FACULTY OF PREMEDICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY I (CH 1001)

LABORATORY MANUAL

2023 JANUARY INTAKE

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 LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

A. DRESS CODE OR ATTIRE

1. ALWAYS wear a Lab coat when in the Chemistry lab; Lab coat must be at least
knee-long and, acid-proof. Students with short-sleeved or customized Lab coats
will not be allowed into the Lab facilities. Ensure no folding of sleeves and, the lab
coat must be fully buttoned up.
2. Wear Safety goggles or glasses at ALL times while in the lab
3. ONLY closed shoes are allowed in the lab; wear shoes that cover your toes, heel
and top of the foot. The shoes must not easily allow any kind of liquid to pass
through. No sandals, pumps, high heels or canvas shoes will be allowed in the lab
4. Wear clothes that cover as much parts of your body as possible; Miniskirts, shorts,
crop tops and bareback dresses are strictly prohibited. Do not wear voluminous
clothing. Also caps or head socks are not allowed in the laboratory.
5. Tie long hair back and fasten it with a hairpin
6. Hanging jewellery (pendants, chains, long ear rings etc.) and large loose bracelets
are strictly prohibited in the lab
7. Wear gloves as and when advised by the Lab Instructor.

B. HANDLING OF APPARATUS, GLASSWARE AND CHEMICAL REAGENTS

1. NEVER carry a Winchester bottle by the neck alone; One hand must hold the neck
while the other holds the bottom of the Winchester bottle
2. Always read the label on the reagents bottle before using a chemical reagent.
3. Know all the hazard symbols and treat each reagent with precaution as indicated
by the hazard symbol on the reagents bottle
4. NEVER use any reagents in the lab unless permitted to do so by the lab instructor.
5. When heating or boiling a chemical substance or solution in a test-tube, ALWAYS
point it away from yourself and your fellow students; this is to avoid chemicals
splashing/ spilling onto your body or another student
6. NEVER fill a test-tube to the brim; leave enough room for stirring and/or other
purposes.
7. Fan the air towards yourself when trying to get the smell of a chemical compound.
8. NEVER touch or handle hot apparatus/glassware with your bare hands; use tongs
or gloves
9. NEVER add water to acid; instead add acid to water when diluting a concentrated
acid.
10. Do not leave a lit Bunsen burner unattended to.
11. Do not place beakers, test-tubes, burettes etc. near the edge of the bench or the
work station as they may fall and break.
12. NEVER pipette any chemicals in the lab by mouth.
13. Do not pour liquid in a burette clamped above your eye level.

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 14. NEVER taste any chemical in the lab.
15. ALL experiments where poisonous or dangerous fumes are being produced must
be conducted in a working fume-hood.

C. ACCIDENTS PROTOCALS
1. Report any accident or incident to the Lab instructor immediately.
2. Always leave the exit door clear of any objects.
3. In the case of a corrosive chemical coming into contact with your skin, wash
immediately with plenty of water and report to your Lab instructor for further
check-up.
4. In case of chemical or solution entering your eye, rinse the eyes about three- times
using eye wash bottle.
5. Use the Safety-shower in case your clothes catch fire or a corrosive chemical
comes into contact with a large portion of your body.
6. Know the fire-drill and how to operate a fire-extinguisher.
7. Report any spillages on the floor to the Lab Instructor. Do not attempt to mop.
8. In the case of poisonous fumes or a repugnant-smelly gas in the lab, switch on the
fume-hood and proceed as directed by your lab instructor
9. Consult your Lab instructor on where to dispose of broken apparatus.

D. BEHAVIOR DURING LAB AND MISCELLANEOUS

1. Smoking, drinking or eating is strictly prohibited in the Lab.
2. Do not carry out any experiment unless authorized by your Laboratory instructor.
3. Do not throw papers or any objects into the sink; for disposal of chemical reagents,
use the waste-bottle container or consult your Lab instructor. Use the dust-bin for
disposal of papers
4. Do not put bags, books or such kind of material onto the work-bench
5. Always leave the lab clean; wash all glassware used and, put them in their right
places. Also put stools below the work-bench after using them
6. Turn off your phones, iPod or any similar devices during laboratory sessions

FORMAT FOR WRITING CH1001 LABORATORY REPORT

A Laboratory report must contain the following sections in the order indicated below:
1. Date and Title, Aim(s), Introduction/theory/principle, materials, method/procedure,
data collection, data analysis/results analysis, discussion and conclusion.

Note: The cover page must contain the following: student’s name, I.D number,
tutorial and lab group numbers, lab session time and day and lab instructor’s name.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 LABORATORY SAFETY

AIM

The aim of the experiment is to introduce laboratory safety and awareness to students
conducting experiments in the chemistry laboratory.

LAB SAFETY BACKGROUND

Some chemicals/reagents in the laboratory are, flammable, carcinogenic or toxic.

Because of the flammability of many substances, the use of gas burners with exposed
flames (Bunsen burners) is to be avoided whenever possible. Hot plates, which can
hold water or sand baths, are used to heat reaction vessels.

Flammable and volatile materials require adequate ventilation, and functioning fume
hoods are essential in the organic chemistry laboratory.

Most organic liquids should be kept in the fume hoods during an experiment whenever
possible because some of these substances give off toxic vapors that can enter the
human body through inhalation. There are several common routes of chemical
exposure.

Chemical Exposure

Inhalation of vapors is one of five common means of chemical exposure in an academic

lab. Substances that have dangerous fumes must be kept under a fume hood in a
chemistry lab. If these substances are misplaced outside of the hood, a characteristic
odor is often a suitable means of detection of the exposed vapors.

On the other hand, some substances that possess toxic vapors are not so readily
detectable by their odor. Headaches and lightheadedness often signal the vapor
exposure problem. Carbon monoxide is a prime example of a toxic gas that is not
detectable by its odor.

Another common means of exposure is by skin contact. Spills occur quite frequently in
the chemistry lab, often due to rushing or inexperience. The first response to skin
contamination is usually to run water over the area for several minutes, and notifying the
instructor.

Other means of chemical exposure include ingestion, skin puncture, and eye contact.
With any type of exposure, the instructor must be notified immediately.

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 LABORATORY EXERCISE

1. Give 2 reasons why students should be oriented on laboratory safety before starting
experiments?
2. What are harzadous materials?
3. Mention 2 precautionary measures you would take when handling harzadous materials
during an experiment in the laboratory?
4. In your view, who should be given first priority concerning laboratory safety during an
experiment involving harzadous materials? Is it yourself, your neighbor or the
laboratory demonstrator?
5. Give one justification for your choice in question 5 above.
6. Write all noticeable mistakes in the picture provided.

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 EXPERIMENT 2

UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENTS

AIM: To determine range of uncertainty in measured values depending on the measuring device.

INTRODUCTION

The number associated with a measurement is obtained using some measuring device. The
uncertainty of a measurement tells us something about its quality. Uncertainty of measurement is
the doubt that exists about the result of any measurement. All measurements are subject to
uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of
the associated uncertainty, such as the standard deviation.

The number of significant figures is dependent upon the uncertainty of the measurement or process
of establishing a given reported value. Significant figures are those digits that are certain and the
uncertain.

The convention of significant figures automatically indicates something about the uncertainty in a
measurement. The uncertainty in the last number (the estimated number) is usually assumed to be
unless otherwise indicated.

The more significant figures are in a measurement, the more certain is the measurement.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS/INSTRUMENTS

(a) 2 models of weighing balances namely :Weighing balance A

Weighing balance B

(b) Object to be weighed.

PROCEDURE

Weigh the object 4 times on each weighing balance and record the reading in the table 1 under
data collection.

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DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Table 1: Masses of given object in (g)

Weighing balance A Weighing balance B

Number of
measurements Mass of object in (g) Mass of object in (g)
1
2
3
4
Average mass
Number of
significant
figures in
average mass
Certain digits
in average
mass
Uncertain
digits in
average mass
Higher reading
in average
mass
Lower reading
in average
mass
Range of
uncertainty in
average mass

Comment on the your observations on the results considering significant figures

and range of uncertainty in the measurements obtained from the 2 weighing
balances.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF WATER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

AIM: To determine density of water at ambient temperature.

INTRODUCTION

In practical terms, density is the weight of a substance for a specific volume. The density of
water is roughly 1 gram per milliliter but, this changes with temperature or if there are
substances dissolved in it. Ice is less dense than liquid water which is why your ice cubes float in
your glass of water.

Density =

Density of Water with temperature

Temperature Density Temperature Density
o o
C g/mL C g/mL
0 0.99987 15 0.99913
1 0.99993 20 0.99823
2 0.99997 25 0.99707
3 0.99999 30 0.99562
4 1.00000 40 0.99224
5 0.99999 50 0.98807
6 0.99997 60 0.98324
7 0.99993 70 0.97781
8 0.99988 80 0.97183
9 0.99981 90 0.96534
10 0.99973 100 0.95838

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Accuracy refers to the agreement of a particular value with the true value. One way of evaluating
accuracy is by determination of absolute error and percent error. The smaller the absolute error,
the more accurate the measurement becomes.

Absolute error = | measured value – true value |

Percent error = x 100%

In this experiment, the `true` density of water is at a specified temperature according to the
density – temperature chart. A comparison will be made between density of water to be
determined by the student and density of water recorded from the density –temperature chart.

MATERIALS/APPARATUS/INSTRUMENTS

50 mL beaker, pipette, water, thermometer, weighing balance

PROCEDURE

Draw the table below:

(1) Record the temperature of water:……………….

(2) Record the volume of pipette as indicated on the pipette:…………
(3) Weigh the empty 50 mL beaker and record reading.
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 (4) Remove the 50 mL beaker form the weighing balance.
(5) Pipette water using the pipette provided and carefully transfer the water into the 50 mL
beaker and place it back on the weighing balance.
(6) Record the reading.
(7) Discard the water.
(8) Without drying the beaker, repeat steps 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 three times.
(9) Determine the average mass of water and record the value.

DATA COLLECTION

Table1: …………………………………………………………………………
Mass (g) (1) Mass (g) (2) Mass (g) (3)

Mass of 50 mL beaker plus

water
Mass of empty 50 mL beaker

Mass of water

Average mass of water

Temperature of water:………………………………………………..

Volume indicated on pipette:………………………………………

EXERCISE

(a) Record the density of water from the density –temperature chart provided.
(b) Determine the density of water in (g/cm3) using the density formula.
(c) Determine the density of water in (gcm-3) using the density formula.
(d) Determine the density of water in (g/mL) using the density formula.
(e) Determine the density of water in (kgm-3) using the density formula.
(f) Determine the absolute error in your density measurement.
(g) Determine the percent error in your density measurement.
(h) Write any 2 sources of error in your density determination.

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 EXPERIMENT 4

BURETTE CALIBRATION AND CALIBRATION FACTOR DETERMINATION.

INTRODUCTION

In doing quantitative measurements, instruments such as pipets, pH meters, and volumetric

flasks are used. But, one important instrument in doing quantitative measurements is a burette
which dispenses known volumes of liquid. Although the burette can deliver known volumes, it
can never be exact due to the presence of random (indeterminate) error. But as said, this is
unavoidable and thus must be accepted. One type of error that must be avoided when using a
burette however is determinate (systematic) error.. The bias can come from the environment,
methods of observation, and the equipment used.

A burette, therefore, needs to be calibrated so that the reading of the volume can be properly
adjusted to present its true value by use of calibration factor..
Calibration factor = true volume/determine burette volume or determined burette volume/true
volume
Density of water at a particular temperature will be used to determine volume of burette.
Density is mass per unit volume.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

2 Erlenmeyer flasks/ conical flask, distilled water, thermometer, 50.00 mL burette,
PROCEDURE

 Put about 100 mL of distilled water in a beaker, allow it to come to room temperature and
record the water temperature.
 Weigh a well cleaned conical flask and remove from the weighing balance
 Fill a clean 50.00 mL burette with distilled water.
 Ensure meniscus is at the zero mark then allow water to flow in a convenient vessel.
 Weigh the flask with water and record the reading.
 Repeat steps in bullets 2, 3, 4 and 5 above twice

DATA COLLECTION:
Water temperature:…………………………… Water density at that temperature:…………………………
Table 1: Masses of water from 25.00 mL buret
1 2 3

Mass of empty flask

Mass of flask plus water
Mass of water

Average mass of water:………………………

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 LABORATORY EXERCISE
1. Determine volume of your burette.
2. Calculate calibration factor.
3. Calculate your corrected volumes for the burette readings to be given by the instructor.
4. Determine the absolute error.
5. Determine the percent error.
6. What could have been the source of error in your experiment?

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 EXPERIMENT 5

ACID BASE TITRATION

AIM: To determine molarity of NaOH solution using titration.

INTRODUCTION

Titration is an analytical method used to determine the exact amount of a substance by

reacting that substance with a known amount of another substance. The completed reaction of
a titration is usually indicated by a color change or an electrical measurement. An acid/base
neutralization reaction will yield salt and water. In an acid-base titration, the neutralization
reaction between the acid and base can be measured with either a color indicator or a pH
meter Acid + Base Salt + Water

In this experiment, a phenolphthalein color indicator will be used. Phenolphthalein is colorless

in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions.

Equipment and Reagents

Standard solution (titrant), 2 beakers , Analyte , pipette, buret, 500 mL conical flask, wash
bottle, distilled water, burette clamp, indicator

Procedure

1. Rinse all your glassware thoroughly

2. Place the standard solution in the burette and clear off of all bubbles in the burete
3. Record the initial reading (any reading below zero not zero).
4. Pipette NaOH solution using a pipette with the help of pipette filler and place the
solution into the 500 mL flat bottom flask.
5. Place a plain paper on the base of the burette stand
6. Add about two drops of available indicator to the solution in the conical flask and shake
a bit
7. Place the flask below the tip of the burette on the burette stand and perform titration
8. The titration is stopped the moment a slight color change is noticed in the solution in
the conical flask
9. Record the reading from the burette
10. Re-fill the burette and repeat the procedure 2 to 9
11. Tabulate your results as shown below:

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 Trial Run (mL) Accurate run1 Accurate run 2 (mL)
(mL)
Final volume of titrant
Initial volume of titrant
Volume of titrant

Mean volume of titrant:…………………………………….

LABORATORY EXERCISE

1. What is meant by standardization?

2. Which solution was being standardized in this titration experiment?
3. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution.
4. What is meant by the term titrant?
5. What was the purpose of adding indicator?
6. Starting with 1.00 M solution of K2Cr2O7, explain how you would make 100. mL of
0.267 M K2Cr2O7 solution.

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