1

MATHS – 2A

De moivre’s Theorem(L.A.Q) (7m)

𝑛𝜋
1. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 = 0then show that 𝛼 𝑛 + 𝛽 𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 cos ( ).
3
𝑛𝜋
2. If n is a positive integer , then show that (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑛 = 2(𝑛⁄2)+1 cos .
4
1 𝑞
3. If n is a positive integer ,then show that (𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞)1⁄𝑛 + (𝑝 − 𝑖𝑞)1⁄𝑛 = 2(𝑝2 + 𝑞2 )1⁄2𝑛 cos ( Tan−1 ) .
𝑛 𝑝
4. If n is a positive integer ,then show that
𝜃 𝑛𝜃
(1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 + (1 + cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 cos 𝑛 ( 2 ) cos .
2
𝑛𝜋
5. If n is a positive integer ,then show that (1 + 𝑖)2𝑛 + (1 − 𝑖)2𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 cos .
2
6. If cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛾 = 0 = sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 + sin 𝛾 then show that
3
cos2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛽 + cos2 𝛾 = 2 = sin2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛾
7. If cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛾 = 0 = sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 + sin 𝛾 then show that
(i) cos 3 𝛼 + cos 3 𝛽 + cos 3 𝛾 = 3 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
(ii) sin 3 𝛼 + sin 3 𝛽 + sin 3 𝛾 = 3 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) .
𝜋 𝜋 8⁄3
1 + sin 8 + 𝑖 cos 8
8. Prove that one of the values of ( 𝜋 𝜋 ) is −1 .
1 + sin 8 − 𝑖 cos 8
9. If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 then prove that 𝛼 4 + 𝛽4 + 𝛼 −1 𝛽 −1 = 0.
10. Solve 𝑥 9 − 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 1 = 0 . 11. Find all the roots of the equation 𝑥 11 − 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 4 − 1 = 0 .
𝜋 𝑧 2𝑛 −1
12. If 𝑛 is an integer and 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝜃 ,(𝜃 ≠ (2𝑛 + 1) 2 ) , show that = 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝜃.
𝑧 2𝑛 +1
13. If 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 where z is a complex number , then prove that
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
(𝑧 + 𝑧 ) + (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + (𝑧 3 + 𝑧 3 ) +. . . . .+ (𝑧 6 + 𝑧 6 ) = 12 .
Theory of Equations(L.A.Q) (7m)
1. Solve 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 0. 2. Solve 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 9𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 = 0.
3. Solve 6𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0. 4. Solve 6𝑥 6 − 25𝑥 5 + 31𝑥 4 − 31𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 − 6 = 0.
5. Solve 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0.
6. Solve the equation 8𝑥 3 − 36𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 81 = 0 the roots being in A.P .
7. Solve the equation 4𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 + 18 = 0 , the roots being in A.P .
8. Solve the equation 18𝑥 3 + 81𝑥 2 + 121𝑥 + 60 = 0, one root being half the sum of the other two.
9. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 8 = 0 , the roots being in G.P .
10. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 24 = 0 , the roots being in G.P .

11. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 35 = 0 , given that 2 + 𝑖√3 is a root .

12. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 = 0 , given that 1 + 𝑖 is a root .
13. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 , if it has two pairs of equal roots.
14. Solve the equation 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 48 = 0, the product of two of the roots being 6.
15. Show that the condition that the roots of 𝑥 3 + 3𝑝𝑥 2 + 3𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 may be in
(i) A.P is 2𝑝 3 − 3𝑝𝑞 + 𝑟 = 0 (ii) G.p is 𝑝 3 𝑟 = 𝑞3 (iii) H.P is 2𝑞3 = 𝑟(3𝑝𝑞 − 𝑟).
16. Find the equation whose roots are the translates of the roots of 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 11 = 0 by −2.

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Binomial Theorem(L.A.Q) (7m + 7m)

1. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 are the coefficients of four consecutive terms respectively in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)𝑛
𝑎1 𝑎3 2𝑎2
where 𝑛 is a positive integer then show that + = .
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑎3 +𝑎4 𝑎2 +𝑎3
2. If the coefficients of 𝑟 𝑡ℎ , (𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ , (𝑟 + 2)𝑡ℎ terms in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 are in A.P. then show that
𝑛2 − (4𝑟 + 1)𝑛 + 4𝑟 2 − 2 = 0.
3. Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑥 and 𝑛 if the 2nd , 3rd and 4th terms in (𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑛 are 240, 720 and 1080 respectively.
4. If the sum of the odd terms and the sum of the even terms in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑛 are 𝑝 and 𝑞
respectively then show that (i) 𝑝 2 − 𝑞2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 )𝑛 (ii) 4𝑝𝑞 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)2𝑛 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2𝑛
𝐶1 𝐶2 2 𝐶𝑛 (1 + 𝑥)𝑛+1 −1
5. If 𝑐𝑟 denotes 𝑛𝑐𝑟 then prove 𝑐0 + 𝑥+ 𝑥 +. . . . . . + 𝑥𝑛 = .
2 3 𝑛+1 (𝑛+1)𝑥
6. If 𝑐𝑟 denotes 𝑛𝑐𝑟 then 𝑐0 𝑐𝑟 + 𝑐1 𝑐𝑟+1 + 𝑐2 𝑐𝑟+2 +. . . . . . +𝑐𝑛−𝑟 𝑐𝑛 = 2𝑛𝑐𝑛+𝑟 for 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛
Hence deduce that (i) 𝑐02 + 𝑐12 + 𝑐22 +. . . . . . +𝑐𝑛2 = 2𝑛𝑐𝑛
(ii) 𝑐0 𝑐1 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑐2 𝑐3 +. . . . . . +𝑐𝑛−1 𝑐𝑛 = 2𝑛𝑐𝑛+1
1 11
7. If the coefficient of 𝑥10 in the expansion of (𝑎𝑥 2 + ) is equal to the coefficient of 𝑥 −10 in the
𝑏𝑥
1 11
expansion of (𝑎𝑥 − ) , find the relation between 𝑎 and 𝑏 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers .
𝑏𝑥 2
8. If the coefficient of 𝑥 9 , 𝑥10 , 𝑥11 in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 are in A.P,then prove that 𝑛2 − 41𝑛 + 398 = 0
9. If I , 𝑛 are positive integers ,0 < 𝑓 < 1 and if (7 + 4√3)𝑛 = 𝐼 + 𝑓 then show that
(i) 𝐼 is an odd integer (ii) (𝐼 + 𝑓)(𝐼 − 𝑓) = 1 .
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
10. If 𝑥 = + + + . . . . . . then prove that 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 = 11.
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
1 1.3 1.3.5
11. If 𝑥 = + + + . . . . . . ∞ then prove that 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 2.
5 5.10 5.10.15
5 5.7 5.7.9
12. If 𝑥 = + + + . . . . . . ∞ then prove that 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 23.
2! .3 3! .32 4! .33
7 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
13. Find sum of the infinite series (1 + 102 + 1.2 . 104 + 1.2.3 . 106 + . . . . . ∞).
5
3 3.5 3.5.7
14. Show that + + + . . . . . .= √8 − 1.
4 4.8 4.8.12
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9 5√5 8
15. Show that + + + . . . . . .∞ = − .
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20 3√3 5
1 1.3 1.3.5
16. Show that 1 + + + + . . . . . . = √3 .
3 3.6 3.6.9
Measures of Dispersion(L.A.Q) (7m)
1. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data :
Marks obtained 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No.of students 5 8 15 16 6

2. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data :
Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Frequency 6 5 8 15 7 6 3

3. Find the mean deviation from the median for the following data :
𝑥𝑖 6 9 3 12 15 13 21 22
𝑓𝑖 4 5 3 2 5 4 4 3

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4. Calculate the mean deviation about median age for the age distribution of 1000 persons given below :
Age (years) 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60
No .of workers 120 125 175 160 150 140 100 30

5. Find mean , variance and standard deviation for the following data :
Class 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
Frequency 3 7 12 15 8 3 2

6. Find mean , variance and standard deviation for the following data :
𝑥𝑖 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
𝑓𝑖 3 5 9 5 4 3 1

7. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data :
Sales(in Rs. Thousand) 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No. of companies 5 15 25 30 20 5

8. Find the mean deviation about median for the following data :
Marks 0 - 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of girls 6 8 14 16 4 2

9. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data :
𝑥𝑖 2 5 7 8 10 35
𝑓𝑖 6 8 10 6 8 2

Probability(L.A.Q) (7m)
1. State and prove Bayes’ theorem.
2. (a) State and prove Addition theorem on probability.
(b) find the probability of drawing an ace or a spade from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards.
3. Define conditional probability . state and prove multiplication theorem of probability.
4. Suppose an urn 𝐵1 contains 2 white 3 black balls and another urn 𝐵2 contains 3 white and 4 black balls . one
urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is found black , find the probability
that the urn choosen was 𝐵1 .
5. Three urns have the following composition of balls
Urn I : 1 white , 2 black
Urn II : 2 white , 1 black
Urn III : 2 white , 2 black
One of the urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn . it turns out to be white . Find the probability that
it came from urn III .
6. Three boxes numbered 𝐈, 𝐈𝐈, 𝐈𝐈𝐈 contains the balls as follows :
white Black Red
I 1 2 3
II 2 1 1
III 4 5 3
One box is randomly selected and a ball is drawn from it . if the ball is red then find the probability that it is
from the box II .

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7. Three boxes 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 contains balls with different colours as shown below :

white Black Red
𝐵1 2 1 2
𝐵2 3 2 4
𝐵3 4 3 2
A die is thrown . 𝐵1 is chosen if either 1 or 2 turns up. 𝐵2 is chosen if either 3 or 4 turns up. 𝐵3 is chosen if
either 5 or 6 turns up. Having chosen a box in this way , a ball is chosen at random from this box. If the ball
drawn is found to be red , find the probability that is drawn from box 𝐵2 .
8. A bag 𝐵1 contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Bag 𝐵2 contains 3 white and 4 black balls . A bag is drawn at
random and a ball is chosen at random from it . Then what is the probability that the ball drawn is white ?
9. There are 3 black and 4 white balls in one bag , 4 black and 3 white balls in the second bag . A die is rolled
and the first bag is selected if it is 1 or 3 , and the second bag for the rest . Find the probability of drawing a
black ball from the selected bag .
10. Two persons A and B are rolling a die on the condition that the person who gets 3 will win the game . If A
starts the game then find the probabilities of A and B respectively to win the game.
11. An urn contains w white balls and b black balls .Two players Q and R alternately draw a ball from the urn
and wins the game when white ball occurs . If Q begins the game , Find the probability that Q wins the game.

Random variables and probability distributions(L.A.Q) (7M)

1. A random variable X has the following probability distributions.
𝑋=𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(𝑋 = 𝑥) 0 𝑘 2𝑘 2k 3𝑘 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 7𝑘 2 +𝑘
Find (i) 𝑘 (ii) the mean and (iii) P(0 < X < 5).
2. The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below.
𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 1 2 3 4 5
P(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 4𝑘 5𝑘

Find the value of k , mean and variance of X.

3. The range of random variable X is {0, 1, 2}
Given that P(𝑋 = 0)= 3𝑐 3 , P(𝑋 = 1)= 4𝑐 − 10𝑐 2 , P(𝑋 = 2) = 5𝑐 − 1 where c is constant .
Find (i) the value of c (ii)P(𝑥 < 1) (iii) P(1 < 𝑋 ≤ 2) (iv) P(0 < 𝑋 ≤ 3)
4. A cubical die is thrown . Find the mean and variance of X , giving the number on the face that shows up.
5. A random variable X has the following probability distribution

𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
P(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 ) 0.1 𝑘 0.2 2𝑘 0.3 𝑘
Then find 𝑘 , mean and variance .
(𝑘+1)𝑐
6. If X is a random variable with the probability distribution P(X = k) = , (k = 0, 1, 2……) then find c
2𝑘
and P(1 < X < 3).
7. In the experiment of tossing a coin n times if the variable X denotes the number of heads and P(X = 4),

P(X = 5), P(X = 6) are in A.P then find the value of n .

Complex numbers(S.A.Q) (4m)

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1
1. If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = , show that 4𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 .
1+cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑥 𝑦
2. If (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)1⁄3 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 , show that + = 4(𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 ) .
𝑎 𝑏
3. Show that the points in the argand diagram represented by the complex numbers 2 + 2𝑖 , −2 − 2𝑖 ,
−2√3 + 2√3 𝑖 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
3 1
4. Show that the points in the argand plane represented by the complex numbers −2 + 7𝑖 , − + 𝑖, 4 − 3𝑖 ,
2 2
7
(1 + 𝑖) are the vertices of a rhombus .
2
5. Show that the points in the argand plane represented by the complex numbers 2 + 𝑖 , 4 + 3𝑖 , 2 + 5𝑖 , 3𝑖 are
the vertices of a square .
𝑧−𝑖
6. If the point P denotes the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in the argand plane and if is a purely imaginary
𝑧−1
number , find locus of P .
7. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and if the point Pin the argand plane represents 𝑧, then describe geometrically the locus of z ,
satisfying the equation |𝑧 − 3 + 𝑖| = 4.
𝑧+1
8. If the Real part of is 1 , then find the locus of z where 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 .
𝑧+𝑖
𝑧−4
9. Determine the locus of z , 𝑧 ≠ 2𝑖 such that Re( )= 0.
𝑧−2𝑖
𝜋
10. If amplitude of (𝑧 − 1) is , then find the locus of z .
2
𝑧−2 𝜋
11. If the amplitude of (𝑧−6𝑖 ) = , find locus of z .
2
𝜋
12. The complex number z has argument 𝜃, 0 < 𝜃 < 2 and satisfy the equation |𝑧 − 3𝑖| = 3, then prove that
6
cot 𝜃 − =𝑖.
𝑧
Quadratic Equations(S.A.Q) (4m)
𝑥 −1
1. If x is real , prove that lies between and 1.
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+9 11
1 1 1
2. If x is real , then prove that + − does not lie between 1 and 4.
3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1 (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 9
3. Find maximum value of the function over R .
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑥+2
4. Find the range of .
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6
𝑥−𝑝
5. If the expression takes all real values for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, then find the bounds for 𝑝.
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
6. Find the range of
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
.
𝑥 2 + 34𝑥 − 71
7. Show that none of the values of the function over R lies between 5 and 9 .
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 7
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5
8. Find the range of .
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
9. Solve 4𝑥−1 − 3. 2𝑥−1 + 2 = 0. 10. Solve 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 0
11. Find the quadratic equation for which the sum of the roots is 1 and the sum of the squares of the roots is 13.

Permutations and combinations(S.A.Q) (4m + 4m)

1. If the letters of the word MASTER are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus formed are
arranged in dictionary order , then find the rank of the word MASTER .
2. If the letters of the word PRISON are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus formed are
arranged in dictionary order , then find the rank of the word PRISON .

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3. If the letters of the word REMAST are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus formed are
arranged in dictionary order , then find the rank of the word REMAST .
4. If the letters of the word EAMCET are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus formed are
arranged in dictionary order , then find the rank of the word EAMCET .
5. Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 .
6. Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 without repetition.
7. Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 0, 2, 4, 7, 8 without repetition.
8. Find the number of numbers that are greater than 4000 which can be formed using the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
without repetition .
9. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word MIRACLE. How many of
them (i) begin with an vowel (ii) begin and end with vowels (iii) end with a consonant .
10. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word SINGING so that
(i) they begin and end with I (ii) the two G’s come together
(iii) relative positions of vowels and consonants are not disturbed .
11. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word ASSOCIATIONS. In how many of them
(i)all the three S ’ s come together (ii) the two A ’ s do not come together.
12. Find the number of ways of arranging 5 different mathematics books , 4 different physics books and 3
different chemistry books such that the books of the same subject are together .
13. Find the number of ways of seating 5 Indians , 4 Americans and 3 russians at a round table so that
(i) all Indians sit together (ii) no two Russians sit together
(iii) persons of the same nationality sit together
14. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls around a circular table so that
(i) all the girls sit together (ii) no two girls sit together (iii) boys and girls sit together
15. Find the number of ways of selecting 11 member cricket team from 7 batsmen , 6 bowlers and 2 wicket
keepers so that the team contains 2 wicket keepers and atleast 4 bowlers .
16. Find the number of ways of selecting a cricket team of 11 players from 7 batsmen and 6 bowlers such that
there will be atleast 5 bowlers in the team .
17. Simplify 34𝑐 + ∑4𝑟=0 (38 − 𝑟)𝑐4 .
5
18. prove that 25𝑐 + ∑4𝑟=0 (29 − 𝑟)𝑐 = 30𝑐 .
4 3 4
4𝑛𝐶2𝑛 1.3.5. . . . (4𝑛−1)
19. prove that =
{1.3.5. . . . (2𝑛−1)}2
.
2𝑛𝐶𝑛
20. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members out of 6 Indians and 5 Americans so that
always the Indians will be in majority in the committee.
21. A candidate is required to answer 6 out of 10 questions which are devided into two groups A and B each
containing 5 questions . he is not permitted to attempt more than 4 questions from either group . find the
number of different ways in which the candidate can choose 6 questions .
22. 14 persons seated at a round table . find the number of ways of selecting two persons out of them who are
not seated adjacent to each other .
23. Find the number of ways of selecting 4 English , 3 Telugu and 2 Hindi books out of 7 English, 6 Telugu and
5 Hindi books
Partial Fractions(S.A.Q) (4m)
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
1. Resolve into partial fractions .
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)
𝑥2 − 3
2. Resolve into partial fractions .
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑥+4 3𝑥+7 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+7

3. 4. 5. 6.
(𝑥 2 −4)(𝑥+1) 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 3 + 𝑥2 (𝑥−3)3

3𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2 +10 2𝑥+3 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 1

7. 8. 9. 10.
(𝑥−1)4 (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−2)

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𝑥4 𝑥3 2𝑥 2 +1
11. 12. 13.
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝑥 3 −1

3𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 4 +24𝑥 2+28 5𝑥+1

14. 15. 16.
𝑥 4 +𝑥 2+1 (𝑥 2 +1)3 (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)

𝑥
17. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛 in the power series expansion of specifying the region in which the
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥−2)
expansion is valid .

Probability (S.A.Q) (4m + 4m)

1. A, B, C are three horses in a race . the probability of A to win the race is twice that of B, and the probability
of B is twice that of C. what are the probabilities of A, B, C to win the race ?
1 1
2. A problem in calculus is given to two students A and B , whose chances of solving it are 3 and 4 respectively.
Find the probability of the problem being solved , if both of them try independently.
3. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B in 80% cases .what is the probability that their statements about
an incident do not match.
4. Suppose A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 compute
(i) P(A ∩ B) (ii) P(A ∪ B) (iii) P(B/A) (iv) P(𝐴𝑐 ∩ 𝐵𝑐 )
1 1
5. If A, B, C are three independent events such that P(A ∩ 𝐵𝑐 ∩ 𝐶 𝑐 ) = , P(𝐴𝑐 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 𝑐 ) = ,
4 8
1
P(𝐴𝑐 ∩ 𝐵𝑐 ∩ 𝐶 𝑐 ) = then find P(A), P(B) and P(C) .
4
6. If A, B, C are three events show that
P(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) – P(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) – P(𝐶 ∩ 𝐴) + P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
7. A , B , C are 3 news papers from a city . 20% of the population read A , 16% read B , 14% read C , 8% both
A and B , 5% both A and C , 4% both B and C and 2% all the three . Find the percentage of the population
who read atleast one news paper.
8. A and B are events with P(A) = 0.5 , P(B) = 0.4 and P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.3 . Find the probability that
(i) A does not occur (ii) neither A nor B occurs.
9. If A , B are two events with P(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.65 , P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.15 then find the value of P(𝐴𝑐 ) + P(𝐵𝑐 ) .
2 5
10. The probability for a contractor to get a road contract is and to get a building contract is . the probability
3 9
4
to get atleast one contract is . Find the probability that he gets both the contracts .
5
11. Let A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.2 , P(B) = 0.5 . Find
(i) P(A/B) (ii) P(B/A) (iii) P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) (iv) P(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
1
12. The probability that Australia wins a match against India in a cricket game is given to be . If India and
3
Australia play 3 matches , what is the probability that (i) Australia will lose all the three matches ?
(ii) Australia will win atleast one match ?
13. The probability that a boy A will get a scholarship is 0.9 and that another boy B will get is 0.8 . what is the
probability that atlest one of them will get the scholarship ?
14. A, B, C are aiming to shoot a balloon , A will succeed 4 times out of 5 attempts . the chance of B to shoot the
balloon is 3 out of 4 and that of C is 2 out of 3. If the three aim the balloon simultaneously , then find the
probability that atleast two of them hit the balloon .
15. If one card is drawn at random from a pack of cards then show that the event of getting an ace and getting a
heart are independent events .
100
16. A number 𝑥 is drawn arbitrarily from the set {1, 2, 3, ……..100}, find the probability that (𝑥 + ) > 29 .
𝑥
17. In a committee of 25 members , each member is proficient either in mathematics or in statistics or in both.
If 19 of these are proficient in mathematics , 16 in statistics , find the probability that a person selected from
the committee is proficient in both .

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18. If one ticket is randomly selected from tickets numbered 1 to 30 then find the probability that the number
on the ticket is (i) a multiple of 5 or 7 (ii) a multiple of 3 or 5
19. If A and B are independent events of a random experiment show that 𝐴𝑐 and 𝐵𝑐 are also independent .
1+3𝑝 1−𝑝 1−2𝑝
20. The probabilities of three mutually exclusive events are respectively given as , , prove that
3 4 2
1 1
≤P≤ .
3 2
21. If P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.8, P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.08, P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.28 , P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 0.09,
P(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) ≥ 0.75, then show that P(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) lies in [0.23, 0.48].
22. In a class of 60 boys and 20 girls , half of the boys and half of the girls know cricket . find the probability of
the event that a person selected from the class is either a boy , or a girl knowing cricket .
23. A bag contains 12 two rupee coins, 7 one rupee coins and 4 half a rupee coins. If three coins are selected at
random then find the probability that (i) the sum of the three coins is maximum (ii) the sum of three coins
is minimum (iii) each coin is of different value.
24. Twenty persons , among whom A and B , sit at random along a round table . Find the probability that there
are any 6 persons between A and B.
25. Suppose there are 12 boys and 4 girls in a class . If we choose three children one after another in succession
, what is the probability that all the three are boys?

Complex Numbers (V.S.A.Q) (2m+2m)

𝜋 𝜋
1. If the Arg 𝑧̅1 and Arg 𝑧2 are and respectively then find Arg 𝑧1 + Arg 𝑧2 .
5 3
𝑧
2. If 𝑧1 = −1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑖 Find the value of Arg ( 1 ) .
𝑧2
3. Express the following in modulus – amplitude form(polar form)
(i)1 + √3 𝑖 (ii) 1 − 𝑖 (iii) −1 − √3 𝑖 (iv)−√7 + 𝑖√21 (v)−√3 + 𝑖
4. Find the square root of the following (i) 7 + 24𝑖 (ii)−5 + 12𝑖 (iii)3 + 4𝑖 .
5𝑖
5. Find the complex conjugate of (i) (3 + 4𝑖)(2 − 3𝑖) (ii) (2 + 5𝑖)(−4 + 6𝑖) (iii)
7+𝑖
6. Find the multiplicative inverse of (i) 7 + 24𝑖 (ii)√5 + 3𝑖.
7. Express the complex number in the form of A+ 𝑖B
4+3𝑖
(i) (2 − 3𝑖)(3 + 4𝑖) (ii) (1 + 2𝑖)3 (iii)
(2+3𝑖)(4−3𝑖)

8. If (√3 + 𝑖)100 = 299 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) , then show that 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 = 4 .

9. If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝛽 , find the value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
10. (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)2 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , then find 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
1
11. 𝑧 = (cos 𝜃, sin 𝜃) then find 𝑧 − .
𝑧
12. Find the additive inverse of (√3, 5) .
13. If √3 + 𝑖 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) find the value of 𝜃 .
14. Find the value of 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 4 + 𝑖 6 + . . . . . . . .(2𝑛 + 1) terms .
1+𝑖 𝑛
15. Find the least positive integer n, satisfying ( ) =1.
1−𝑖
16. If 𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑖, show that 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 13 = 0 .
2−𝑖 −(2+11𝑖)
17. Prove that and are conjugate to each other .
(1−2𝑖)2 25
𝑎+𝑖𝑏
18. Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex number .
𝑎−𝑖𝑏
19. If |𝑧 + 𝑎𝑖| = |𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖| , 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then find locus of z .
20. If (1 − 𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖)(1 − 3𝑖) … … . (1 − 𝑛𝑖) = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 , prove that 2.5.10 … . . (1 + 𝑛2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

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Demoivres Theorem (V.S.A.Q) (2m)

1. If A,B,C are angles of a triangle such that 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝐵, 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝐶 then find the value of 𝑥𝑦𝑧 .
1
2. If 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝜃 , then find the value of 𝑥 6 + .
𝑥6
3. If 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are the cube roots of unity ,then prove that (1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )5 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )5 = 32 .
4. If 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are the cube roots of unity ,then prove that (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎𝜔 + 𝑏𝜔2 )(𝑎𝜔2 + 𝑏𝜔) = 𝑎 3 + 𝑏 3 .
1 1 1
5. If 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are the cube roots of unity ,then prove that − + =0.
1+2𝜔 1+𝜔 2+𝜔
6. Find the value of (i) (1 − 𝑖)8 (ii) (1 + 𝑖)16 .
7. If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 then prove that 𝛼 4 + 𝛽 4 + 𝛼 −1 𝛽 −1 = 0 .
8. If 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are the cube roots of unity ,then prove that (2 − 𝜔)(2 − 𝜔2 )(2 − 𝜔10 )(2 − 𝜔11 ) = 49 .
9. If 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are the cube roots of unity ,then prove that
(1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )6 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )6 = 128 = (1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )7 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )7 .
(cos 𝛼+𝑖 sin 𝛼)4
10. Simplify .
(sin 𝛽+𝑖 cos 𝛽)8
5 5
√3 𝑖 √3 𝑖
11. Show that ( + 2) − ( 2 − 2) = 𝑖 .
2
12. If 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are the cube roots of unity ,then find the roots of the equation (𝑥 − 1)3 + 8 = 0 .
Quadratic Expressions (V.S.A.Q) (2m)
1. Find the values of m for which the equation 𝑥 2 − 15 − 𝑚(2𝑥 − 8) = 0 have equal roots .
2. If 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0, 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0 have a common root then find p .
3. Find the maximum or minimum value of following expressions
(i)2𝑥 − 7 − 5𝑥 2 (ii) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 (iii) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 11 (iv) 12𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 32
4. For what values of 𝑥, the expression is negative (i) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 (ii) 15 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 .
2
5. For what values of 𝑥, the expression is positive (i)𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6 (ii) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 14 .
6. Show that the roots of (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = ℎ2 are always real .
7. Find the nature of the roots of 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = 0 without finding the roots .
8. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are
𝑝−𝑞 𝑝+𝑞
(i) 7 ± 2√5 (ii)−3 ± 5𝑖 (iii) −5 ± 2√3 (iv) ,−
𝑝+𝑞 𝑝−𝑞
1 1
9. If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are the roots of the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then find the values of (i) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 (ii) +
𝛼 𝛽
10. If 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 (𝑏 ≠ 𝑐) have a common root , then show that 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 1 = 0 .
11. If 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 are the roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then find the value of (𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏)−2 + (𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏)−2 .
12. If (𝑚 + 1)𝑥 2 + 2(𝑚 + 3)𝑥 + (𝑚 + 8) = 0 has equal roots find 𝑚 .
13. Find the quadratic equation ,the sum of whose roots is 7 and the sum of squares of the roots is 25.

Theory of Equations (V.S.A.Q) (2m)

1. If −1, 2, 𝛼 are the roots of 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 6 = 0 then find 𝛼 .

2. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 1 are the roots of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 then find 𝛼, 𝛽 .
3. If 1, 1, 𝛼 are the roots of 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 4 = 0 then find 𝛼 .
4. If the product of the roots of 4𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 is 9 then find 𝑎 .
5. If 1, −2, 3 are the roots of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 6 = 0 then find 𝑎 .
6. If 1, 2, 3, 4 are the roots of 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 then find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 .
7. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 then find 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 .
8. Find the polynomial equation of degree 3 whose roots are (i) 2, 3, 6 (ii) 1, −1, 3
9. Find the polynomial equation with rational coefficients whose roots are 2 ± √3 , 1 ± 2𝑖 .
10. Form polynomial equation of the lowest degree with roots 0, 0, 2, 2, −2, −2
11. Find the polynomial equation of degree 4 , whose roots are the negatives of the roots of
(i)𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 + 3 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
12. Find the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 = 0.

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13. Find the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 = 0.
14. Find the equation whose roots are 2 times the roots of 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 .
15. Find the equation whose roots are 3 times the roots of 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 .
16. Find the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 = 0 .
17. Find the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 6 = 0 .

Permutations and combinations (V.S.A.Q) (2m+2m)

1. If 𝑛𝑃 7 = 42 𝑛𝑃 5 find 𝑛 . 2. 𝑛𝑃 3 = 1320 , find 𝑛 .

3. If 𝑛𝑃 4 = 1680 , find 𝑛 . 4. 12𝑃 𝑟 = 1320 , find 𝑟 .
5. If (𝑛 + 1)𝑃 5 : 𝑛𝑃 5 = 3 ∶ 2 find 𝑛 . 6. If (𝑛 + 1)𝑃 5 : 𝑛𝑃 6 = 2 ∶ 7 then find 𝑛 .
7. If 12𝑃 5 + 5 12𝑃 4 = 13𝑃 𝑟 find 𝑟 .
8. Find the number of ways of arranging the letter of the word
(i)MATHEMATICS (ii) INTERMEDIATE (iii) INDEPENDENCE
9. Find the number of different chains that can be prepared using 7 different coloured beads.
10. Find the number of ways of preparing a chain with 6 different coloured beads.
11. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word PISTON in which atleast
one letter is repeated.
12. Find the number of ways of arranging 5 boys and 4 girls in a row so that the row (i)begins and ends with
boys (ii)begins with a boy and ends with a girl .
13. Find the number of ways of arranging the letter of the word TRIANGLE so that the relative positions of the
vowels and consonants are not disturbed .
14. Find the number of injections of a set A with 5 elements to a set B with 7 elements .
15. Find the number of functions from a set A containing 5 elements into a set a set B containing 4 elements .
16. Find the number of ways in which 4 letters can be put in 4 addressed envelops so that no letter goes into
the envelope meant for it .
17. Find the number of ways of arranging 7 gents and 4 ladies around a circular table if no two ladies wish to
sit together .
18. 𝑛𝐶 5 = 𝑛𝐶 6 then find 13𝐶 𝑛 . 19. 17𝐶 2𝑡+1 = 17𝐶 3𝑡−5 , find 𝑡 .
20. If 10 𝑛𝐶 2 = 3 (𝑛 + 1)𝐶 3 , find 𝑛 . 21. 15𝐶 2𝑟−1 = 15𝐶 2𝑟+4 , find 𝑟 .
22. 12𝐶 𝑟+1 = 12𝐶 3𝑟−5 , find 𝑟 . 23. 12𝐶 𝑠+1 = 12𝐶 2𝑠−5 , find 𝑠 .
24. If 𝑛𝑃 𝑟 = 5040 and 𝑛𝐶 𝑟 = 210 , find 𝑛 and 𝑟 .
25. Find the value of 10𝐶 5 + 2 . 10𝐶 4 + 10𝐶 3 .
26. If 𝑛𝐶 21 = 𝑛𝐶 27 , then find 50𝐶 𝑛 .
27. Find the number of positive integral divisors of 1080.
28. Find the number of diagonals of a polygon with 12 sides .
29. To pass an examination a student has to pass in each of the three papers . in how many ways can a student
fail in the examination .
30. Find the number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants from the letters of the word EQUATION .
31. Find the number of ways of selecting 4 boys and 3 girls from a group of 8 boys and 5 girls .
32. Find the number of ways of selecting 3 girls and 3 boys out of 7 girls and 6 boys .
33. If 9𝐶 3 + 9𝐶 5 = 10𝐶 𝑟 then find 𝑟 .
34. Show that (𝑛 − 3)𝐶 𝑟 + 3 (𝑛 − 3)𝐶 𝑟−1 + 3 (𝑛 − 3)𝐶 𝑟−2 + (𝑛 − 3)𝐶 𝑟−3 = 𝑛𝐶 𝑟 .

Binomial Theorem (V.S.A.Q) (2m)

1. Find the number of terms in the expansion of (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧)7 .

2. Find the set E of x which the binomial expansion is valid
3⁄ −2⁄ −1⁄
(i)(3 − 4𝑥) 4 (ii) (2 + 3𝑥) 3 (iii) (2 + 5𝑥) 2 (iv) (7 + 3𝑥)−5

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3. If 22𝐶 𝑟 is the largest binomial coefficient in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)22 , find the value of 13𝐶 𝑟 .
4. Prove that 𝑐0 + 2. 𝑐1 + 4. 𝑐2 + 8. 𝑐3 +. . . . . . +2𝑛 . 𝑐𝑛 = 3𝑛 .
5. If the coefficients of (2𝑟 + 4)𝑡ℎ term and (3𝑟 + 4)𝑡ℎ term in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)21 are equal , find 𝑟 .
14
4 𝑥2 2𝑥 3𝑦 9
6. Find (i) 7𝑡ℎ term in the expansion of ( + ) (ii) 6𝑡ℎ term in the expansion of ( + )
𝑥3 2 3 2

3𝑥 10
7. Find the middle term in the expansion of ( − 2𝑦) .
7
7
2𝑥 2 5
8. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 −7 in ( − 4𝑥 5 ) .
3
9. If (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )7 = b0 + b1 𝑥 + b2 𝑥 2 + . . . . +b21 𝑥 21 then find the value of b0 + b2 + b4 + ⋯ + b20 .
10. If (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + . . . . +𝑎2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 then show that
3𝑛+1
(i) 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + . . . . +𝑎2𝑛 = 3𝑛 (ii) 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + . . . . +𝑎2𝑛 = 2
−3⁄
5𝑥 5
11. Find 8𝑡ℎ term of (1 − ) .
2
12. Find the largest binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)19 .
13. If (1 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 )10 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + . . . . +𝑎20 𝑥 20 then show that
(i) 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + . . . . +𝑎20 = 210 (ii) 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑎3 . . . . +𝑎20 = 410
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 2𝑛+1 −1
14. Show that 𝐶0 + + + . . . . .+ = .
2 3 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
11
15. Find the numerically greatest terms in the expansion of (2 + 3𝑥)10 when 𝑥 = .
8

Measures of Dispersion (V.S.A.Q) (2m)

1. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12, 16 .
2. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data 3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10 .
3. Find the mean deviation about the median for the data 4, 6, 9, 3, 10, 13, 2 .
4. Find the mean deviation about the median for the data 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12, 16 .
5. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44 .
6. Find the mean deviation about the median for the data 13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17 .
7. Find the range of the data 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44 .
8. Find the mean , variance and standard deviation of the data 5, 12, 3, 18, 6, 8, 2, 10 .
9. Find the variance of the data 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12 .

Random variables and Probability Distributions (V.S.A.Q) (2m)

1. A poisson variable satisfies 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) , Find 𝑃(𝑥 = 5) .

2. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 3 respectively. Find the distribution and Find
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1).
3. If the mean and variance of a binomial variable X are 2.4 and 1.44 repectively, Find 𝑃(1 < 𝑋 ≤ 4).
4. The probability that a person chosen at random is left handed(in hand writing) is 0.1, what is the
probability that in a group of 10 people ,there is one who is left handed.
(𝑘+1)𝐶
5. If X is a random variable with probability distribution 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑘) = , k = 0,1,2,3 …. Then find c .
2𝑘
𝐶𝑘
6. A random variable X has the range {1,2,3,…..}. If 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑘) = for k = 1,2,….. then find c and 𝑃(0 < 𝑋 < 3)
𝑘!
1
7. Let X be a random variable such that 𝑃(𝑋 = −2) = 𝑃 (𝑋 = −1) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = and
6
1
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = . find mean and variance of X.
3
8. For a binomial distribution with mean 6 and variance 2, find the first two terms of the distribution.
9. 8 coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting atleast 6 heads.