13
tj;jis ntypru 20mb ghij tPjpapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gltpUe;j gs;spthay;
fl;Lkhzg;gzpfs; ,il epWj;jg;gl;lik.201605.28 nfhOk;G-fz;b gpujhd tPjp

486
 neYe;njdpa gs;spthry; kPJ Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjy;.2016.06.16 jyjh khspiff;F 200
kPw;wu; J}uj;jpy; mike;Js;s fz;b iyd; gs;spapd; kpdhuh NfhGuk; mikf;Fk;
gzpfs; jil nra;ag;gl;lik. 2016.07.01 mf;Fuid mstj;Jnfhl gFjpapy;
ky;fk; ge;njdpa [_k;M gs;spthaYf;F mUfpy; Kr;rf;fu tz;bapy; te;j rpy
,dthjpfs; gd;wpapd; clw;ghfq;fis tPrp tpl;L jg;gpr;nrd;wik.2016.07.16
`g;Gf];jyhit my; `hkpjpa;a muGf;Fy;Y}upad; kpd;khdpAk; jz;zPu;
nfhs;fyDk; ,dthjpfshy; jPf;fpiuahdik. 2016.08.21 mf;fiug;gw;W Gl;lk;ig
k];[pJy; [yhypa;ah gs;spthay; jhf;fg;gl;lik.2016.09.05 aho; gy;fiyffof
njhOifaiw jhf;fg;gl;lik.2016.09.17 fz;b fy;`pd;id gs;spthry; kw;Wk;
thfdq;fs; kPJk; jhf;Fjy;.2016.09.22 mSj;fikapy; K];ypk; tu;j;jf epiak;
jPf;fpiu.2016.11.04 njypahnfhd;d gs;spthay; kPJ jhf;Fjy;.2016.11.06
epfntul;bag gs;sp thay; kPJ Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjy;. 2016.11.15 jk;gyfhkk; Ks;spg;
nghj;jhid Ki`jPd; k];[pj; jhf;fg;ll ; ik. K];ypk;fs; thOk; gFjpahd
khspfhtj;ij ,uj;j Mwhf XLk; vd Qhdrhu Njuh; vr;rupg;G.2016.11.19
,yq;ifapd; gpugy K];ypk tu;j;jf epWtdq;fshd NOLIMIT, FASHIONBUG,
ETISALAT Nghd;w epWtdq;fSf;F vjpuhf Nguzp elhj;jg;gl;lJld; ,dthj
Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; ntspahdik. mjd; xU epWthdk; jPf;fiuahf;fg;gl;lik.
2016.11.25 fSj;Jiw k`h `Pdl;baq;fy gs;spthay; kPJ jhf;Fjy;. 2016.12.01
jpUNfhzkiy gdpr;rq;Fsk; rpd;dg;gs;spthrYf;Fs; E}ise;j rpy ,dthjpfs;
gy Fu;Md; gpujpfis vupj;jik.2016.12.06 Ky;iyj;jPT> Ks;spg; nghj;jhid>
ghze;Jiw Nghd;w ,l rpy ghlrhiyfspy;; rhjhud ju guPl;irf;Fj;Njhw;wpa
khztpfs; gu;jh mzpe;j epiyapy; vOj jLj;j epfo;T.

2017 2017.01.18 VwhT+u; jhkiuf;Nfzp mf;]h rpwpa k];[pj; cilg;G>2017.01.21

nfypXa gpuNjr K];ypk; xUtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpapy; rpiy
itg;G.2017.02.09 jk;Gs;isapy; K];ypk; filfs; %lg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
,dthjpfspd; NfhrKk; filfs; milf;fg;glikAk;>2017.03.30 Kryp gpuNjr
K];ypk;fspd; tho;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf 01 ,yl;rk; Vf;fu; fhzpfis td
,yhf;fhTf;F xJf;fp tu;j;jkhzp ntspaplg;gl;ik.2017.04.18 nfhlg;gpl;ba
Nghu;it efupy; K];ypk; filfs; rpy ngw;Nwhy; Fz;Lj;jhf;FjYf;F
,yf;fhdik.2017.10.29 kl;lf;fsg;G fpuhd; re;ij tpahghuj;Jf;F K];ypk;
tpahghupfSf;F jil.2017.11.17 ngsj;j gpf;Ffspd; fhyp fpe;Njhl;il K];ypk;fs;
kPjhd jpl;lkpl;l td;Kiw.

2018 2018.02.23 mk;ghiw gs;spthay; kw;Wk; filfs; ,dthjpfshy; jfu;g;G.2018.03.05

fz;b jpfz njy;njdpa K];ypk;fspd; tPLfs; filfs; kPjhd ngsj;j rpy
,dthjpfspd; ntwpj;jd jhf;Fjy;.

2019 201904.21 <];lu; Fz;Lj;jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp>

nghUshjhuk;>,Ug;G>ghJfhg;G> murpay; vd midj;Jk; ghupa
rthYf;Fs;shdik. 2019.05.13 FUehfy; khtl;l gy K];ypk; fpuhkq;fs;

487
 jhf;fg;gl;lik. ePu;nfhOk;G> rpyhgk;>kpDthd;nfhl gFjpfspy; 457 K];ypk;
FLk;gq;fs; ghjpg;G>147 tPLfs;>132 filfs;>52 thfdq;fs;>29 gs;spthay;fs;
Nrjk; xUtu; nfhy;yg;gl;lik. njhlu;e;Jk; ehl;bd; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;
K];ypk;fs; gy;NtW rka> r%f> murpay;>gd;ghL uPjpahd mnrsfupaq;fSf;F
cw;gl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

,yq;ifapy; njhluhf ,d>kjf;fytuq;fSk; r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu Kuz;

ghLfSk; ,e;j ehl;bYs;s K];yp;fSf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;ikia
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l juTfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

mNjNtis topghl;Lj;jsq;fs;> topghl;by; <Lgl;ltu;fs;> kjg; ngupahu;fs;

Nghd;wd jhf;fg;gLs;sijAk; mtw;wpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; fsthlg;gl;Ls;sijAk; mr;
RUj;jYf;Fs;shdjidAk; nghJthf NkYs;s juTfspd; tpguq;fs; Fwpg;
gpLtjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

,e;j jhf;Fjy;fs; midj;JNk jw;nrayhf> vt;tpj gpd;dzpNah fhuzq;fNsh

,d;wp eilngw;Ws;sd vd;w KbTf;F tuKbahJs;sJ khwhf rpy jhf;Fjy;fs;
VNjl;irahfTk; jdpg;gl;l fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk; eilngw;Ws;sd vd
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhYk; ehlshtpa uPjpapy; ele;Js;s gjpthd ,itaidj;JNk
vt;tpj gpd;dzpAkpd;wp ele;jit vd;w KbTf;F tUtJ Ma;T uPjpahf Nehf;Fk;
NghJ vt;tpjj;jpYk; nghUj;jkw;w KbT vd;gjidNa ,e;j juTfs;
ep&gpj;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. mNjNtis ,it jpl;lkpl;l mbg;gilapy; tiuaWf;
fg;gl;l rpy FWfpa eyd;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf ele;NjwpAs;sd vd;gJ
Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j jhf;Fjy;fs; ,e;j ehl;bw;Fk; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; rhjfkhd tpisTfis

xUNghJk; nfhz;LtuhJ. ,jw;F khwhf Kw;wpYk; gy;Jiw jOtpa ghjfkhd
tpisTfisNa Vw;gLj;Jk;. njhlu;e;J ,tw;wpd; ghjfkhd tpisTfis
Muha;Nthk;.

gpur;rpidapd; ghjf tpisTfs;

1) cstpay; uPjpahf Nehf;Fk;NghJ midj;J r%fq;fspilNaahd kdpjhgpkhd

czu;Tfs;> kdpjNeak;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Nghd;w ey;yk;rq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLtJld;
Fwpg;ghf rpWghd;ikapdu; kd mOj;jj;JlDk; gPjpAlDk; thOk; MNuhf;fpakw;w
epiyia Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ.

2) murpay; uPjpahf Nehf;Fk;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; K];ypk;fspd; topghl;L jsq;fs;

jhf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; [dehaf; uPjpapy; xt;nthU FbkfDk; mDgtpf;f Ntz;ba
mbg;gil cupikahd kjr;Rje;jpuk; ghjpf;fgLfpd;wJ. ,it ru;tNjr ehL
fspilNa ,yq;ifapd; ed;kjpg;igAk; fPuj ; ;jpiaAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;
ru;tNjr uPjpahd murpay;> uh[je;jpu uPjpahd cwit fLikahf ghjpf;fpwJ.

488
3) nghUshjhjhu uPjpahf ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ehl;bd; r%f> murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ik>
r%f ey;ypzf;fk; vd;gtw;iw ghjpf;Fk;. Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;F nghUj;jkhd
R+oiy cUthf;Ftjpy; ,it ,uz;Lk; kpf Kf;fpakhFk;. kjf;fytuq;fSk;
,dNkhjy;fSk; murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ik mw;w epiyapidAk;> r%fq;fs;fspilNa
gpsitAk; gpzf;ifAk; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fspd;
ek;gpf;if> cw;gj;jp jpwd;> tpepNahfk;> Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp> me;epa nryhtzp>
Rw;Wyh Jiw Nghd;w nghUshjhuj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l gpujhd tplaq;fis Kw;whf
ghjpf;fpd;wJ.

4) r%f uPjpahf mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ xt;nthU r%fj;jtUk; Fwpg;ghf

rpWghd;ikapdu; jkJ khu;ff
; cupikfs;> capu;fs;> clikfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ghJ
fhg;gpy;yhj epiyia czUk; R+oy; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l midj;J jhf;Fjy;fSk; jpl;lkpl;Nlh jpl;lkplg;glhkNyh kj top

ghl;Lj;jsq;fspd; kPJk; K];ypk;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kPJk;> Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl;Ls;sd.,itfs; r%fq;fspilNa mLj;j rkaj;jtu;fs; Fwpj;j jg;ggpg;gpuhak;>
re;Njfk;> FNuhjk;> gifik Nghd;w vjpu;kiwahd gjpTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. NkYk;
r%fq;fspilNa tpuprYk; gpsitTk; cUthtjw;F toptFf;Fk;.,t;thwd
rkaq;fspilNaahd MNuhf;fpakw;w epiy Njrpa ru;tNjr jPa rf;jpfs; jkJ Ra
eyd;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;Fupa R+oiy cUthf;fp nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

5) kj topghl;Ljyq;fs;> kj fyhrhu KJrq;fs;> ghuk;gupa nghJ nrhj;Jf;fs;

mopf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; ehl;bdJk; ehl;by; thOk; r%fq;fspdJk; tuyhW
mopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;s kjf;fytuq;fSf;Fk;

,d Nkhjy;fSf;Fk; %ykhf ,Ue;JtUk; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fis mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
mit gpd;tUkhW:

1) tuyhw;W uPjpahd fhuzpfs;

fhydpj;Jthjpfs; jq;fsJ MSiff;Fl;gl;l ehLfis MStjw;fhd

je;jpNuhghakhf kjj;ijAk; ,dj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jpaikapd; ghjpg;G njhlu;fpd;wJ.
rkfhyj;jpYk; Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; kjthjj;ijAk; kjntwpiaAk;
kjf;fytuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; ehl;bd;
cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapLtjw;Fk; Kidtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,yq;ifapy;
njhluhf eilngw;WtUk; kjf;fytuq;fSk; ,dNkhjy;fSk; gpd;Gykhf ru;tNjr
Njrpa Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; nraw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjw;F rkfhy epfo;Tfs; rhd;W
gfu;fpd;wd.

2) murpay; uPjpahd fhuzq;fs;

MSk; tu;f;fj;jpdu; jq;fsJ eyd;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfTk; thf;F

tq;fpfis jf;fitj;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfTk; kjj;ij fUtpahf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

489
mj;Jld; jq;fsJ eyd;fSf;F rthy;fs; vOk; Nghnjy;yhk; kjthjj;ij
MAjkhf gad;gLj;jp vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.,t;thwhf kjthj> ,dthj
rpe;jidapid ,yq;if murpay; fsj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rpy murpay; fl;rpfspd;
midj;J tpjkhd nraw;ghl;bYk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,jidAk; njspthf rkfhy
Njrpa murpay; fsj;jpy; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ.

3) r%f uPjpahd fhuzq;fs;

r%f uPjpahd gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;tpd;ikAk; ehl;bYs;s fy;tp> nghUshjhuk;>

njhopy;tha;g;Gfs; Nghd;w JiwfspYs;s Nghl;bAk; nghwhikAk;
kjf;fytuq;fSf;Fk; ,dNkhjy;fSf;Fk; fhuzkha; mikfpd;wd. NkYk; ,q;F
thOk; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; jdpj;Jtk; vd;w ngaupy; tho;tpd; midj;J
jsq;fspYk; jkJ rkaj;jtu;fSld; khj;jpuNk Nru;e;J tho tpiofpd;wdu;. ,e;j
rpe;jidapd; tpisthf murpaypy; kjj;ijAk; ,dj;ijAk; gpujpgypf;Fk;
fl;rpfSk;>fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ghlrhiyfSk; vd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; xU rkaj;jtUf;F gpw rkaj;jtu;fis gw;wp
mtu;fSld; capNuhl;lkhd ey;Ywit NgZtjw;F top tFf;f$ba msT
khdrPfkhd Gupe;Jzu;T Vw;glhJ. khwhf xUtiug; gw;wp mLj;j r%fj;jtUf;F
me;epa jd;ikAk; re;Njfg;ghu;itAk; gaKk; Vw;gLtJ jtpu;fKbahjJ.
,t;thwhf xJq;fp thOtJk; ,g;gpur;rpidf;fhd kw;nwhU fhuzkhFk;.

4) rka uPjpahd fhuzq;fs;

mLj;j r%fj;jtuJ kj cupikfis mq;ff

P upf;Fk; kdg;ghq;fpd;ikAk;
fho;Gzu;Tk;> jdJ kjj;jpd; kPjhd ntwpAk; ,df;fytuq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd
gpujhd fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;w mNj Ntis kj rfpg;Gj;jd;ikAk; gpwuJ rka
czu;Tfis kjpj;J elf;fhikAk; ,jw;Fupa fhuzq;fshf ,Ug;gJld;
kjq;fspd; vOr;rp tPo;r;rpfSk;> gpd;dilTfSk; kj khw;wq;fSk; ,g;
gpur;rpidf;fhd fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd. mJ khj;jpukd;wp gpw rkaq;fisg;
gw;wpAk; jkJ rkaj;ij gw;wpAKs;s mwpahikAk; jg;ggpg;gpuhaKk; $l ,g;
gpur;rpidf;Fupa fhuzpfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ,yf;Ffis mbahf nfhz;L kjg; gpur;rpidia

mZFtjw;fhd gpujhd mbg;gilfs;

,];yhk; kdpjdJ RgPl;rj;ijAk; eyd;fisAk; ,yf;fhf nfhz;Nl midj;J

rl;lq;fisAk; tFj;Js;sJ. ,jd; xt;nthU rl;lKk; kdpjdJ eyd;fis
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;> epiyehl;Ljy;> mtw;Wf;F Vw;gLk; jPq;FfspypUe;Jk; mj;J
kPwy;fspspUe;Jk; ghJfhj;jy; vd;gtw;iw ,yf;fhf nfhz;lJ.

,];yhj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs; vd;gJ kdpj eyd;fis Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;fhf rl;lq;fis

tFf;Fk; NghJ ,];yhkpa \uPM ftdj;jpy; nfhz;l mbg;gilfs; MFk;.

490
kdpj eyd;fs; gpujhd MW tplaq;fis ikakhf nfhz;lit. mit rkak;>
Md;kh> Gj;jp> khdk;> nrhj;J (tsq;fs;)>guk;giu MfpaitfshFk;.

,e;j MW tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;l VjhtJ xU tplak; ghjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ

kdpjdpd; KO tho;Tk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tho;f;if xOq;F rPu;Fiye;J
Nghfpd;wJ. kdpj eyd;fs; rPu; nfl;LtpLfpd;wd. xOq;fd
P k; jiytpupj;jhLfpd;wJ.
kdpj Fyj;jpd; ,Ug;G mopTf;Fk; tPo;r;rpf;Fk; cl;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tidj;J
jPq;FfspypUe;Jk; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;l kdpjdpd; MW gpujhd tplaq;fisAk;
ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpNyNa midj;J rl;lq;fSk; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j mbg;gilapypUe;J ehk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; kj td;Kiwfis jPu;g;gjw;fhd

mbg;gilahd topfis Muha;Nthk;.

ehl;by; midtUf;Fk; rkaq;fs;> nkhopfs; gw;wpa mwpT+l;ly;

midj;J gpur;rpidfSf;Fkhd %y fhuzpahf miktJ mwptpd;ikNa vd;gJ

ntspg;gilahd ajhu;j;jk;> Mjyhy; mwpitj; NjLtij ,];yhk; fl;lha
flikahf Mf;fpAs;sJ. xt;nthU gpui[Ak; jdJ rkaj;ij ed;F mwpe;J
filg;gpbf;Fk; mNjNtis gpw rkaq;fis gw;wpAk; Nghjpa msT mwpe;jpUj;jy;.
,yq;if Nghd;w gd;ikj;Jt r%fj;jpy; jd;idAk; jhd; thOk; r%f R+oiyAk;
fw;wwpe;J> gpwuJ rka czu;TfisAk; tpsq;fp kjpj;J elg;gJ gu];gu
Gupe;Jzu;TlDk; kj rfpg;G jd;ikAlDk; tho;tjw;F top tFf;Fk;.

gpw kjq;fs;> nkhopfs;> fyhrhuq;fs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> kuGfs; Nghd;wd gw;wp

Nghjpa mwpit ngw;wpUj;jy; mtw;Wld; ey;YwT NgzTk; rftho;T thoTk;
ehfuPfkhfTk; gz;ghlhfTk; ele;Jnfhs;sTk; mbj;jskhf mikAk;.

,it gw;wpa mwpahikNa ,tw;iw kjpj;J elf;fhJ mtkjpg;gjw;Fk;

,opTgLj;Jtjw;Fk; mehfupfkhd Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,JNt kjk;> nkhop> ,dk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; kPjhd ntwpf;Fk;
jPtputhjj;jpw;Fk; fLk;Nghf;fpw;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wJ. NkYk; jhd; rhuhjtw;iw
mq;ff P upf;fhj FWfpa kNdhghd;ikiaAk; ,Wf;fkhd Nghf;ifAk; Njhw;W
tpf;fpwJ.

[dehaf murpay; xOq;fpy; kjr;Rje;jpuk;> nfhs;ifr; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ

mbg;gilahd tplaq;fspy; xd;W. cyfkakhf;fy; Afj;jpy; ,yq;if Nghd;w xU
[dehaf ehl;bw;F ,j;jifa epiy ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; mtg;ngaiuAk;
mgfPuj
; ;jpiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. mJkhj;jpukd;wp ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F Kd;dhy;
ehl;bdJ ed;kjpg;gpidAk; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; ,of;f nra;Ak;. gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;Tk;
rftho;Tk; rhj;jpakhf ehk; thOk; r%f R+oypYs;s nkhopfs; gw;wpa Nghjpa
mwpT ngWtJ ,d;wpaikahjJ.,JNt r%fq;fspilapyhd Kf;fpa
,izg;Gg;ghykhf jpfo;fpd;wJ.

491
gpw kjq;fs;> nkhopfs; gw;wp fw;gJld; gpw fyhrhuq;fs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
kuGfs;> tof;fhWfs; vd;gw;iwAk; mwpe;J tho;tJ ehl;bd; xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk;
If;fpaj;jpw;Fk; toptFg;gJld; rka ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fk; rftho;tpw;Fk; fhuzkhf
jpfOk;.

kj cupikfis mwpe;J kjpj;J elj;jYk; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;jYk;

kj cupikfs; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mbg;gil cupikfshf ,];yhk; Nehf;Ffpd;wJ.

Mjyhy; xt;nthU FbkfdJk; kjr; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; kj cupikfisAk;
rk;G+uzkhf mq;ff
P upf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F khwhf ,t;tbg;gilahd cupikfSf;F
,ilAwhfTk; Kl;Lfl;ilahfTk; ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ kjr;Rje;jpuj;jpYk;
nfhs;ifr;Rje;jpuj;jpYk; mj;JkPwp jiyapl;lhy; mJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj kj
cupikg;Nghuhl;lq;fspid Nehf;fp ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis ,Oj;Jr;nry;YtJ jtpu;f;f
KbahjJ. mj;jifa MNuhf;fpakw;w epiyia jtpu;j;J xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk;
Rje;jpukhf rka tptfhuq;fspy; jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;Fk; nraw;gLtjw;FKupa
G+uz Rje;jpuKk; cupikAk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ,];yhk; topfhl;Lfpd;wJ.
MfNt kjj;jpzpg;ig Kw;whf jtpu;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

NkYk; kdpj r%fj;jpy; gd;ikj;Jtj;ij mq;ff

P upj;J tho Ntz;Lk;.
,g;gd;ikj;Jtq;fSs; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;Wjhd; rka gd;ikj;Jtk; MFk;. ,j;
jd;ikia ,y;yhnjhopf;f KbahJ. ,e;j ajhu;j;jj;ij Gupe;J mq;ff P upj;J
mDrupj;J tho Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. rka gd;ikj;Jt r%fj;jpNy
midj;J rkaj;jtupiliaAk; rkaq;fspilNa cs;s cld;ghlhd tplaq;
fspYk; nghJthd mk;rq;fspYk; MNuhf;fpakhd Rkfkhd fye;Jiuahly;fSk;
fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wq;fSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,J ehl;L
kf;fspilNa MNuhf;fpakhd rftho;tpw;Fk; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fk; toptFf;Fk;.

xt;nthUtUk; jhd; rhu;e;Js;s rkaj;jpd; kPJ gw;W nfhs;tjpy; vt;tpj jtWk;

fpilahJ. mjid gpd;gw;wp thOtjpNyh mjw;fhf mu;g;gzj;Jld; ciog;gjpNyh
Fw;wk; fpilahJ. ,jw;F khwhf gpwuJ kjcupikapYk; kjr;Rje;jpuj;jpYk;
jiyapLtJk; Vida rkaq;fSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLtJNk kjntwpahFk;. ,e;j
kjntwp Kw;whf r%fj;jpypUe;J Jilj;njwpag;gLtjd; %yNk rfyUk; jj;jkJ
kj cupikfis G+uzkhf ngw;W If;fpakhfTk; xw;WikahfTk; thoyhk;.

gpw kjj;jtuJ kj czu;Tfs;> Gdpjkhf fUJk; tzf;f];jyq;fs;> kjmwpQu;fs;>

fpupiafs;> tzf;f topghLfs; vd;gdtw;iw gu];guk; kjpj;J elf;ff;$ba> kj
czu;TfisNah kjj;ijNah ,opTgLj;Jtij Kw;whf jtpu;e;J thof;$ba
MNuhf;fpakhd R+oy; cUthFtJld; xU kjj;ij rhu;e;jtu;fs; gpw kjj;ij
rhu;e;jtu;fs; kPJ mj;JkPWtjpypUe;Jk; rpe;jid mbikj;Jtj;jpypUe;Jk; G+uzkhf
Rje;jpukile;J kj cupikfs; midj;ijAk; ngw;W thof;$ba ehfuPfkhd R+oy;
Vw;gLk;. ,JNt ehl;bd; epue;ju rkhjdj;jpj;Fk; rftho;Tf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;
toptFf;Fk;.

492
Ma;T KbTfSk; Kk;nkhopTfSk;

Ma;thsu; “,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; kjf;fytuq;fSk; ,d td;KiwfSk;

mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;TfSk; Kk;nkhopTfSk;”vd;w jdJ ,t;tha;tpd; Clhf ngw;w
KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1) kdpj r%fj;jpy; gd;ikj;Jtk; vd;gJ jtpu;f;f KbahjJ.mjpy;
kj gd;ikj;Jtk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
2) kj cupik xt;nthU kdpjdJk; mbg;gil cupikahFk;.,jid
ghJfhg;gJ murpdJk; mjpfhu gPlq;fsJk; jiyaha flikahFk;.
3) ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;W neLfpYk; kjf;fytuq;fs; eilngw;W te;Js;sd.
4) MSk; tu;fj;jpdu; jkJ murpay; eyd;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;
jkf;nfjpuhd rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;tjw;Fkhd fUtpahf kjj;ijAk;
nkhopiaANk gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdu;. mJkhj;jpukd;wp jpl;lkpl;L Njrpa
rf;jpfSk; ru;tNjr rf;jpfSk; kjthjj;ijAk; ,dthjj;ijAk; jkJ
,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf ,d;W tiu gad;gLj;jpa tz;z
Ks;sd.
5) kjk;> ,dk;> nkhop Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; kjf; fytuq;
fisAk; ,df;fytuq;fisAk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F fpilj;Js;s rka ghuk;
gu;aq;fspspUe;J jPu;ff
; yhk;.
6) r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nghJthd mwptpd;ikAk; Fwpg;ghf jhd; rhu;e;jJk;
gpuwJk; kjq;fs;> nkhopfs; gw;wpa Nghjpa mwptpd;ikANk kjf;
fytuq;fSf;Fk; ,dNkhjy;fSf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
7) gpwuJ rka cupikfis G+uzkhf mq;fPfupj;J mtw;iw kjpj;J rka
ey;ypzf;fj;JlDk; kj rfpg;Gj;jd;ikAlDk; thOtjd; %yk; kl;LNk
ehl;bd; Njrpa xw;Wikf;Fk; If;fpaj;jpw;Fk; mgpTUj;jpf;Fkhd
MNuhf;fpakhd R+oiy fl;bnaOg;GtJ rhj;jpakhFk;.
8) ehl;bdJk; ehl;L kf;fsJk; nghJthd eyDf;fhf midj;J r%fq;fSk;
,ize;J $l;L gq;fspg;ig toq;fyhk;. mj;Jld; fUj;J NtWghlhd
tplaq;fspy; xUtUf;nfhUtu; mDrupj;J> gu];guk; tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J
rfpg;Gj;jd;ikAld; thof;$ba rhjfkhd R+oy; cUthFk;.

Kk;nkhopTfs;

1) ,yq;ifapYs;s midj;J ghlrhiyfspYk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk;

Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapYs;s kjq;fisAk; nkhopfisAk; gw;wp Njitahd
msT mwpit toq;f muRk;> rka jiyikfSk; r%f jiyikfSk;
Mf;fG+u;tkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;stJld; ghljpl;lj;jpYk;
Nru;g;gjw;Fupa eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; ehl;bYs;s
rkaq;fs; gw;wpa mwpahikia xopf;fyhk;. mj;Jld; ,it gw;wpa
rhjfkhd Gupjiy Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ,J murpdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLkhapd;

493
 cj;jpNahfgG+u;tkhdjhf miktJld; ehl;L kf;fs; midtiuAk;
nrd;wila$bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
2) ehl;bd; midj;J gpuNjrq;fspYk; rfy rkaj;jtiuAk; xd;wpidj;J
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F xUKiw midj;J rkaq;fisAk; rhu;e;j nghJthd
epfo;r;rpfis elhj;j Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; nghJthd ehl;L eyd; rhu;e;j
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;ff;$baJk; nghJthd r%fg; gpur;rpidfis
jPu;ff
; f;$baJkhd xd;wpaq;fis rka gz;ghl;L mYty;fs; mikr;rpd;
Clhf cUthf;fp nray;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
3) midj;J rkaj;jsq;fisAk; gu];guk; juprpj;J mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfis
tpsq;Ftjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis njhluhfTk; KiwahfTk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf Kaw;rpfs; xU rkaj;jtiu gw;wp mLj;j rkaj;
jtu;fspilNa re;Njff;fz;nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; epiyAk; jg;ggpg;gpuhaKk;
,y;yhkw;Nghtjw;F fhuzkhf mikAk;. rkaq;fspd; Nky; kl;lj;
jtu;fspilNa MNuhf;fpakhd ey;Ywtpw;Fk; gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;tpw;Fk;
toptFf;Fk;.
4) rfy Clfq;fSk; rftho;itAk; kjey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; fl;bnaOg;Gk;
tpjkhf jq;fsJ rfy epfo;rpfisAk; tbtikj;J ehl;bd; Njrpa
xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk; If;fpaj;jpw;Fk;; fhj;jpukhd gq;fspg;ig toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
rkaq;fis gw;wpa jtwhd GupjYf;Fk; gpioahd fUj;Jf;fis
tpijg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkha; mikAk; epfo;r;rpfis Kw;whf jil nra;J
ehl;bdJk; ehl;L kf;fsJk; rka xUikg;ghl;bw;F top tFf;fNtz;Lk;.
5) nghJ murpaypYk; r%f tho;tpYk; kjthjj;ij gad;gLj;Jtij Kw;whf
jLg;gjw;Fk; jFe;j rl;l eltbf;if vLg;gjw;Fk; muRk; ePjpj;JiwAk;
ghJfhg;Gj; jug;G Mfpa midtUk; Mtz nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;
murpay; JiwapYk; r%f tho;tpYk; rka ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; rftho;itAk;
rPu;Fiyf;ff;$ba kjj; jPtputhjk;> ,dthjk; Mfpatw;iw gug;gf;$ba jPtpu
rpe;jidg;Nghf;Ffis rl;luPjpahf jLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6) ehl;bYs;s rfy rka topghl;Lj;jsq;fSk; jk;ikr; rhu;e;jtu;fSf;F
kjrfpg;Gj;jd;ik> ey;ypzf;fk;> ,d ey;YwT vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
gpw rkaj;jtu;fSld; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba xOq;Ffis njhluhf
Nghjpg;gjw;Fk; gapw;rpfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
7) rka topghl;Lj;jsq;fSf;Fk; topghLfspy; <LgLNthUf;Fkhd
ghJfhg;gpid ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwapdu; cj;juthjg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mNj
Ntis mtw;wpw;F CWtpiotpg;NghUf;nfjpuhf fLikahd rl;l el
tbf;ifAk; jz;lidAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
8) rf tho;itAk; rfy rkaj;jtupilNaAk; ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; gpujpgypf;Fk;
tifapYk; fl;bnaOg;Gk; tifapYk; fiy epfo;r;rpfisAk; Nghl;b
epfo;r;rpfisAk; Njrpa> cs;Shu; kl;lq;fspy; elhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

494
9) ehlshtpa uPjpapy; kjk;> nkhop Nghd;w gd;ikj;Jtj;ij mbahff; nfhz;L
eilngWk; fytuq;fisAk; Nkhjy;fisAk; gw;wp gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wp Mokhf
fs Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L Mf;fG+u;tkhdJk; mwpTG+u;tkhdJkhd
jPu;Tfis gyNfhzq;fspYk; Kd;itf;ff;$ba Ma;T epiyaq;fis
epWTjy; Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;
toptFf;ff;$ba rpe;jidfis rkag; ghuk;gupaq;fspypUe;J Muha;e;J
nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; Kd;itf;ff;$ba Ma;TfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj NjitahFk;.
10) rfy rkaj;jtu;fSk; jq;fsJ rka jdpj;Jtq;fis Ngzp Rje;jpukhf
nraw;gLk; epiyia midj;J mur fy;tp epiyaq;fspYk; mur
fhupahyaq;fspYk; mur fl;rpfspYk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mNj Ntis
gpwiu ghjpf;fhJ ele;J nfhs;tJ mtrpak; MFk;.

crhj;Jizfs;

1. Attacks on Places of Religious Worship in Post‐War Sri Lanka, Centre for Policy
Alternatives March 2013,
2. Reuters Sri Lanka wins civil war, says kills rebel leader Reuters (18 May 2009).
Retrieved on 18 November 2012.
3. Sri Lankan history and roots of conflict, Spencer, p. 23.
4. my;Fu;Md;
5. my; kfh]PJy; Mk;kh yp\;\uPM my; ,];yhkpah> fyhepjp A+Rg; my;
Mypk;
6. ,yq;if murpaypy; nkhopAk; kjKk;> rkhjpypq;fk; rj;jparPyd;> mUs;
ntspaPl;lfk;> aho;ghzk;> Kjyhk; gjpg;G> ntspaPl;lhz;L 1994.
7. ,dg;gpur;rpid Xu; ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lk;> vk;. V. vk; kd;]_u;> kPs;ghu;it
ntspaPl;lfk;> nfhOk;G> Kjyhk; gjpg;G> ntspaPl;lhz;L 1999
8. WWW.statistics.gov.lk, Department of census and statistics Sri Lanka, 2012
9. http://pathfinderfoundation.org
10. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/04/20/imp01.asp
11. Islam web.net ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ,yf;Ffs; kdpj cupikf;fhd mbg;gil>
fyhepjp K`k;kJ m];]{i`yp.

495