[Document title]

Coulomb’s Law:
1 q1q2 ^
F=
⃗ r
4 π ϵ0 r 2
1 qdQ
F=
⃗ r^
4 π ϵ0 ∫ r2
 Superposition of Electric Forces:
n n
1 q0 q i
F net → 0=∑ ⃗
⃗ F i→ 0= ∑ r^
i=1 4 π ε 0 i=1 r i i
Charge Distributions:
 Linear Charge Density:
dQ
λ L=
dL
 Surface Charge Density:
dQ
σ A=
dA
 Volume Charge Density:
dQ
ρV =
dV
Electric Field:
F
⃗ 1 q
E= =
⃗ r^
q0 4 π ϵ 0 r 2
1 dQ
E=
⃗ ∫ r^
4 π ϵ0 r2
 Superposition of Electric Fields:
n n
1 qi
Et =∑ Ei =
⃗ ∑ r^
i=1 4 π ϵ 0 i=1 r i2 i
 Finite Line of Charge:
1 Q
E=
⃗ i^
4 π ϵ0 L 2

√
 Half Ring of Charge:
()
x x 2+
2

−1 Q ^
E=
⃗ j
2 π ϵ 0 π R2
 Ring of Charge:
1 Qx ^
E=
⃗ i
4 π ϵ 0 2 2 32
(x +a )
 Charged Circular Disk:
σ 1
E=
⃗

[
2 ϵ0
1−

√ ( )1+ ] R 2
x
i^
[Document title]

 Infinite Line of Charge:

1 λL ^
E=
⃗ r
2 π ϵ0 r
 Spherical Shell of Charge (Conducting
Sphere):
1 Q


⃗
{
E = 4 π ϵ0 r2
r^ ,∧r ≥ R

0 ,∧r < R
Solid Sphere of Charge (Solid Insulating
Sphere):
1 Q


E=
⃗
{4 π ϵ0 r 2
1 Qr
4 π ϵ0 R3
r^ ,∧r ≥ R

r^ ,∧r ≤ R

Infinite Cylindrical Shell (Infinite

Conducting Cylinder):
1 λL


{
E = 2 π ϵ 0 r r^ ,∧r ≥ R
⃗
0 ,∧r < R
Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge:
σA
E=
2ϵ0
 Two Oppositely Charged Parallel Sheets
of Charge:
σA
E=
ϵ0
 At the Surface of any Conductor:
σ
E= A
ϵ0
[Document title]

Electric Flux:
Φ E =∫ ⃗ E ∙d ⃗
A=∫ E cos θ dA
Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields:
 Integral Form of Gauss’s Law:
Q
∮ ⃗E ∙ d ⃗A = enclosed
ϵ0
 Differential Form of Gauss’s Law:
ρV
∇∙ ⃗E=
ϵ0

Conservative Electric Field:

∮ ⃗E ∙ d l⃗ =0
∇×⃗ E=0

Electric Potential:
E =−∇ V
⃗
 Point Charge:
1 q
V=
4 π ϵ0 r
 Several Charges:
n
1 qi
V= ∑
4 π ϵ 0 i=1 r i
 Continuous Charge Distribution:
1 dQ
V=
4 π ϵ0 ∫ r

Potential Difference:
b
E ∙ d l⃗
∆ V =V b−V a=−∫ ⃗
a

b
E ∙ d l⃗
V a −V b=∫ ⃗
a

Poisson’s Equation:
−ρ
∇2 V = V
ϵ0
 Laplace’s Equation ( ρV =0)
2
∇ V =0

Capacitance: Q
C≡
V
[Document title]

 Parallel Plate Capacitors: Energy Density:

A 1
C=ϵ u= ε E2
d 2
 Capacitors in Series: Current:
1
n
1 dQ
=∑ i=
Ceq i=1 C i dt
I =NqA v d
 Capacitors in Parallel:
n I =∬ ⃗J ∙ d ⃗ A
C eq=∑ Ci Current Density:
i=1
I
 Spherical Capacitor: J=
A
⃗J =Nq ⃗v d=Nqμ ⃗ E
Drift Velocity:
qτ ⃗
⃗v d= E =μ ⃗ E
m
Mobility:
qτ
μ=
m
4 πϵ r a r b Conductivity:
C= 1
r b−r a σ≡
ρ
 Isolated Sphere:
C=4 πϵr q 2 Nτ
σ =q Nμ=
 Coaxial Cable: m
Ohm’s Law:
⃗J =σ ⃗ E
V =IR
Resistance:
ρL
R≡
A
 Temperature Effects on
Resistance:
2 πϵL
C= ρT =ρ0 [ 1+α (T −T 0 ) ]
ln (r b /r a)
RT =R0 [ 1+ α (T −T 0 ) ]
Dielectrics:
ϵ =ϵ r ϵ 0  Temperature Effects on
1 Resistance for Semiconductors:
V= V0 RT =R0 e−αT
ϵr
1 Continuity Equation:
E= E0 ❑ ❑
∂ρ
ϵr ∯ J
⃗ ∙ d A
⃗ =− ∭ ∂ tV dV
A V
1
( )
σ Ai =σ A 1−
ϵr ∇ ∙ ⃗J =
−∂ ρV
∂t
Energy Stored in a Capacitor: Laplacian of the Potential:
1 2 1 1 Q2 ∇ 2 V =0 ∇ σ =0( Homogenous Material)
U = C V = QV =
2 2 2 C Volume Charge Density:
[Document title]

−σ
t 1 1
ρV =ρV 0 e
ϵ0 XC = =
ωC 2 πfC
Relaxation Time: Impedance:
ϵ0 2
τ = =RC Z= R 2+ ( X L− X C )
√
σ Phase Angle:
Boundary Conditions: X L− X C
 Normal Component of the tan ϕ=
R
Electric Field
LRC Amplitude Voltage:
ϵ 1 En 1−ϵ 2 E n 2=σ A
V =IZ
- Dielectrics
Power in AC Circuits:
ρ S=0
1
ϵ 1 En 1=ϵ 2 E n 2 Pav = VI cos ϕ=V rms I rms cos ϕ
2
- Dielectric (medium 1) and Resonance ( X L =X C ¿ :
a conductor (medium 2) 1
ϵ 1 En 1= ρ S ω 0=
√ LC
 Tangential Component of the
Electric Field
ET 1=ET 2
Semiconductors:
 Intrinsic Semiconductors:
N ei =N Hi
 Law of Mass Action (Extrinsic
Conductors):
2
N ei =N ee N He
AC Circuits:
v=V cos ωt
i=I cos ωt
Root-Mean-Square:
I
i rms =
√2
V
v rms=
√2
Resistance in AC:
V
R=
I
Inductor in AC:
V L=LIω cos(ωt+ π /2)
Capacitor in AC:
I
V c= cos (ωt−π /2)
ωC
Reactance:
 Inductive Capacitance:
X L =ωL=2 πfL
 Capacitive Reactance: Del Operator:
 [Document title]

∂ ^ ∂ ^ ∂ ^  Laplacian:
∇= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂ y ∂z 1 ∂ 2 ∂T 1 ∂ ∂T 1 ∂
Gradient:
∂T ^ ∂T ^ ∂T ^
2
∇ T= 2
r ∂r (r ) + 2
∂ r r sin θ ∂ θ
sin θ( + 2 2 )
∂θ r sin θ ∂
∇T= i+ j+ k Cylindrical Coordinates:
∂x ∂y ∂z x=r cos ϕ y=r sin ϕ z=z
Divergence:  Infinitesimal Displacement:
∂ F x ∂ F y ∂ Fz d ⃗l =dr r^ +rdϕ ϕ^ +dz ^z
∇∙ ⃗
F= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z  Infinitesimal Surface Element:
Curl: d⃗ A r =r dϕ dz r^
i^ ^j k^ d A ϕ =dr dz ϕ^
⃗
∇×⃗ F= ∂
| ∂
∂x ∂ y ∂ z
F x F y Fz
Laplacian:
∂
| d⃗ A z=r dr dϕ ^z
 Infinitesimal Volume Element:
dV =rdrdϕdz
 Gradient:
∂2 T ∂2 T ∂2 T ∂T 1 ∂T ∂T
2
∇ T= 2 + 2+ 2 ∇T= r^ + ϕ^ + ^z
∂ x ∂ y ∂z ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
2
∇ ⃗F =( ∇ 2 F x ) i+
^ ( ∇ 2 F y ) ^j+( ∇2 F z ) k^  Divergence:
∂ Fϕ ∂ Fz
Green’s Theorem: ⃗ = 1 ∂ ( r F r )+ 1
∇∙ F +
❑ ❑ r ∂r r ∂ϕ ∂z
∫ (¿ ∇ ∙ ⃗F )dV =∮ ⃗F ∙ d ⃗A ¿  Curl:
V S
1 ∂ Fz ∂ Fϕ ^ ∂ Fr ∂ Fz ^ 1 ∂ ∂
Stoke’s Theorem:
❑ ❑
∇×⃗ F= (
r ∂ϕ
−
∂z ) (
r+
∂z
−
∂r
θ+ ) [
r ∂r
( r F ϕ) −
∂
∫ (¿ ∇ × ⃗F )∙ d ⃗A =∮ ⃗F ∙ d ⃗l ¿  Laplacian:
S L
1 ∂ ∂ T 1 ∂2 T ∂2 T
Spherical Coordinates:
x=r sin θ cos ϕ y=r sin θ sin ϕ z=r cos θ
2
∇ T= ( )
r +
r ∂ r ∂ r r 2 ∂ ϕ2 ∂ z 2
+

 Infinitesimal Displacement:
d ⃗l=dr r^ +r dθ θ+r^ sin θ dϕ ϕ^
 Infinitesimal Surface Element:
d⃗ A r =r 2 sinθ dθ dϕ r^
d⃗ A θ=r sin θ dϕ dr θ^ Magnetic Force:
d⃗ A ϕ =r dr dθ ϕ^ F =q ( ⃗v × ⃗
⃗ B)
 Infinitesimal Volume Element: d F =I ( d L × ⃗
⃗ ⃗ B)
2
dV ¿ r dr sinθ dθ dϕ  Circular Path ( ⃗v ⊥ ⃗ B)
 Gradient: mv 2

∂T 1 ∂T ^ 1 ∂T =¿ q∨vB
∇T= r^ + θ+ ϕ^ R
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ ϕ mv
R=
 Divergence: |q| B
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂ F ϕ v ¿ q∨B
∇∙ ⃗
F= 2 (r Fr )+ r sin θ ∂θ ( sin θ F θ ) + r sin θ ∂ ϕω= =
r ∂r R m
 Curl: pitch=vT
1 ∂ ∂F 1 1 ∂ F r Lorentz ∂ Force:1 ∂ ∂ Fr
∇×⃗ F=
r sin θ ∂θ [( sin θ Fϕ ) − θ r^ +
∂ϕ ] [
r sin θ ∂ ϕ F =
−
⃗ ∂F⃗ ( r F⃗ϕ ] [
) ^ ⃗
θ+
r E + F B =q [ rE +∂r
( ⃗ θ ) − ]
( ⃗v × B ) ] ∂ θ ϕ^
r F
[Document title]

Biot-Savart Law: μ0 I
μ0 I d ⃗ B=
L × r^ 2 πr
B=
⃗ ∫
4π r2 Force between two parallel wires
Magnetic Field: F μ0 II '
=
 Moving Point Charge L 2 πr
μ0 q ⃗v × r^ Ampere’s Law:
B=
⃗
4 π r2 ∮ ⃗B ∙ d l⃗ =μ0 I encl
 Straight Wire Faraday’s Law:
μ I L −d Φ B
B= 0 ϵ=
2π 2 L
2 dt
√
r r+
4
o Infinitely Long Straight
⃗ −d ∬ ⃗
∮ ⃗E ∙ d l= dt
B ∙d ⃗A=
−d Φ B
dt
Wire Motional Electromotive Force:
μ0 I ε =∮ ( v⃗ × ⃗ B ) ⋅d l⃗
B= Induction:
2 πr
 Circular Loop  Mutual Induction:
μ0 I R2 d i2
B= ε 1=−M
3/ 2 dt
2 ( r 2+ R2 ) d i1
o Center of N Circular Loops ε 2=−M
dt
B=μ0 ∋ ¿ ¿ N Φ N Φ
2R M = 1 B1 = 2 B2
 Long Cylindrical Conductors i2 i1
o r<R  Self Induction:
μ0 I r di
B= ε =−L
2 π R2 dt
o r>R N ΦB
L=
μ0 I i
B= Magnetic Field Energy:
2 πr
 Solenoid  Energy Stored in an Inductor:
I
o Inside, near center 1
U =∫ idi= L I 2
B=μ0 ∋¿ 0 2
o Outside  Magnetic Energy Density:
B≈0 B2
u=
 Toroidal Solenoid 2 μ0
B=μ0 ∋ ¿ ¿ Displacement Current:
2 πr dΦE
 Hallow Cylinder i D =ϵ
dt
o r<a
dE
B=0 J D=ϵ
dt
o a< r <b
Maxwell’s Equations:
μ0 I r 2−a 2
B=  Gauss’ Law for Electricity
2 πr b 2−a2
o r >b
[Document title]

Q enclosed
∯ ⃗E ∙ d ⃗A = ε0
ρ
∇⋅ ⃗E=
ϵ0
 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
∯ ⃗B ∙ d ⃗A =0
∇⋅ ⃗
B =0
 Faraday’s Law
−d
∮ ⃗E ∙ d l⃗ = dt ∬ ⃗B ∙d ⃗A
−∂ ⃗B
∇×⃗ E=
∂t
 Ampere’s Law
dΦ
∮ ⃗B ∙ d l⃗ =μ0 (I encl + ϵ0 dt )
⃗ =μ0 J⃗ + ϵ 0 ∂ E
⃗
∇×B ( ∂t )
Students are allowed to use these
formula sheets.

Noted by:

Engr. Angelina A. Silverio, MSc.