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    This document summarizes an experiment investigating the transmission of microwaves. Key findings include: 1) Microwaves propagate best in a straight line and can penetrate dry materials slightly but are mostly absorbed or reflected by conductors. 2) Microwaves exhibit properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarization similar to visible light. 3) The experiment precisely measured the wavelength of standing microwaves to be 33 ± 2 mm, corresponding to a frequency of (9.1 ± 0.6) × 109 Hz.

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    This document summarizes an experiment investigating the transmission of microwaves. Key findings include: 1) Microwaves propagate best in a straight line and can penetrate dry materials slightly but are mostly absorbed or reflected by conductors. 2) Microwaves exhibit properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarization similar to visible light. 3) The experiment precisely measured the wavelength of standing microwaves to be 33 ± 2 mm, corresponding to a frequency of (9.1 ± 0.6) × 109 Hz.

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    This document summarizes an experiment investigating the transmission of microwaves. Key findings include: 1) Microwaves propagate best in a straight line and can penetrate dry materials slightly but are mostly absorbed or reflected by conductors. 2) Microwaves exhibit properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarization similar to visible light. 3) The experiment precisely measured the wavelength of standing microwaves to be 33 ± 2 mm, corresponding to a frequency of (9.1 ± 0.6) × 109 Hz.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    41 views4 pages

    Report 5

    Uploaded by

    Tuan Nguyen
    This document summarizes an experiment investigating the transmission of microwaves. Key findings include: 1) Microwaves propagate best in a straight line and can penetrate dry materials slightly but are mostly absorbed or reflected by conductors. 2) Microwaves exhibit properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarization similar to visible light. 3) The experiment precisely measured the wavelength of standing microwaves to be 33 ± 2 mm, corresponding to a frequency of (9.1 ± 0.6) × 109 Hz.

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    Experiment 5: Investigation of transmittion of electromagnetic wave

    (microwave)

    - Name: Nguyễn Đức Minh Tuấn – ID: 20215772


    - Group: 6
    - Class: 723658

    1. Experiment motivation:
    - Evaluate both qualitative and quantitative results of transmitting and receiving microwave

    2. Experimental result and processing data:


    2.1. Investigation of straight-line propagation of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    + When the receiver is aligned with the rail (the transmitter and receiver are facing each other),
    the volt-meter shows the maximum value.
    + When the receiver moves far from the rail (in a plane perpendicular to the rail), the value of
    volt-meter decreases.
    - Conclusion: Microwave propagates best in straight line
    2.2. Investigation of penetration of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    + When a dry absorption plate (electrical insulator) is put between transmitter and receiver, the
    volt-meter slightly decrease
    - Conclusion:
    + Microwave can penetrate through the dry absorption plate.
    + Not all the microwaves will penetrate through the dry absorption plate, a part of them will be
    absorbed by the absorption plate.
    2.3. Investigation of screening and absorption of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    + When a reflection plate (electrical conductor) is put between transmitter and receiver, the volt-
    meter shows a value that very small compared to the value when the absorb plate is absent. In
    this case, the volt-meter show a value approximate 0 (0.01).
    - Conclusion: Most of microwave will not go through the reflection plate
    2.4. Investigation of reflection of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    Reflector angle (o) Incidence angle (o)
    30 54.8
    40 76.2
    50 95.1
    60 113.0
    + When the arrow is the bisector of 2 rails (the reflector angle is equal to the incidence angle),
    the volt-meter shows maximum value
    - Conclusion:
    + Microwave reflects best when perpendicular bisector of the reflection plate is the bisector of an
    angle created by the transmitter and receiver.
    + When the microwave reflects, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
    2.5. Investigation of refraction of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    + When the angle created by 2 rails is 85o, the volt-meter shows the maximum value.
    + As turning the receiver to different angle, the value of volt-meter decreases.
    + Conclusion: Microwave refracts best with angle of 85o
    2.6. Investigation of diffraction of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    + When the single slit plane is put in the rail, the value on the volt-meter increase
    + When the plate is between the probe and the transmitter, the value on the volt-meter is
    approximate 0. When the probe í moved on the horizontal plane, the value slightly increase
    - Conclusion: Microwaves has diffraction properties.
    2.7. Investigation of interference of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    + When the probe is moved parallel to the plate, the value on the volt meter is oscillating.
    Number of maxima = 3
    - Conclusion: Microwave has property of interference.
    2.8. Investigation of polarization of microwaves:
    - Observation:
    + When the grating is aligned horizontally, the value on the volt-meter is slightly decreasing
    + When the grating is aligned vertically, the value on the volt-meter is approx. zero
    + When the grating is aligned at 45 o, the value on the volt-meter is higher than vertical case, but
    lower than horizontal case
    - Conclusion:
    + When we put a polarization grating between transmitter and receiver, the microwave
    (electromagnetic) will be polarized as shown in the picture below

    Because the vertical wave is electric wave, and the receiver’s signal we receiver is Voltage.
    Therefore:
    + With vertical polarization grating, only the vertical wave can go through. The receiver’s signal
    is big.
    + With horizontal polarization grating, only the horizontal wave can go through. The receiver’s
    signal is very small (approximate to 0).
    +With 45o inclined polarization grating, a part of vertical wave and horizontal wave can go
    through. The receiver’s signal is smaller than when we use vertical polarization grating and
    bigger than when we use horizontal polarization grating.

    2.9. Determining wavelength of standing waves:

    Trial x1 (mm) x2 (mm) d = x1 – x2 (mm)


    1 116 98 18
    2 114 99 15
    3 117 100 17
    3 3

    ∑ x1 i ∑ x2 i
    x 1= i=1 =115.6 ( mm ) ; x 2= i=1 =99.0 ( mm )
    3 3

    √ √
    3 3

    ∑ (x ¿ ¿ 1i−x 1 )2 ∑ ( x ¿ ¿ 2 i−x 2)2


    i=1 i=1
    ∆ x 1=S . D= =0.7 ( mm ) ; ∆ x 2=S . D= =0.5 ( mm ) ¿ ¿
    9 9
    ¿ Wavelength : λ=2d =2( x 1−x 2)
    3

    ∑ 2(x 1 i−x 2i )
    i=1
    ¿> λ= =33 ( mm )
    3
    ¿> ∆ λ=√ (2. ∆ x 1)2 +(−2. ∆ x 2 )2 =2 ( mm )
    Hence:
    λ=λ ± ∆ λ=33 ± 2(mm)

    c
    ¿ Frequency :f =
    λ
    8
    c 3 ×10 9
    ¿> f = = =9.1× 10 ( Hz )
    λ 33 ×10−3

    √( ) √( )
    2 2
    ∆λ 2
    ¿> ∆ f =f =9.1×10 9
    λ 33
    9
    ¿ 0.6 ×10 ( Hz)
    Hence:
    f =f ± ∆ f = ( 9.1± 0.6 ) ×10 9 ( Hz )

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