theHealth 2012; 3(4): 116-120

Review

Potential applications of Neem based products as

biopesticides
Bajwa AA 1 , Ahmad A 2
1 Institute
of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2 School of Biological Sciences,
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Correspondence
Aftab Ahmad
Abstract
School of Biological Sciences,
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Biopesticides are a good alternative to the synthetic pesticide. Both leaves and fruit of neem
Pakistan. 54590
plant are known to have bitter taste having fungicidal, insecticidal and nematicidal properties.
E-mail: Azadirachtin, chemically a tetranorterpenoid component of neem acts on the mitotic cells and
aftabac@yahoo.com blocks the microtubule polymerization. Certain activities of genes and proteins are also altered
Keywords: by azadirachtin. As a botanical insecticide azadirachtin is effective against many biological
Fungicidal, Insecticidal, processes. It may cause a reduction in feeding habit, suspend the molting process, larvae and
Azadirachtin, Saponins,
Antimicrobial pupae death and also cause sterility in the emerging adults, this all depend on the given dose.
Apart from azadirachtin, many other components of neem also have insecticidal properties.
Funding
None
Among them are saponins that are found to have antimicrobial activity that inhibits moulds and
protecting plant from attack of insects. Likewise Nim80 and Neemas are also neem products that
Competing Interest produce the insecticidal activity. In addition Parker oilTM is also effective insecticide which is a
None declared.
commercial product. There was maximum weight loss of treated insects when azadirachtin and
Received: October 12, 2012 NPV are used in combination. Commercial neem formulation has been assayed for the control of
Accepted: December 23, 2012
pine weevil in forestry, against rice leaf folder, root-knot nematodes and P. xylostella.
Azadirachtin-A is extremely sensitive to the presence of sunlight so different mechanisms have
been used to increase its photo stability.

Introduction oviposition, anti-feedant, regulation of growth

and development etc.9, 10 The main source of
Synthetic pesticides are of increasing concern
azarirachtin is extracts from seeds of Indian
as they accumulate in the environment, so much
neem plant.11
of attention has been diverted towards the
natural compounds that could replace the syn- Due to azadirachtin marked insecticidal poten-
thetic ones.1 Biopesticides are good alternative tial much research has been focused on it now
to the synthetic ones as they cause a little envi- a days.12 Azadirachtin mainly influences the
ronmental pollution, low toxicity level to hu- feeding habits of insects, growth and reproduc-
mans and several other advantages.2,3 Neem tion and thus lowers their population density
is one of the most reliable botanical sources of but still very little is known about the biochemi-
biopesticides.1 Neem plant has been known for cal mode of action. Azadiractin not only has a
three decades for its potential against insect unique mode of action against insects, it also
pests.4 Leaves and seed extract of neem plant has adverse effects on fungi, viruses, nema-
have been observed for their deleterious ef- todes and protozoans.9 In addition larval
fects on insects.5 The principle component that growth is markedly reduced by azadirachtin.
has insecticidal activity in neem extracts is a Usually anti-feedant effect is observed after
limonoid, azadirachtin. It has been evaluated treatment of azarirachtin.10 It is also responsi-
as the most promising insecticide of botanical ble for providing mortality in Tinea dubiella
origin, used against more than 400 species of (Stainton) and Tineola bisselliella (Humel). Aza-
insects.6, 7 Neem seeds are potential source of dirachtin acts on endocrine and neuroendocrine
biopesticedes that has been appraised against systems which are important to regulate the
many important insect species8 as several ac- developmental processes of insects. By target-
tive ingredients in neem makes it potential ing these systems azadirachtin causes adverse
source of biopesticide against many important development effects.12
insect species. In most of the formulations of
As a biopesticide Azadirachtin is known to
biopesticides is the tetranortriterpene, aza-
have very little effect on non-targeted organ-
dirachtin.4 Insecticide based on neem extracts
ISSN (print): 2218-3299 isms for example pollinators.9, 13, 14 It is com-
have many effects on insects, it includes anti-
ISSN (online): 2219-8083 pletely non-toxic to vertebrates.15 Azadirachtin

116 | theHealth | Volume 3 | Issue 4

 Application of neem based products

Effects of Neem plant Effects of Azadirachtin

Anti- Growth & Anti-

Antiviral Nematicidal Insecticidal Fungicidal feedancy Reproduction oviposition Fungicidal

Figure 1: Different effects of Neem plant as biopesticide.

Affects on acdyteroid
may not be effective against all pest insects and its effective-
and juvenile hormone
ness is dependent on used concentration.10 Persistence level
of azadirachtin on food is unknown so there is need of further
research in this area.4 Direct affect on tissues
Azadiracta indica - Indian Neem Plant
Figure 3: Different effects of Azadirachtin.
Azadiracta indica known as Indian neem plant is an ever-
green, hard tree which is native to sub-continent. It can easily ty, research on this compound is rapidly increasing.19 Up till
be grown in a nutrient poor soil and can survive even in dry now nine types of azadirachtin has been identified in neem
harsh conditions. It is known to be friendly with other vegeta- seed extract. Their structure has also been elucidated. It has
tion but it is disliked by insects. Both leaves and fruit of neem proved to be effective against many insect pests of various
plant are known to have bitter taste having fungicidal, insec- species in their developmental stages.8
ticidal and nematicidal properties.8 Recently neem plant has
been gathered much attention because it is a potential source The possible mode of action of azadirachtin is anti-feedancy
of drugs and eco loving pesticides.8 Leaves of neem plant which affects the acdysteroid and juvenile hormones and it
have been used as substrate for producing vermicompost. directly affects tissues which are believed to be controlled by
The effect of vermicompost application on the growth and developmental hormones. Fungi, viruses and protozoa have
yield of brinjal plant has been studied. It has been revealed also been reported sensitive to azadirachtin, apart from its
that application of neem vermicopmpost produce potential action against insects.9
effects on plant growth.16 Besides its biopesticides properties, potential of azadirachtin
Chemical structure and function of Azadirachtin have also been explored as inhibitor of sexual development
of malaria parasite and larvicidal against mosquito larvae. It
Azadirachtin has a molecular formula C35H44O16 and chemi- is also being investigated for having inhibitory effect on rep-
cally it is a tetranorterpenoid. Azadirachtin have many reac- lication of dengue virus type-2.20
tive functional groups which are closely associated with each
other which makes it a highly oxidized limonoid.17 The major Mode of action
component of neem seeds is azadirachtin A. Azadirachtin B is Different molecular techniques have been used to determine
also present but it is present in very minute concentration. the effect of azadirachtin at cellular and molecular level. It
Azadirachtin has also been synthesized chemically. Simpler has been shown that azadirachtin acts on the mitotic cells and
models of azadirachtin are being investigated which have blocks the microtubule polymerization.22 It has been revealed
simpler structure and same biological activity as compared that the anti-proliferating effect of azadirachtin is due to
with the complex one, synthetic derivatives of azadirachtin blocking of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis.23 In addition
are also being investigated.18 to this nuclear DNA is directly damaged by azadirachtin and
Ever since the discovery of insecticidal activity of neem and also binds to a large protein complex including heat shock
azadirachtin as an active ingredient for its insecticidal activi- protein 60.24 It has been suggested that azadirachtin is highly
reactive and have many cellular molecules as target in cyto-
plasm as well as in nucleus. Certain activities of genes and
proteins are also altered by azadirachtin.25, 26
Different non-neem inhibitors of plant origin
Several compounds are present in different plant parts in-
cluding seeds, fruits, flowers, wood and leaves that acts as
natural inhibitors. Magnifera indica is highly rich with poly-
phenol having antioxidant activity and also glycoside flavo-
noids.27 Cellulase activity of insects is inhibited by the flavo-
noids. Enzyme inhibition is easily understood by the structural
evidences.28, 29 Green apples form tannins from polyphenol
oxidase that is also responsible for inhibiting cellulase activi-
ty.30 Tannins interfere with the food intake of animal, their
Figure 2: Chemical structure of Azadirachtin. 21

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Application of neem based products

digestion and reproducibility. In addition to this Rosaceae many biological processes. It may cause a reduction in feed-
family is also reported for its strong inhibitory effect against ing habit, suspend the molting process, larvae and pupae
cellulase.31 death and also cause sterility in the emerging adults, this all
Other neem derived compounds depend on the given dose. The mode of action of this toxin is
obscure. Proteomic techniques have been used to analyze the
a. Saponins changes in protein metabolism of Spodoptera litura (F) caused
Saponins are the surface-active glycosides that naturally by azadirachtin. Until pupation 4th in-star larvae of Spodop-
occur in certain plants, animals and microorganisms. Mainly tera litura was fed with an artificial diet containing 1ppm of
they are produced by plants but lower amount in marine azadirachtin. After that, pupae of 48 hours were collected
animals and some bacteria. Saponins are named because of and their protein samples were prepared. After measure-
their soap like characteristics. Usually saponins consist of a ment of total protein contents of samples results revealed
sugar moiety containing glucose, glactose, glucuronic acid, that protein level was significantly influenced by azadiracht-
xylose, rhamnose or methyl pentose.32 A glycosydic linkage is in. It has been revealed that these proteins are involved in
present between sugar moiety and hydrophobic aglycone many cellular functions. One of these proteins has been iden-
that may be a terpenoid or steroid in nature. The aglycone tified to function as ecdysone receptor that regulates the
could contain one or more C-C unsaturated bonds. Many development of insect and its reproduction. It suggests that
saponins are found to have antimicrobial activity that inhibits botanical insecticide azdirachtin effects the protein expres-
moulds and protecting plant from attack of insects. They can sion of insects.38
be taken as a defense system of plant. Saponins from oat Effect of azadirachtin in combination with Nuleopolyhe-
have been reported to be effective against tissue damage drovirus
and attack of pathogens.33, 34
Enzyme activity of mid-gut in Spodoptera litura Fabricius
b. Nim 80 and Azatin (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Tobacco cutworm) have been eval-
Shoot-borer are key forest pests in tropical areas, it belongs uated by the effect of azadirachtin and nuleopolyhedrovirus
to genus Hypsipyla. H. robusta is present in old world tropic (NPV). Enzyme activities of gut were decreased both when
while in neotropic region H. grandelle is widely distributed.35 azdirachtin and NPV were used individually and in combina-
Both species suppress the apical dominance by boring into tion. Gut enzymes, acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatises,
terminal shoots of young plants, causing stem forking and thus adenosine triphosphatases and lactate dehydrogenases-
leading to high production of lateral branches. Extract of activities were reduced when S. litura larvae were fed with a
neem seeds obtained from Azadirachta indica have been diet of castor leaves which are pretreated with azadirachtin
shown to trigger certain harmful effects on a number of insect and NPV. Statistically there was a significant difference in
species.8, 9 Two products from neem; Nim 80 and azatin have the enzyme activities when treated individually or in com-
been used to analyze that whether the neem products are bined doses. This effect was more prevalent in early in-stars.
causing antifeedant activity or acting as growth regulators. There was a maximum weight loss when azadirachtin and
Studies have shown that both products do not show same NPV were used in combination.39
activity against H. grandella larvae. Both neem products have Different application of neem based biopesticides
been shown to produce the insecticidal activity or growth
effects. At low concentration of azatin the growth rate was a. Control of pine weevil in forestry
reduced while increasing the concentration lead to high mor- The field and laboratory data has been collected which
tality rate. Larvae become unable to feed when they were shows that, the use of neem extract as a significant anti-
exposed to azatin. It has been shown that azatin acts as di- feedant by the large pine weevil. Commercial neem formula-
rect toxicant instead of inhibiting its growth. On the other tion has been assayed for the control of pine weevil in forest-
hand Nim 80 has showed effectiveness against larval devel- ry. In many Asian countries neem is still being used as pest
opment.36 controlling agent for protecting plant in rural environment. In
c. Parker oilTM and neemas the western world the formulation of neem extract have been
approved to be used in the management of pests in USA and
Two other neem products Parker oilTM and neemas have been many other European countries. Currently no neem products
tested for their effectiveness against brown plant hopper. have been licensed for use in UK forestry or agriculture, but
Their mortality rate, rate of food consumption and net surviv- the register of organic food standard of UK has mentioned
al rate has been investigated after application of these two the neem extract as an acceptable product that could be
neem products. It has been clearly observed that neem used within organic farming operations. At present, within UK
based products are more effective against brown plant hop- formulations of neem extract have been approved for use as
per. In addition, these neem products have very low toxicity repellent mixed with various lotions shampoos and soaps for
level against human beings.37 human use. It has been revealed that neem extract play a
Azadirachtin function and effects major role in protecting seedling confers from attack of H.
abietis. These neem formulations are environment friendly
As a botanical insecticide azadirachtin is effective against and it can reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.40
118 | theHealth | Volume 3 | Issue 4
 Application of neem based products

b. Control of Rice leaf folder azdirachtin-A which is a mixture of isomers of tetraterpenoids

There are many compounds which have different chemical obtained from seeds of neem tree. Azadirachtin-A is ex-
structures and diverse mode of action; all are classified insec- tremely sensitive to the presence of sunlight.45 When spray of
ticides of botanical origin. Azadirachtin is the most bioactive azadirachtin is used for conifers and deciduous foliage, it is
component of neem plant which is a complex limnoids.9 Rice rapidly decomposed in the presence of light. Due to high
leaf folder is an insect pest of rice (Oryza sativa). Insecticide photosensitivity the use of azadirachtin-A is limited. In the
based on neem, containing azadirachtin, has been proved to presence of sunlight half life of azadirachtin is also reduced.
play important role in protection of crops. Azadirachtin have So for effective use of azadirachtin its stability should be
been tested along with five other limnoids and it has proved increased. It has been suggested that addition of UV-
to be more effective against rice leaf folder than the other absorbing compound to the formulation of azadirachtin
limnoids.38 Azadirachtin causes high anti-feedant activity. sprays can make it more stable. These UV-absorbants can
When neem was added to the food of these pests their either absorb the UV-light or it can prevent the photo excita-
growth was significantly reduced. Treatment of neem limnoids tion of pesticides. Different UV-absorbers can be used for this
have been shown to produce pronounced results to the purpose.45
growth and development of C. medinalis larvae.39 Conclusion
c. Control of root-knot nematodes In the past few decades neem based pesticides are gaining
The most important nematode pest of both tropical and sub- more attention because of their non-toxic and environmental
tropical region of crop production is root-knot nematodes, friendly nature. Azadirachtin and many other neem products
Meloidogyne spp. There are more than 2000 plant spp in- have shown very impressive results as biopesticide against
cluding herbaceous, wood plants of mono and dicotyledons many pests of agricultural importance.
which are being affected by nematodes that are obligate There are several issues associated with the commercial use
parasite of these plants. M. incognita and M. javanica cause of neem based pesticides that are still to be investigated.
most of the damage to field crops, vegetables, fruit trees. Like photosensitivity of azadirachtin has to be managed for
Crude and refined neem formulations have been tested its long lasting effectiveness. Persistent level of azadirachtin
against these nematodes. The crude neem formulations are in food and effective concentration of neem products is not
neem leaves and oil cake while the refined one is aza- defined yet. Also biochemical mode of action of azdirachtin
dirachtin. It has been investigated that application of these is still not clear. So, much of research is still to be done in this
two formulations reduces the number of eggs and egg mass field.
when used as nematicides. Application of 0.1% w/w of aza-
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