Signals &

Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives
Signals
Classifying
signals

Signals’ TRAN Hoang Tung

Transforma-
tions
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Department
Elementary University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH)
Signals

Homework September 29, 2022

1/30
 Signals and Systems: An introduction
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
TRAN
Hoang Tung 1-dimensional: a speech signal

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

2/30
 Signals and Systems: An introduction
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
TRAN
Hoang Tung 1-dimensional: a speech signal
2-dimensional: a photo
Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

2/30
 Signals and Systems: An introduction
Signals &
Systems A signal is a function of one or more variables.
TRAN
Hoang Tung 1-dimensional: a speech signal
2-dimensional: a photo
Objectives
3-dimensional: a video
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

2/30
 Signals and Systems: An introduction
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

3/30
 Signals &
Systems

TRAN
1 Objectives
Hoang Tung

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma- 4 Elementary Signals
tions

Elementary
Signals 5 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework

4/30
 Today Objectives
Signals &
Systems At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
TRAN
Hoang Tung Distinguish different kinds of signals: continuous,
discrete, analog, digital...
Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

5/30
 Today Objectives
Signals &
Systems At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
TRAN
Hoang Tung Distinguish different kinds of signals: continuous,
discrete, analog, digital...
Objectives
Apply signals’ transformations: time shift, time reversal,
Classifying scaling
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

5/30
 Signals &
Systems

TRAN
1 Objectives
Hoang Tung

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Continuous-time
Classifying
signals Analog
Continuous- Periodic
time
Analog
Even & Odd
Periodic Energy and Power Signals
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals
3 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma-
tions 4 Elementary Signals
Elementary
Signals 5 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework
6/30
 Signals &
Systems There are many ways in which signals can be classified:
TRAN
Hoang Tung
1 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals
2 Analog and digital signals
Objectives
3 Periodic and aperiodic signals
Classifying
signals
4 Even and odd signals
Continuous- 5 Energy and power signals
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
7/30
 Continuous-time vs Discrete-time Signals
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
8/30
 Analog vs Digital Signals
Signals &
Systems Continuous-valued vs Discrete-valued Signals
TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
9/30
 A quick summary
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
10/30
 Periodic vs Aperiodic Signals
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung A signal x(t) is said to be periodic if for a positive constant
T0 :
Objectives
x(t) = x(t + T0 ) for all t
Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
11/30
 Periodic vs Aperiodic Signals
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung A signal x(t) is said to be periodic if for a positive constant
T0 :
Objectives
x(t) = x(t + T0 ) for all t
Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
11/30
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems

TRAN Definition
Hoang Tung
A signal x(t) is said to be
Objectives even if:
Classifying
signals x(t) = x(−t)
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
12/30
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems

TRAN Definition
Hoang Tung
A signal x(t) is said to be
Objectives even if:
Classifying
signals x(t) = x(−t)
Continuous-
time
Analog
and odd if:
Periodic
Even & Odd x(t) = −x(−t)
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
12/30
 Even and Odd Signals
Signals &
Systems

TRAN Definition
Hoang Tung
A signal x(t) is said to be
Objectives even if:
Classifying
signals x(t) = x(−t)
Continuous-
time
Analog
and odd if:
Periodic
Even & Odd x(t) = −x(−t)
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
12/30
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Energy of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
Objectives
! +∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt
Classifying −∞
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
13/30
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Energy of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
Objectives
! +∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt
Classifying −∞
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog Definition
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as
Energy and
Power Signals +∞
"
Signals’ Ex = |x[n]|2
Transforma- −∞
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
13/30
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Energy of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
Objectives
! +∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt
Classifying −∞
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog Definition
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as
Energy and
Power Signals +∞
"
Signals’ Ex = |x[n]|2
Transforma- −∞
tions

Elementary
Signals Definition
Homework A signal having finite energy is called an energy signal.
13/30
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Power of a signal is defined as the average energy of that
signal over time.
Objectives

Classifying
signals
Continuous-
time
Analog
Periodic
Even & Odd
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
14/30
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Power of a signal is defined as the average energy of that
signal over time.
Objectives

Classifying Definition
signals
Continuous-
Power of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
time
! +T /2
Analog 1
Periodic Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
Even & Odd T →+∞ T −T /2
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework
14/30
 Power and Energy
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Power of a signal is defined as the average energy of that
signal over time.
Objectives

Classifying Definition
signals
Continuous-
Power of a continuous-time signal x(t) is defined as
time
! +T /2
Analog 1
Periodic Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
Even & Odd T →+∞ T −T /2
Energy and
Power Signals

Signals’ Definition
Transforma-
tions Power of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as
Elementary +N
Signals 1 "
Px = lim |x[n]|2
Homework N→+∞ 2N + 1
−N 14/30
 Signals &
Systems

TRAN
1 Objectives
Hoang Tung

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’ Time Shift
Transforma- Time Reversal
tions
Time Scaling
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
4 Elementary Signals
Elementary
Signals
5 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework

15/30
 Time Shift Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time shift signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(n − n0 )
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

16/30
 Time Shift Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time shift signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(n − n0 )
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
↑
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

16/30
 Time Shift Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time shift signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(n − n0 )
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
↑
Time Shift
Time Reversal x(n - 2)
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

16/30
 Time Shift Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time shift signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(n − n0 )
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
↑
Time Shift
Time Reversal x(n - 2)
Time Scaling
x(n+3)
Elementary
Signals

Homework

16/30
 Time Shift Summary
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

17/30
 Time Shift Summary
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

18/30
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time reversal signal is defined
as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

19/30
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time reversal signal is defined
as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
↑
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

19/30
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time reversal signal is defined
as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
↑
Time Shift
Time Reversal x(−n)
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

19/30
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time reversal signal is defined
as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
↑
Time Shift
Time Reversal x(−n)
Time Scaling
x(3 − n)
Elementary
Signals

Homework

19/30
 Time Reversal Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a discrete signal x(n), the time reversal signal is defined
as:
Objectives
y (n) = x(−n)
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(n) = [1, 3, 2, 5]. Determine:
↑
Time Shift
Time Reversal x(−n)
Time Scaling
x(3 − n)
Elementary
Signals x(−1 − n)
Homework

19/30
 Time Reversal Summary
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

20/30
 Time Reversal Summary
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

21/30
 Time Scaling Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a signal x(t), the time scaling signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (t) = x(kt)
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

22/30
 Time Scaling Transformation
Signals &
Systems
Definition
TRAN
Hoang Tung Given a signal x(t), the time scaling signal is defined as:
Objectives
y (t) = x(kt)
Classifying
signals

Signals’ Examples
Transforma-
tions Given x(t)
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals
Determine x( 32 t)
Homework

22/30
 Time Scaling Summary
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions
Time Shift
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

Elementary
Signals

Homework

23/30
 Signals &
Systems

TRAN
1 Objectives
Hoang Tung

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma- 4 Elementary Signals
tions
Delta Signal
Elementary
Signals
Unit Signal
Delta Signal Real Exponential Signals
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential 5 Homework & The Mini-Test
Signals

Homework

24/30
 Other names: Dirac Delta, Impulse
Signals &
Systems
Delta Signal
TRAN
Hoang Tung
#
Objectives
1 if n = 0
δ[n] =
0 ∕ 0.
if n =
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals
Delta Signal
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals

Homework

25/30
 Other name: Step Signal
Signals &
Systems
Unit Signal
TRAN
Hoang Tung
#
Objectives
1 if n ≥ 0
u[n] =
0 if n < 0.
Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals
Delta Signal
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals

Homework

26/30
 Real Exponential Signals
Signals &
Systems

TRAN Definition
Hoang Tung
The continuous-time
Objectives real exponential signal is
Classifying of the form:
signals

Signals’
x(t) = Ce at
Transforma-
tions where C and a are real
Elementary numbers.
Signals
Delta Signal
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals

Homework

27/30
 Real Exponential Signals
Signals &
Systems

TRAN Definition
Hoang Tung
The continuous-time
Objectives real exponential signal is
Classifying of the form:
signals

Signals’
x(t) = Ce at
Transforma-
tions where C and a are real
Elementary numbers.
Signals
Delta Signal
Unit Signal
Real
Exponential
Signals

Homework

27/30
 Signals &
Systems

TRAN
1 Objectives
Hoang Tung

Objectives 2 Classifying signals

Classifying
signals 3 Signals’ Transformations
Signals’
Transforma- 4 Elementary Signals
tions

Elementary
Signals 5 Homework & The Mini-Test
Homework

28/30
 Homework
Signals &
Systems
Signals
TRAN
Hoang Tung
1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.21, 1.22
Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

29/30
 Mini-Test
Signals &
Systems

TRAN
Hoang Tung

Objectives

Classifying
signals

Signals’
Transforma-
tions

Elementary
Signals

Homework

30/30