14

Gradient, Divergence
and Curl
chohh this
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141 INTRODUCTION choptea ulleyeny
tn this chapter, we introduce an a m men +rS
This operator possesses properties
important vector operator called
similar to those of nabla or del.
anerators defines three important
quantities ordinary vectors. This
of vector calculus
applications. These quantities are known as the gradient, the those have practical
curl. divergence and the
14.2 GRADIENT

Let o(x.y, 2), a scalar function, be defined and

differentiable
ina certain
region of space (i.e., pis a differentiable scalar at each point (x, y, z)
of d, written as field). Then the gradient
Vo or grad o, is defined by

29161irtt.23
The differential vector operator .Hold h9e2Ueib

V +j+kcalled A
nabla or del E.A
y
hes popular for engineers and physicists due to' its large applications. ll6

gii 9s2)
451
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Directional Derivative (Sec. 14.3) | 453
D i e r g e m
and(
e

G r a d i e n .

then he point (l,-2,-1).

find grad dat the:
452 Ifo=3rr-':
-
AMPLE
141 WBUT 2001
Sourion k
Vod=i
o-
grad
-3y*)+ k (-2y°z) P
j(3r
=i(6)+ -2, 1).
-

=-12i-9j-16k at (1.
+ z k andr=
show that grad f(r X
fr=ai +1j
=0
EXAMPLE
14.2
WBUT 200 Figure 14.1 Directional derivative

Solution we
kn
calculus,
r = i r l = y + y +

dBy
From

Az +
gad
fr)=i d.kdr terms of higher powers of Ar, Ay, Az.
ax
1 2+k lim = lim |9 , d9 Ay do Az
ar 5++ Ar-0 dx As dy As
or 2+ y Then
As0 As

3r2 do do dx do dy dÙ dz
ds dx ds dy ds dz ds
-h:
k

g r a df r ) x r =
r dr r dr|
Thus.

of S.T :dr=idr+jdy +k d:]

0. The term VÙ represents the rate of change of p. The quantityis obviously
is a vector quantity, it has a length and direction th
Jt may be noted that Vo
coordinates. The gradient i in the direction dr.
is independent of the particular
choice
of cartesian
the directions of the coordinate
a unit vector
different directions. In
the rate of change of o in dr
2xes, this rate is given by
the partial derivatives. A lso, we can determine the rate do isis the
the rate
rate of change of p in the direction Thus, the
of change of o in any arbitrary direction using the concept of directional derivative Therefore ds
discussed below. a
direction is
directional derivative of o in the V.
a
lal
14.3 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE

The rateofchange of a scalar function oat any point P in any fixed direction a is EXAMPLE I14.3 Find the directional derivative of f(x, y, z) =2x +3y+z
called the directional derivative of p atP in the direction a and it is denoted by
atthe point (2, 1,3) in the direction ofthe
vector i-2k. (WBUT 2001)
do
(see Figure 14.1).
ds
 14) Gradient as
Surface Normal Vector (Sec. 14.4)
Divergence andCurl(Ch | 455
Gradient,
454

Solution
2xy':i+3x* y':' j+4ry'?k
y-i k4+6j+2k = 108 i +108 j-432 k at (2,3,-1).
Here directional derivative is
quired
(2, 1, 3)
e n c et h er e q u i r e d

6k at
=8i +6j+
voa= (108i +
108j 432
k). +j+k)
-

i-2k is 2k
direction
The unit vector inthe 1+4
216
directional
derivative is
Hence, the required V3

T2=(8i +6j+6k) The maximum value of the directional derivative of a scalar

5 Theore 14.1

the direction of Vo.

, in
V|.
Vo
field
Ois /
Find the direction in which the directional derivative
directional derivative of palong a unit vector a is
EXAMPLE 14.4 The directional
at the point ( I, ind the
3, 2). Find the of Prool:
ox.1.)=r-+is maximum magnitude of Vo a=ol |a|cos 0
the maximum.
between Vø and a.
Ois the angle
value of cos 8is I when 6=0. Therefore, |Vo||alcos
where
Solution maximum

The
We know that the maximum
value or the directional derivat have
Vø. of when
maximum when
6= 0, 1.e., when VÙ and same direction. The
ox.y.z) is Vo| and in the direction of will be
maxNImum

aimum value of Vo a is
| Vp]as |al=1. Hencethe theorem
Now. dx dy dz
AS SURFACE NORMAL VECTOR
2xi-2vj+2:k =2i-6j+ 4k at (1,3, 2) 14.4 GRADIENT
et dla. V. Z)=
Cbe the surface S, where C'is a constant. The curve Cin space can
Vol=4+36+16 =2/14
be written as

Hence the maximum value of the directional derivative of pis 2/14 in the r()= x (t) i+ y (0)j+ z(0)k.
direction 2i-6j + 4k.
tangent plane
EXAMPLE 14.5 For d=ryA, find the directional derivative of pat (x,y, z) =C
in the direction making equal angles with the positive x, 2-axes.
(2,3,-1)
y,
Solution
Let a be the unit vector in the direction
making equal angles with the positivex,y,
axes, then direction cosines of this vector are {cos a, cos a, cos
cosines wil be discussed in
a}. (The direction
chapter 16).
Therefore, a= cos ai+ cos aj +cOs ak Figure 14.2 Gradient as surface normal vector

where cos Ih the curve C lies on S, then

at cos a+ cos a= 1, i.e. cos a=
(x), yt). z0)) C
=

Atangent vector of C is
Hence,
a tj+k) r't)=r't)i+y')j+z't)k.
P be a fixed
1t C lies on S then (see Figure 14.2). Let
r'(t) is tangent to S
Also, on S through P
form a plane, called
Ot On S. The tangent vectors of all curves to the tangent plane at P) 15
E
langent plane of S at P. Its normal (perpendicular
 Gradient as Surface Normal Vector (Sec. 144)
Divergence
and Curl(Ch.
14) | 457
Gradient,
456
illel to it is .6 Fine
EXAMPLE14.6 Find a unit normal to the surface ry + 2zx =4 at (2, -2,3).
at P. A vect called;a
called surface
normal ofS
surface normal
no
at P. C' are
vector
ofS for various values
of called the Solution

o(r.1.2)=C level Vy+2x2) =(2ry + 22)i+ x'j+ 2tk

The
of the scalar
surfaces

function o.
on
be the positior vector to
any point P(,
surfaces = -

2i+4j +4k at (2,-2,3).

Letr =xi+yj +
zk y. z
jdy
+
k a lies
kdz lies in tangent plano
in the tangent plane to the surt the to the Surface is
Then dr idr
+

= normal
surface. at P. a
unit
Then

do-ddy+d=0. -2i+4j+4k =
But dx 4+16+16
t(-i+2j+ 2k).
d j+ (dri+ dy j+ d: k) =0. MPLE 14.7 Find nd the equation of tangent plane to the surface 2x2-3xy
That 1s.
dy point (1, -1, 2).
7 at the
4r=
Vo dr= (0
Solution
or v(2x-3xry-4x) = (22' -3y-4) i-3xj+ 4xzk.
to dr. Hence vois normal to the surface
so that Vois perpendicular O. y, z)=C. the surface at the point (1, -1, 2) is 7i-3j + 8k.
Lan the normal to
Normal Line to a Level Surfara
14.4.1 Tangent Plane and the equation of a plane passing through a point whose position
We know, to the normal n is (r-r) D 0. =
of the surtace. We know, that
that V is perpendi
Let o. y.¥. )2) Cbe the equation
let o(K. =
=
Vh a ector ctor r and
oint Pwhose position vector r =x, i+
normal to the surface at the point P whose position vector Hence the required equation
is

Letr=ityj+zk be any point on the srface. I hen o*Y%j+z,k

r-r, is a vectoronthe [(i+ yj+ k)-i-j+2k))-(7i-3j +8k) =0
surface. Thus. 7(x-1)-3 (y + 1) +8 (z -2) =0.
or
(r-r)Vo =0 VO% IS normal to the
surface at P Find the angle between the surfaces xyz 3x +2 and =

yAMPLE 14.8
l at the point (1, -2, 1). (WBUT 2002)
ie. I(r-) i + (y-y%) j+ (:- %)k] i + 3 - + 2 2=

Solution
the surfaces at the point is the angle between the normals to
(- +(y-o +(t- =0. The angle between
the point.
the surfaces at
3x-z' 0 at the point (1, -2, 1) is
The normal to xyz
- =

do
i
dx s
the value ofevaluated at the point r
dx (y» Yor 70). = Va-V (ryz-3x- z)=(yz-3)i +2yxz j+(2y*-2:) k
This is the = i- 4j +2k at (1, -2, 1).
equation of the tangent plane at P(r).
Next, we consider a
point Q with position vector xi The normal to 3x-y + 22 = l at the point (1, -2, 1) is
r = +
yj + zk on the
normal at P. Then the vector PQ is parallel to the vector Vø. Thus, Vo=V(3r y +2:*)=6ri -2yj+ 2% -

PQ = V¢ =6i + 4j+2k at (1, -2, 1).

v21
V Vh =-6, IVgl +16+4
=

(-,)i+(y- y%)j+ (7- )k

=
Now,
=

2|i+i+k
and Vl= 36+16+4 V56 =

That is,
Hence the required angle 6is,
if
which
dx
represents the equation of normal line at
dy
Pr) on the surface Px y, 2)=
6=cos"
VAlVAcos (VAVl= cos 21x-6V56,
 (Ch. 14)
Divergence andCurl The Curl (Sec.
458
Gradient,
14.6) | 459
Find the
normal line to the face
surface 2r
2,2
+ +22 3
EXAMPLE 14.9 14.6 T H EC U R L

point (2. 1. 3)
at the
(x. y. 2) i+V,(x.y.2)J*V,«y. 2)k be a
V(r
)=
hen the function
differentiable vector
Solution
surtace is
tion.1he
functio

the given k
The nomal to
V 2 + + 2 : ) 4xi = +
2vj +2k =8i +2k at
(2.1, -3) curl V =VxV=[
nomal line is 8i +
2j + 2k. dx dy dz
That is, the
direction of the
line is passing through
the Doint (2,
poinm (2. 1,-3),
1, -31 C.
so its V V
Since the normal equation is V,

ww (3v 3V ji+ j:
dy ox dy
function Vor the curl of the vector field defined V.
ofthe vector
14.5 THE DIVERGENCE
wilb called the curl by
s Instead of curl V the notation rot V is also used by some authors.
vector function, where x, y, z cartesian
Let V(x.V. ) be differentiable
a c
that Vx V*V.V.
of l. Then the function Binates Ifmay be noted
and .V, V, be the components
interpretation of curl: The curl of a vector field measures the intensity
div. V= dv2 dv3 ysical local spin,
of rotation, local: curling, swirl, etc. For example, for the rotational rigid
dx dy dz velocity field has the direction of the axis of rotation, and its
curl of the
body, the
is called the divergence ofV or the divergence of the vector field defined hu equals wice the angular speed of the rotation.
magnitude
V
The divergence can also be denoted by V-V. It may be noted that
EXAMPLE 14.11 For any scalar function o(x, y z), prove that curl grad o=0.
div V is a
scalar quantity. (WBUT 2005)
The physical interpretation of divergence: We consider an example to internret Solution
the meaning of divergence in fluid dynamics. If a region in space is filled
with a Curl grad = Vx (Vo)= Vxi k
compressible fluid and the function (x. y. z) represents the velocity of a fluid
particle at (r. y, 2) at any time instant 1, then divergence of V'is the rate of out-flow
of fluid per unit volume with respect to time. For
incompressible fluid, however,
div =0.
It may be noted that V V V.v.V. V represent ascalar differential operator d d
while V.V is the scalar function. dx y dz
Solenoidal vector: A vector field defined by the vector function d
called solenoidal if div F =0. F(x, y. z) is dx dy
EXAMPLE 14.10 Find the constant a so that the vector
F=(2x+ 3y) i+(-2) j+ (2x+ az) k is solenoidal.
Solution
The vector F will be
solenoidal if divF=0. 0.

That is, Irrotational vector: A vector field difined by the vector fuuction F (, y 2) is
V
F=(2x+3y)+(y-2:)+(2x+a)=0
dx
2+1+a=0 or a=-3.
dy
called irrotational ifcurlF=0.
A field which is not iYrotational is called a vortex field.
 14)
Divergence and Curl (Ch. Conservative Vector (Sec. 14.7)
460
Gradient.
| 461
r e arbitrary
14.7 CONSERVATIVE VECTOR
ad,.
o.+ . d =r+2 and functions. Equations (1), (2) and (3) agree if we
F (x. y. 2) is .= o =r + .
vector function called where
by the
A vector field
there exists a
scalar
defined
function ó with continuous
conservatsuchive it
partial derivatives ence
the
required scalar
potential

d=x+ ys
is
+ z -xyz + constant.
that
H e n c

F grad o.
We have seen curl
F =0.
grad o=0, so
curl F= curl grad
0.Thus, a vector Ris L a p l a c i a n o p e r a t o r

ifcurl of vector
conservative

Suppose a particla
There are
several combina
seve

which areof operations involving

Physical significance of
conservative feld: le
moves under a tered in different applications A very common one is the divergence
field then the work
done
e by the particle from the function, which is y.Vo.
conservative force
theend pointF Pto the
points only. Thus if
encour

of a
scalar

independent of path, depends the

gradient
coordinate system
point is
then the work
done between the points P and Qunder conserva grad In
cartesian

function ois called scalar potential

-The scalar
The most important physical
examples of irrotational yvecto.
are
v-
and electrostatic forces. Thesgravitation force is F=-Cmm
gravitational

the electrostatic force is F=

9h r
4Te2 given by Coulomb,
Newton and
given by usually denoted by V"o, a scalar function, is called the Laplacian of o.
in the outword radial direction. i er0, i.e. V 0 = 0 the equation is called the Laplace equation. The operator
where r is the unit vector

EXAMPLE I14.12 Show that F = (2r - y2) i + (2y zx) j + (2

irotational. For this F find a scalar function Ù such that F = grad d

is referred to as Laplacian operator
dy2 2
dx
Solution A scalar function o is called harmonic, if it satisfies the Laplace equation, ie.
Here if Vo=0.

k EXAMPLE 14.13 Show that the function ot y z)=*-?+4z is harmonic.

Solution
VxF=
dx dy dz |=i(-x+x)+j(y-y)+k(-z+z)=0.
2x-
Therefore, F is irotational.
2y-zx 2-y Here -2x-24
dxdy
Let F grad o.
Then i(2x-zy)+ j(2y- zx) + k(2z - xy) -2
=i++k Thus v ,9=2-2+0=0.
Therefore 2x-v.2y-z
dx 2y. Hence o is harmonic.
dz
Integrating, we get EXAMPLE 14.14 Show that if p (x. y. z) is any solution of Laplace's equation,
then Vo is a scalar vector which is both solenoidal and irrotational.
(2x- zy) dr=x*- xyz + (y, z) (1)
Solution
=(2y-) dy =y* - xyz +%x, z) t (2)
l A Since solution of Laplace equation, v?o
is a = 0. This equation can be written
as V (Vp)=0. Therefore, Vo is solenoidal.
o= (22-n) dt =
-xyz +% (, ) 3)
 (Ch 14)
Results Connecting Gradient, Divergence and Curl (Sec. 14.8) | 463
Dvergence
andCurl
Gradient,
462

* Ograd yw
Vx(Vo)=dr dy Vgrad

Again, do
dr dy (iv)g r a d

8916

dyd d:dy,
e oxdy dydz
irrotational.
Hence Vo is

GRADIENT, grad o-Ò grad y

14.8 SOME RESULTS
CONNECTING
DIVERGENCE grad grad=
AND CURL
some results connecting grad, div and curl
In this section,
we present
EXAMPLE
I14.16 Prove the following results in connection with divergence.
following relations:
Prove the
EXAMPLE 14.15
constant function d i v (A tB) =div At div B,i.e. V(A tB)=V.AtV.B
grad o 0, if ois a
Ù(div A), i.e. V (PA) (V0). A +(V A)
=

) =grad o- A +
=

il div (ØA)
(ii) grad (ty)=gradot
grad y (WBUT 2004)
+o(grad y)
o)
(i) grad (oy) (grad y
=

0-7 div (AxB)= curl A-

B-A
Curl B, i.e. V(AXB)=(VxA)-B-A (VxB)
grad=P(grad o)-o(grad u) Solution
(iv)
)Proof is trivial.
Solution
(i) V- (0A) =V (ip A +jo A, +k ô A^) [where A =iA +jA +kA,]
() If øis constant then do d0 d0.
dx dy dz 4)OA,)+(A ,)
dx dy dz
Hence grad o=0.

() grad(tV)=i(tv)+it)
dx
+koty dx dx)dy
dAdA
dy dz
=
grad ot grad y.
Cii) gad (oy)=i)(o)+kov) = +k 4+jA, +kA^)
dx

A +j4 +kA4)

grad o A+p (div A).

 Curl (Ch. 14) Results Connecting Gradient, Divergence and Curl (Sec.
Divergence and
Some
14.8) | 465
Gradient.
464

(AxB) x B) =
2ix(A xB)
(AxB)-lii 8: curl (A
(i) OB
=iAxB)iAxB)+k(AxB)

dx

-zBABEi+AZi. - 3).
dx
B
=(B V)A B div A +A div B -(A V)B
- i A
-

Prove the following:

14.18
dB YAMPLE
OAB-ia dX
A
)curl
cl (curl A) = grad (div A) -Laplacian A= V(V A)-y? A.
=A * curl B + curl A+
(A V) B +(B V) A
dA dB )grad (A B)
=Eix B-E|ix MA -Ax(VxB) +Bx(VxA)
+ (A V) B + (B. V) A.
A curlB. (WBUT 2003)
= B curl A
-

SixOA=ixA
dx
jxAkA]
dy
Solution

results connected with curl Vx| where A=A, itA,jtA,k

EXAMPLE 14.17 Prove the following Vx ( x A)
=

) dx ay dz
i)curl (A B) =curl A+ curl B, 1.0. Vx (AtB)= Vx AtVxB
A A Ay
i ) curl (o A) = (grad o) x A+ ocurl A, 1.e. Vx(gA)= VÙxA+6VxA

=(div B) A- (div A) B+ (B.V) A (A- V) B

-

i) curl (A B)
(BA dA i-
*

ie.. Vx(AxB) =(V B) A -(V A)B+ (B-V) A - (A V)B.

Solution
K
) curl (A t B) = i x ( A tB)

OA dy
i |-Li ix dx Ay AdA dAdA
dy dz dx dy
curl A tcurl B.

(i) curl (0A) =

Eix(0A)

-iA+ A29i
(grad o) x A+ o curl A.
 Worked Ou Examples (Sec. 14.9)
(Ch 14) 1 467
Divergence and Curl
Gradient
466

aA , A
#A ()+)=3
-a - dydr dzdx
c = V c=0.
div
ously.

Ohv

Ai
41+4,jt A;k)k)+*2i(d4
A,i+ A, a
i k
a d
rIr VXTdx
Vxr=
=

(ii) curl dy

d
=-A+V(V A) -i (0-0)+j(0- 0) +k (0-0) =0.
curl e
= 0.
(ii) grad (A
B) =
V (A B) Similarly,

XiB+ A. OB
i ( A B)
=

V.(rxc) = x d y
ay d:
dz
(r Xc)
=

(ii) div
weconsider Ax|ix=A -(A- dB
dx C C2 C

or
OB
Ai=Ax OB
ix(A i (ve, - ze,) + -xeg) +xc-Gy)=0.
dx
dr

VA B)EAix+A
dx +Bx|ix+(8i i j k

Now, rxC= =i(ye 20,)+j(z - xez) +k (re, -xe).

C2

=Ax(VxB) +Bx(VxA) +(A V)B +(B. V) A

Ax curl B +Bx curl A +
curl (r xc) =|
=
(A V) B+ (B. V) A. ox dy

14.9 WORKED-OUT EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 14.19 Given r =x i
=i(-G-G)+j(-c -c2)+k(-j -c)
that
+yj+zk andc is any constant vector. Prove =-2 (i +c,j+ czk)=-2.
i) divr= 3, div c =0
Show V r" nr"* where r =xi+ yj+ zk and
(ii) curl r =0, curl c = 0 EXAMPLE 14.20 = r

ii) div (r e) =0, curl (rx

x

c)=-2c. =+ y + (WBUT 2004)

Solution Solution
Let it
e=c, c,jt cg k.
) divr=V.r=i+ dy
(ri + yj+ zk)
 14)
Worked Out Examples (Sec. 14.9)
and
Curl (Ch | 469
Divergence
Gradient,
468
- y + y

0.
2+izr +y+:* 2y+k;a++ EXAMPLE
14.23 Find the constants a, b, c so that
+2y +az)i+(bx-3y-z) J+ (4x+ cy +22) k is irrotational.
V=
zk)
+:) (ti+ j+
=n(+ Solution

=0.
if Vx
V=0
i r r o t a t i o n a l

is
n(r*) r=nr*r

vector functions
F and G are irrotatin.
1f the
EXAMPLE 14.21 d
F Gis solenoidal. (WBUT 2006) dx dy
0

Solution
x+2y + az bx-3y -z 4x+cy+2z
irotational. V xF=0 and
VxG =0. i(c+ 1)tj(4-a) +k (b-2)=0
Since Fand G are c+l=0, 4-a=0, b-2=0
Also. we know
a= 4, b=2, c=-1.
FxG)=(VxF) G-F-(VxG)
EXAMP 14.24 Prove thatF=( cosx+2)i+(2ysin x-4)j+ (3xz2+2) kis
= 0-G-F-0=0.
a
ative force field. Find the scalar potential for F. Also, find the work done
c o n s e r v a t i v e

Thus. FxG is solenoidal a particle in this field from (0, 1,-1),to(2,-1.2).

nin moving
mo
EXAMPLE 14.22 Given a vector field r = xi =yj+zk, find curl
Solution
then VxF =0 and there exists a scalar ¢ such that
Solution f F is conservative

r i+ yi + zk F grad o.
i k
V+y+
Now, VxF=
dx dy
y cos x+ 2y sin x-4 3xz' +2
d
cur ay z = i (0-0)-j (3z* - 3z)+k (2y cos x-2y cos x) =0.

Hence F is conservative.
Va+y+ +y +y+ Let F-Vp=i
d
That is, y cos x+z.=2y
dy
sin X-4,=3xz? +2.
Integrating we get,

sin xz* + f (y, z),0 =y sin x-4y +f2 (, z)

=y x+

and
=x +2z +f (x, y).
 14)
Divergence and Curl (Ch. Worked Out Examples
470
Gradient, (Sec. 14.9) | 471

f(v. 2)= -4y

+ 2. / x, 2) xz° + 2z
=

We choose,
sin x- 4y.
Aiw F=V-F3r-3y) + -3x2)+ -3
f (x. y)= y' Now.

= 6x +6y +6z = 6(x + y+ z).

and
sin x+z -4y
+2z + constant
d=y
Thus, k

Work done -1.2-(0,1. -1) curlF=|

d
ax dy
3-3yz 3y-3x 3-3ry
=|1+x8+ 4+4-(4-2)=4 +15,.
=i (-3x +3x) + j(-3y + 3y) +k (-3z +3z) =0.
Ifv= 0 Xr. prove that o =
- curl v, where o is a EXAMPLE 4.27 If A and B are scalar fields, then prove that VAx VB is
EXAMPLE 14.25
constant
s o l e n o i d a l .

vector.

Solution
Solution
curl v =Vxv= Vx(oxr) div (VAx
VB) =V. (VAx VB)
=
(Vx VA): VB- VA (VxVB)
using V (A xB) (Vx A) B- A(V x B)]
=

= Vx where 9= @,i+ j t ak = curl (grad A). VB- VA curl(grad B)

= 0- VB VA -0 :curl grad A =0]
= Vx[(0%2 - @,y) i +(0,x - 0 3 ) j + ( 0 y - aw,x) k]
0.

Hence VA x VB is solenoidal.

d
bEng- EXAMPLE 14.28 If . A =
0, the show that
dx dy curl curl curl curl A = v? 2 A = v4 A.
Solution
We know,
2 (i+a jt@ k)=20. curl curl A =Vx(Vx A)
Thus, ;curl . = (V.A)V-(V. V) A =0-v A [Given V A =0]

EXAMPLE 14.26 Find div F and curl F where F= =- A

grad (r3 +y +z-3xyz). curl curl curl curl A
(WBUT 2001)
Solution =Vx[Vx {Vx (VxA)}]= Vx[Vx(- A)]
F=grad (r +y +2-3xyz) = -V (Vx (V x A)] i s a scalar function)

=i+y+? -3y2)+
Ox
dy
+y+?-3) =-V-V? A]=V? v? A =V'A.
OE
Vx H=show that
++?-392) EXAMPLE14.29 If y.E =0, V.H= 0, VxE=-
=i(3x-3yz)+j3y° -3xx)+k (3z -3xy). and VE=
d2
 (Ch 14) Exercises 473
and Curl
Divergence
Gradient.
472 whichthe rectional derivative of x*-y+7 is
The
direction

2) i s . .
maximum
Solution
12.
at the point (1, 3,
VE.
grad div E =xyzthen the value of V (fg)
-

curl (curl E)
=
r+y+zandg is..
We know. 13.
Iff=xr

OH
4r+9y2+2?2, the value of v?f is
But. curl(curlE)=
Vx(VxE)
=
Vx --xH) 14.
Iff=
vector and r xi +yj + zk then grad (e
Ifc is
a
constar
r) is equal
15.
'E to.
***

grad (logglr)=.******
Ifr=xi +yj + zk then
16.
* zk then V r =

xí +yj
. .

17. Ifr=
d_v(V.E)-V'E =0-V'E 18. The
maximum directional derivativeof zat at (1, 1,1)
V E=0 of Asuch that (Aay-z")i+(2-2)r*j+(1-)x?kirrotational
dr The value
19.
1S.. **
aE
v'E= 0 Ifc is a constant vector and r=xityj+zk, then curl (c x r)=
O

PH H (Section B)
Similarly dr
1. Ifr=xi+yj
+ zk and r =|r |, find
EXERCISES
(a) div r, (b)curl r, ()V2 d)curl
Short Answer Questions
2. Find the gradient of ecach functionr=xityj+ zk be used if required.
(a) o=* +y (b) o=e sin 2y
(Section A)
(c) 0=xy +yz +zx (d) o=
1. If o=2r yA then the value of Vo at (1, 1, 1) is. 3, Find the divergence of each of the following vector field at the point
(2, 1,-1)
2. IfA=*i-2#j* ayi:kthen the value of V. A at (1, 1, 1)is. (b) ryi+y*j+?k
(a)yitxz j +xyk
3. The value of curl (gradf). wheref= ry+ 2xy +z is. (c)yitxj.
4.
1fA =(2xy)i+(-v)j+ (2r-y+#)k, then the value of A-(VxA) 4. Find the curl of each of the following vector field at (-2, 4, 1)
IS.. . (a) xyi + j+xzk (b) sin yi +x cos yj.
5. Ifv =
(r+3y) i+ (y-22) j + (x +az) k is solenoidal then the value of 5. The temperature in a resion is given by the function T=r+y+yz. Atthe
a.
point (2, 1, 4), find the followings:
The unit vector normal to the
surface r+-222 =6 at (4, 2, 1) is. (a) What is the unit vector that points in the direction of maximum change
7. If A=i+21y j -? k, the curl A at (1,2, 1) is .

of temperature?
8. Ifv= (r+2y+ 42) i +
(2r-3y-z) j + (4x+ cy +2z) k is irrotational then (b) What is the value of the derivative of the temperature in the x-direction
?
the value of c is.. in the direction
9. If
(c) What is the value of the derivative of the temperature
o = x* +
y +
z and o xi
div (o)= .***********
+
yj + zk then the value or
ofthe vector i -2j +2k?
10. If A
6. Iff=xy-yz, v = 2yi+2zj+(4x +z) k find the following:
=
rit yz'j -

3xyk and o 2x2 c) div (curlv).

+
yz then the value of A vo (b)div (grad (),
=
(a) curl (grad f*),
1S. ****
7. Show that the following vector fields are irrotational
11. The directional derivative of o= rryz + 4xz? at (1, -2,
2-j-2kis . ********** -1) in the
directio (a) A=( cos x + 2) i+ (2y sin x -

4) j + (3xz + 2) k
(6) B=(2xy+#)itrj+ 3xz2 k.