Signals and Systems

Ch1: Introduction

Lecturer: Nguyen-Son Vo (Ph.D), email: vonguyenson@gmail.com

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 Ch1-Introduction
1.1 What is a signal?
1.2 What is a system?
1.3 Some examples of real-world signals and systems
1.4 Elementary operations on signals
1.5 Classification of signals
1.6 Basic continuous-time signals (CTS)
1.7 Typical signal processing operations
1.8 Exercises with Matlab
1.9 Problems

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 1.1 What is a signal?
 Any physical phenomenon that carries information
 Vary with time, space, or any other variable/variables
 Example in the world of science and engineering:
• Voice
• Audio
• Image
• Video
• Voltage (from sensors)
• Radar, GPS satellites
• Seismic vibrations
M. J. Roberts, Introduction to Signals and Systems

• And countless others around us...

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 1.2 What is a system?
 The one that maps an input x(t) into an output y(t)

 Communication systems

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 1.3 Real-world signals and systems
 Audio recording system

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 1.3 Real-world signals and systems
 Satellite systems
• HEO (Highly Elpitical Orbit)
• GSO (Geostationary Orbit)/GEO (Geostatinary Earth Orbit
• MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)
• LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
Apps:
 Remote Sensing & Imaging
 Mobile Communications
 Broadband Connectivity
 GPS & Navigation
 Emergency Response & Disaster Relief
 Broadcast: Satellite TV & Radio
 IoT and M2M
 Tele-health

In Dec. 2019, an Ultra Low Earth Orbit, namely Tsubame, by Japan working at 167,4 km high in 7 days 6/65
 1.3 Real-world signals and systems
 Health monitoring system

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 1.3 Real-world signals and systems
 Environment, disaster, & agriculture monitoring system

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 1.3 Real-world signals and systems
 5G and beyond 5G/6G systems

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 1.4 Elementary Operations on Signals
 Time shifting

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 1.4 Elementary Operations on Signals
 Time scaling

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 1.4 Elementary Operations on Signals
 Time reversal

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 1.4 Elementary Operations on Signals
 Example 1.1: Consider the following x(t), how to have x1(t),
x2(t), and x3(t) by using only x(t)?

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 1.4 Elementary Operations on Signals
 Example 1.1: Consider the following x(t), how to have x1(t),
x2(t), and x3(t) by using only x(t)?

t = -t t=t-2

t=t-2

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 1.4 Elementary Operations on Signals
 Example 1.1: Consider the following x(t), how to have x1(t),
x2(t), and x3(t) by using only x(t)?

t = -t t=t+2

t=t-2
t=t-2

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 1.4 Elementary Operations on Signals
 Example 1.1: Consider the following x(t), how to have x1(t),
x2(t), and x3(t) by using only x(t)?

t=t-2 2x(t/2-2)

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Analog and digital signals

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Periodic and aperiodic signals
• Periodic: x(t) = x(t + T) holds, f= 1/T
• Aperiodic: x(t) = x(t + T) does not hold

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Periodic and aperiodic signals
Example 1.2: If a continuous-time signal x(t) is periodic, for each of
the following signals, determine whether it is periodic or aperiodic. If
periodic, find the period
(i) x1(t) = x(2t)
(ii) x2(t) = x(t/2)
Solution: Let T be the period of x(t)  x(t) = x(t+T)
(i) x1(t) = x(2t) = x(2t+T) = x(2(t+T/2)) = x1(t+T/2)
(ii) x2(t) = x(t/2) = x(t/2+T) = x((t+2T)/2) = x2(t+2T)

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Periodic and aperiodic signals
Proposition 1.1: Let continuous-time signals x1(t) and x2(t) be
periodic signals with fundamental periods T1 and T2,
respectively. The signal x(t) that is a linear combination of x1(t)
and x2(t) is periodic if and only if there exist integers m and k
such that mT1 = kT2 and
T1 k
  rational number
T2 m

The fundamental period of x(t) is given by mT1 = kT2 provided

that the values of m and k are chosen such that the greatest
common divisor (gcd) between m and k is 1.
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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Periodic and aperiodic signals
Example 1.3: Given the following signal, determine whether it is
periodic or aperiodic. If periodic, find the period
x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t)
= 2cos(4𝑡) + 3sin 3𝑡
Solution:
x1(t), T1 = 1/2
x2(t), T2 = 2/3
T1/T2 = 3/4, rational number
x(t), T = 4T1 = 3T2 = 2

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Periodic and aperiodic signals
Example 1.4: Given the following signal, determine whether it is
periodic or aperiodic. If periodic, find the period
x(t) = 2cos(4𝑡) + 3sin 10𝑡 = x1(t) + x2(t)
Solution:
x1(t), T1 = 1/2
x2(t), T2 =  /5
So, T1/T2 = 5/(2),
 not rational
x(t): aperiodic signal

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Even and odd signals
• Even (E): x(-t) = x(t)
• Odd (O): x(-t) = -x(t)
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)

xe(t) = (x(t) + x(-t))/2

xo(t) = (x(t) - x(-t))/2

y(t) = xe(t) xo(t)  y(-t) = xe(-t) xo(-t) = -xe(t) xo(t) = -y(t)  O
y(t) = xo(t) xo(t)  y(-t) = xo(-t) xo(-t) = xo(t) xo(t) = y(t)  E
y(t) = xe(t) xe(t)  y(-t) = xe(-t) xe(-t) = (-xe(t))(- xe(t)) = y(t)  E

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Even and odd signals
Example 1.5: Find the even and odd parts of x(t) = ej2t
Solution:
xe(t) = [(x(t)+x(-t)]/2 = cos(2t) and xo(t) = [(x(t)-x(-t)]/2 = jsin(2t)
 x(t) = ej2t = cos(2t) + jsin(2t)

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Even and odd signals
Example 1.6: For each of the following signals, determine whether it
is even, odd, or neither.

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Even and odd signals
Example 1.6: For each of the following signals, determine whether it
is even, odd, or neither.
(a) x(t)  x(-t) & x(-t)  -x(t)
 No E nor O
(b) x(t) = x(-t)
E
(c) x(-t) = -x(t)
O

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Causal, noncausal, and anticausal signals
(a) Causal: x(t) = 0, t<0
(b) Noncausal: nonzero values for both the negative and positive times
(c) Anticausal: x(t) = 0, t>0

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
• Energy signal: finite energy, amplitude 0 as time  
• Power signal: finite and nonzero power
• Instantaneous power of x(t)
p(t )  x (t )2

• Energy of a CTS x(t)

 
E  x 2 (t )dt 
2
E x(t ) dt
 
• Average power
T /2
1
P  limT  
2
x (t )dt
T T /2
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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
Example 1.7: Which of the following signals is energy/power signal?
Find the energy and average power.

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
Example 1.7: Which of one is energy/power signal? Find the energy
and average power. t , 0  t  1
x(t )  
(a) Energy 1,1  t  2
 1 2
1 4
E   x (t )dt   t dt   1 dt   1 
2 2 2

 0 1
3 3
(b) Power

T /2 1
1 4
P  x (t )dt   (2t ) dt 
2 2
T /2 0 0
3

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
Proposition 1.2: The sum of two sinusoids of different frequencies is the
sum of the power of individual sinusoids regardless of phase.
Proof: Let us consider a sinusoidal signal x(t) = Acos(t + ), the power of
x(t) is given by

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
Proposition 1.2: The sum of two sinusoids of different frequencies is the
sum of the power of individual sinusoids regardless of phase.
Proof: Let us consider a sinusoidal signal x(t) = Acos(t + ), the power of
x(t) is given by

 Regardless of  and 
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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
Now, consider the following two sinusoidal signals
x1(t) = A1cos(1t + 1) and x2(t) = A2cos(2t + 2) , and let xs(t) = x1(t) + x2(t)

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 1.5 Classification of Signals
 Deterministic and random signals
• Deterministic signal

• Random signal

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 1.6 Basic CTSs
 Unit step function
t
u(t )    (t )dt


 Unit impulse function (dirac delta function)

0, t  0
 (t )  
 , t  0
du (t )
 (t ) 
dt

As the width Δ  0, the rectangular function converges to the impulse function δ(t) with an
infinite height at t = 0, and the total area remains constant at 1.
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 1.6 Basic CTSs
 Unit impulse function (dirac delta function)
• Sampling property

• Shifting property

• Scaling property

1
 (at )   (t )
a

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 1.6 Basic CTSs
 Ramp function
r(t)

0 t

 Rectangular pulse function

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 1.6 Basic CTSs
 Rectangular pulse function
x(t)
t c
x(t )  a (
a
)
b b
t
0 t1 c t2
 Triangle pulse function
x(t)
t c a
x(t )  a( )
b
t
0 c
2b

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 1.6 Basic CTSs
 Signum function

 Real exponential function

<0 >0

x(t)
 t
x(t )  (1  e )u (t );   0
1

t
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 1.6 Basic CTSs
 Complex exponential function

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 1.6 Basic CTSs
 Decaying sinusoid function
x(t)
A
  t
 Ae sin0t; t  0 Ae-t
x(t )  

0; t0
0 t

-A -Ae-t

 Sinc function (Sa)

x(t)
 sin 0t 1 /0
 ,t0
x(t )  Sa0t   0t 2/0
1, t0 t

0

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1.7 Typical signal processing operations
 Correlation
• Compare one reference signal with one or more signals
• Determine the similarity between them, additional information
• Cross correlation: cross- spectral analysis, detection of signals
buried in noise, pattern matching, and delay measurements
 Filtering

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1.7 Typical signal processing operations
 Transformation
• Transform signals from time (freq.) domain to freq. (time) domain
• Provides the spectrum analysis
• Determine the bandwidth required to transmit the signal
• Provide additional insight into the behavior of the signal  design &
implement algorithms for filtering, convolution, correlation
 Modulation and demodulation
• Meet the transmission media
• Transmit over long distance
• Smaller antenna (about 1/10th the wavelength)
• Multiplexing
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1.7 Typical signal processing operations
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
• Time division multiplexing (TDM)
• Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
• Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
• Code division multiplexing (CDM)

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1.7 Typical signal processing operations
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
• Time division multiplexing (TDM)

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1.7 Typical signal processing operations
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
• Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

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1.7 Typical signal processing operations
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
• Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)

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1.7 Typical signal processing operations
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
• Code division multiplexing (CDM)

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 1.8 Exercises with Matlab
 Generating signals
1) x(t) = A*sin(2*f*t+)*exp(-*t)

A=10, f=1,  = 0,  = 1
A=10, f=2,  = /2,  = 0.75
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 1.8 Exercises with Matlab
 Generating signals
2) x1(t) =u(t-t1) and x2(t)=u(-t-t2)

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 1.8 Exercises with Matlab
 Generating signals
3) Rectangular function amplitude A, from t1 to t2

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 1.8 Exercises with Matlab
 Generating signals
4) Sinc(t)=sin(t)/(t)

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 1.8 Exercises with Matlab
 Others
5) Generating N random integer numbers from N1 to N2
6) Find the maximum number
7) Find the minimum number
8) List all the number  L
9) List all the number  U

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 1.9 Problems
1) State whether the following signals are causal, anticausal, or
noncausal?
a) x(t) = e-2tu(t)
b) x(t) = tu(t) – t(u(t-1)) + e(3-3t)u(t-1)
c) x(t) = etcos(2t)u(1-t)
Solution
a) x(t) = e-2tu(t)

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 1.9 Problems
1) State whether the following signals are causal, anticausal, or
noncausal?
b) x(t) = tu(t) – t(u(t-1)) + e(3-3t)u(t-1)

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 1.9 Problems
1) State whether the following signals are causal, anticausal, or
noncausal?
c) x(t) = etcos(2t)u(1-t)

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 1.9 Problems
2) Determine whether it is periodic or aperiodic. If periodic, find the
period?
a) x(t) = 1 + cos(4t +1)
b) x(t) = e-2t
c) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)
d) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)e^(-2t)
Solution

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 1.9 Problems
2) Determine whether it is periodic or aperiodic. If periodic, find the
period?
a) x(t) = 1 + cos(4t +1)
b) x(t) = e-2t
c) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)
d) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)e^(-2t)
Solution

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 1.9 Problems
2) Determine whether it is periodic or aperiodic. If periodic, find the
period?
a) x(t) = 1 + cos(4t +1)
b) x(t) = e-2t
c) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)
d) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)e^(-2t)
Solution

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 1.9 Problems
2) Determine whether it is periodic or aperiodic. If periodic, find the
period?
a) x(t) = 1 + cos(4t +1)
b) x(t) = e-2t
c) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)
d) x(t) = ej(5t + /2)e^(-2t)
Solution

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 1.9 Problems
3) Determine whether the following x(t) is periodic or aperiodic. If
periodic, find the period?
x1(t) = cos(2t/5) + 2sin(8t/5); x2(t) = sin(t); x(t) = x1(t)x2(t)
Solution
x1(t) = (ej2t/5 + e-j2t/5)/2 + (ej8t/5 - e-j8t/5)/j
x2(t) = (ejt - e-jt)/(2j)

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 1.9 Problems
3) Determine whether the following x(t) is periodic or aperiodic. If
periodic, find the period?
Solution

 n/5  T = 10s

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 1.9 Problems
4) Compute energy/power of the following signals, determine whether
each signal is energy/power signal or neither
a) x(t) = 4sin(2t), -  < t < 
b) x(t) = 2e-2|t|, -  < t < 
Solution
a)

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 1.9 Problems
4) Compute energy/power of the following signals, determine whether
each signal is energy/power signal or neither
a) x(t) = 4sin(2t), -  < t < 
b) x(t) = 2e-2|t|, -  < t < 
Solution
b)

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