UNIT I - Elements of Climate by Ar. Ashish Sakat

1
By-Ashish A. Sakat
CONTENTS 2
• ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE
• WHAT SHAPES CLIMATE ?
• EARTH SUN RELATION
• CLIMATE AT DIFFERENT SCALE
• GLOBAL
• REGIONAL - MACRO
• MICRO
3
SYLLABUS
4
Unit IV:
1. Introduction to concept of Thermal Comfort in
buildings.
Unit V:
Introduction to various tools like sun path, bioclimatic
chart, site analysis matrix etc that are used to study
sun movement, wind and comfort in buildings.
SESSIONAL WORK
COURSE OUTLINE • Individual Assignment to apply the various tools like
Unit I: sun path and bioclimatic chart in building element
1. Understanding the Earth-Sun relation and context of what shapes design etc.
climate. • Group work to study contemporary and vernacular
2. Elements of climate and understanding climate at different scales ie, architectural case studies in India with climate
global, regional, macro and micro. responsive architecture and passive design strategies.
Unit II: • Minimum two tutorials on all the units.
1. Global Climate classification
2. Climatic zones of India and its classifications
Unit III:
1. Introduction to passive design strategies at various scales ie urban,
building and building
component scale.
5
ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE
CLIMATE 6
Definition :
Conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time;
long-term summation of the atmospheric elements (and their variations)
that, over short time periods, constitute weather.
ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE 7
Elements of climate :
• Solar radiation - Temperature,
• Precipitation (type, frequency, and amount),
• Atmospheric pressure, and wind (speed and direction).
• Humidity
Solar radiation :
• Source – Sun
• Heat is the energy radiated from the Sun to the Earth in the form of light.
• Temperature is the amount of heat energy that is in the air.
• Measured in Celsius degrees or Fahrenheit degrees
• Clouds, water vapor, and atmospheric dust deflect about half of the solar energy back
into space,
• Remaining is absorbed by the soil and water .
Humidity .
• water vapor contained in the air,leading climatic element, as is precipitation.
• amount varies according to to the amount of rainfall and solar radiation.  
• Water vapor is present in any region of the world, even the hottest ones.
• Vapour in the air is a determinant of weather,
• first absorbs the thermal radiation that cools Earth’s surface
• and then emits thermal radiation that warms the planet.
• Compare climate of Pune vs Mumbai in summers ?
Precipitation :
• It is a process that ends
with the fall of water, in
liquid or solid form(hail), to
the earth’s surface.
• A large percentage ,drains
into lakes and rivers .
• Remaining water
evaporates from the earth’s
surface or passes through
plants.
Atmospheric pressure & Wind
• force exerted on a given surface due to the weight of the atmosphere. pressure is
usually expressed in millibars (mb)or in kilopascals (kPa)
• It varies vertically;
• the values decrease as you ascend in altitude.
• Wind exists because of horizontal and vertical differences (gradients) in pressure
12
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE

EARTH & SUN 13
• Earth rotates on it’s own axis in
counterclockwise direction.
• The axis is tilted by 23.5
degrees.
• Earth revolves around Sun in
elliptical path in 365 days.
• The seasons – winter , summer
predominantly depends on the
geo location & hemisphere (
N/S)
EARTH & SUN 14
EARTH & SUN 15
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE 16
Latitude
• sunlight does not reach everywhere equally.
• temperature decreases as we move from
the equator to the poles.
• daylight hours changes as per latitudes.
• Polar regions experience the greatest
variation, 24 hrs Night & 24hrs Day
Elevation or Altitude
Normally, climatic conditions become colder as altitude increases.
Air pressure decreases
Wind patterns & atmospheric pressure
• India has unique wind and pressure conditions.
• During winter, the northern area near the Himalayas has high pressure. Therefore,
winds from this region blow to the south where the pressure is lower. In summer, the
northern part has lower pressure. Therefore, there is a reversal of wind direction. The
winds from the south blow towards the north.
• These winds greatly affect the climate of India.
Effects of Geography & Topography
• During the south west monsoon season,.
• They act as a barrier to the South west
monsoon winds coming from the Indian
Ocean.
• These winds when strike the mountains
bring rainfall to the northern plains.
• Without the Himalayas, the northern
Indian plains would have been barren
lands.
Surface of the Earth
• Surface determines amount of radiation absorbed
or reflected & rate of emission
• Vegetation obstructs solar radiation to reach
surface & reduces temp. around it.
• lighter areas, such as snow and ice-covered
regions, tend to be good reflectors.
• The ocean absorbs and loses heat more slowly
than land.
• Its waters gradually release heat into the
atmosphere, making nights warmer.
Sky Condition
• Extent of cloud cover in the sky .
• Under clear sky conditions, the intensity of solar radiation increases; whereas it reduces
in monsoon due to cloud cover.
• The re-radiation losses from the external surfaces of buildings increase when facing
clear skies than covered skies.
Human activites
22
CLIMATE AT DIFFERENT SCALE

GLOBAL CLIMATE 23
HEADING 24
Tropical zone
The tropical zone is located In the regions between the equator and the tropics. Also
known as the equatorial region, the tropical zone is marked by high temperatures due to
solar radiation and humid air due to frequent evaporation. It usually has a wet season
where rainfall is abundant and a dry season, where rainfall is scarce.
Sub-Tropical zone
Subtropical climate zones receive the highest radiation in summer when the sun's angle
at noon is almost vertical to the Earth. The thin cloud cover of the region, coupled with
trade winds, results in a very dry climate. As a result, most of the world’s deserts are
located in this climate zone. In winter and at night, when the sun’s radiation is less
intense, the temperature can drop radically and become quite cool and moist.
GLOBAL CLIMATE 25
Temperate zone
Solar radiation hits the Earth at a smaller angle in this zone than in other zones, so the
average temperature is generally much cooler. Seasons and day length differ greatly
along this climate zone throughout the year but follow a fairly predictable pattern.
Precipitation also follows a similarly predictable annual distribution.
Polar zone
Polar climate zones are generally located at the top and bottom of the planet. These
locations receive less solar radiation, so the land is much, much colder on average. Day
length varies greatly in these areas based on changes in the Earth’s axis and rotation. The
plants and animals that thrive in these regions live a more difficult life than those in other
zones.
REGIONAL CLIMATE 26
Macro climate –
• Climate of a larger area /region
/country.
• Design decision could be taken by
studying the prevailing climatic
parameters .
MICRO CLIMATE 27
Micro-climate –
• Climatic variations in localised
climate around a building.
• The site of a building may have
a many micro climates caused
by the presence of hills valleys,
slopes, streams and other
buildings.
• For a site with above features
micro climate study becomes
must.
MICRO CLIMATE 28
Thank
29
You !
By-Ar.Ashish A. Sakat

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FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE

CLIMATE AT DIFFERENT SCALE

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