JEAN MARC ELLA N.

TADLA, RND
COURSE OUTLINE:
process of metabolism
Physiologic Value of Food
Metabolism is the chemical reaction
involved in maintaining the living
state of cells and organism.
During aerobic metabolism, nutrients are
combined with oxygen within each cell.
This process is known as oxidation.
Oxidation ultimately reduces carbohydrates
to carbon dioxide and water; Proteins are
reduced to carbon dioxide, water, and
nitrogen.
Anaerobic metabolism reduces fats without
the use of oxygen.
The complete oxidation of carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats is commonly called the
Krebs cycle.
Catabolism is the breakdown of
molecules to obtain energy.
Anabolism is the synthesis of all
compounds needed by the cells.
Catabolism is the breakdown of
molecules to obtain energy.
Anabolism is the synthesis of all
compounds needed by the cells.
This building up (anabolism) and
breaking down (catabolism) of
substances is a continuous process
(metabolism) within the body and
requires a continuous supply of nutrients.
Nutrition is the key to metabolism
The pathways of metabolism rely
upon the nutrients that they
breakdown on order to produce
energy.
Essential nutrients supply energy and
provide the necessary chemicals which
the body itself cannot produce.
The major elements are provided by
carbohydrates, lipids, and protein.
Proteins are needed for nutrition
because they contain amino acids.
Among the 20 or more amino acids, the
human body is unable to manufacture
8 which are essential amino acids.
Lysine Isoleucine
Tryptophan Phenylalanine
Methionine Valine
Leucine Threonine
Fats are concentrated sources of
energy
The three main forms of fat found in
food are glycerides, phospholipids and
sterols.
The minerals in foods do not contribute
directly to energy needs but are
significant as body regulators and play
a role in the metabolic pathways of the
body.
More than 50 elements are found in the
human body.
About 25 elements are found to be
essential since a deficit produces
specific deficiency symptoms.
Vitamins are important organic
compounds that human body cannot
synthesize by itself and must be
present in the diet.
Calcium Cobalt
Phosphorus Manganese
Iron Zinc
Sodium Magnesium
Potassium Fluorine
Chloride Ions Iodine
Copper
Vitamin A
Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin
Niacin or Nicotinic Acid
Pantothenic Acid
The chemical reactions of metabolism
are structured into metabolic pathways.
Enzymes are vital to metabolism as they
allow organisms to drive desirable
reactions that require energy.
The three major nutrients (carbohydrates,
proteins, fats) are needed in larger
quantities.
Vitamins and minerals act as catalysts
which prompt the three major nutrients to
interact.
Energy is constantly needed for the
maintenance of body tissue and
temperature and for growth (involuntary
activity), as well as for voluntary activity.
The unit of energy commonly used in
human nutrition is kilogram calorie or kcal.
kcal or simply called calorie is the unit of
measurement for the energy that the body
gets from food.
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water
1 degree Celsius (C).
 The Joule is the measure of energy in
metric system.

1,000 small calories = 1 kilocalorie or calorie

1 calorie (kilocalorie) = 4.184 joule (kilojoules)
Calories are by-products of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats that are oxidized in the
body.
The energy values of foods are determined
by a device known as a bomb calorimeter.
Refer to the following for computation:

Fuel factor of carbohydrate = 4 calories per gram

Fuel factor of protein = 4 calories per gram
Fuel factor of fat = 9 calories per gram

Example:

1 cup of Whole Milk Computation:

12g carbohydrate x 4 kcal/g = 48kcal
8g protein x4 kcal/g = 32kcal
10g fat x 9kcal/g = 90kcal
Total = 170 kcal
Basal metabolism is the rate at which energy
is needed for body maintenance.
Basal Metabolism is also referred to as resting
energy expenditure (REE).
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the rate at
which energy is needed only for body
maintenance.
 Rule of thumb
1 kcal per kg per hour for adult male
0.9 kcal per kg per hour for adult female

Harris-Benedict formula
Male REE = 66 + [13.7 x wt(kg)] +[5 x ht(cm)] -[6.8 x age(yr)]
Female REE = 66 + [13.7 x wt(kg)] +[5 x ht(cm)] -[6.8 x age(yr)]
 Biologic body weight raised to the 3/4 power
- Once the metabolic body size is known based on
weight in kilograms, the figure is multiplied by 70.
(Please refer to the table for body weight in kg and metabolic size )

WHO/FAO/UNU Method
1.6 x wt(kg) + 879 = REE
Surface area State of Nutrition
Gender Sleep
Age Endocrine Glands
Body Composition Fever
Desirable Body Weight (DBW) is also termed ideal or
reference weight but more appropriately called
healthy weight.
In adolescent and adults, DBW refers to the average
recommended weight range at a specified height
for a given body frame; it is weight found statistically
to be most compatible with health and longevity.
 Tannhauser’s Method (Broca index)
Step 1. DBW (k)= Height (cm)-100
Step 2. Deduct 10%=
(To apply this method for Filipinos whose statures are usually
small, unless body frame is identified).
Exercise: (inches to cm = 2.54)
Compute for a 5’1” female subject
= 5 x 12 = 60 inches + 1 = 61 inches
= 61 x 2.54 = 154.94 cm
= 154.94 cm - 100 = 54.9
= 54.9 x .10 = 5.49
= 54.9 - 5.49 = 49.41 = 49 kg
 NDAP Method
Step 1. Allow 112 pounds for 5 feet tall (men)
Allow 106 pounds for 5 feet tall (women)
Step 2. Then: add (subtract) 4 pounds for every inch above (below) 5
feet.

Conversion aid:
1 kilo= 2.2 lb 1 foot= 12 inches 1 inch= 2.54 cm
 BMI-derived formula
Men: DBW (k) = height in meters² x 22.0
Women: DBW (k) = height in meters² x 20.8

Conversion aid:
1 m= 100 cm
 Hamwi formula
Females:
100 lbs for first 5 ft
Add 5 lb for each additional inch
Males:
106 lb for first 5 ft
Add 6 lb for each additional inch

Adjustments:
Small frame- subtract 10%
Large frame: add 10
 Ador Dionisio's Method
Height:
For every 5 feet, allow 100 lbs for female, 110 lbs for male then
multiply the additional inches by 2.
Age:
Multiply any age between 25 and 50 by 2 then divide by 5.
TER = DBW x PA (Physical Activity)
Physical Activity:
Bed Rest = 27.5
Sedentary = 30
Light = 35
Moderate = 40
Heavy = 45
 Sedentary Activities
Reading, Writing, Eating, Watching TV, Office work, Sitting at work
Light Activities
Cooking, Washing dishes, Ironing, Welding, Standing at work, rapid typing
Moderate Activities
Mopping, Scrubbing, Sweeping, Gardening, Carpentry, Walking fast, Standing
with moderate movement, sitting with vigorous arm movement
Heavy Activities
Heavy scrubbing, hand washing, walking fast, bowling, golfing, heavy gardening
TER = DBW x PA (Physical Activity)
Example:
DBW = 60kg
= 60 x 30
= 1,800 kcal
Thank Y o u