HDT 29
HDT 29
HDT 29
Some Thermal Properties of Matter
1 coefficient of linear expansion the change in linear dimension per degree change in
temperature
2 heat capacity an extensive property see Handout 26, p.9 which gives the amount of
heat needed to change the temperature of a material by a given value and specific
heat an intensive property also in Handout 26, p.9 obtained from heat capacity.
3 heat of transformation – heat needed to change the phase of a substance
4 heat conductivity – time rate of heat transfer
Coefficient of linear expansion :
By definition, for 1D case
initial length at
initial temperature ,
∆ ⁄ 1
lim ∆ ∆
initial length at 29.1
∆ ∆ final temperature ,
∆ – , ∆ –
the larger the for
the larger the change in length ∆
a given and ∆
for an material one with no
a change in length of ∆ ⁄2 in opposite
preferred direction since those opposite
directions is exhibited by such materials
to each other are considered equivalent
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 1
1 ∆ 1 ∆ 1 ∆ 1 ∆
1 ∆ 1 2 ∆ ∆
1 2 ∆ ∆ ∆ 1 2 ∆ ∆
1 3 ∆ 3 ∆ ∆
α ∆ is small for typical values of
and ∆ 100° α ∆
∆ – 3 ∆ 3 ∆ ∆
and α ∆ are still smaller
and can thus be neglected
fractional change ∆
∆ 3 ∆ ∆ 3 ∆ 29.3
in volume
Expansion joints or gaps in railroad tracks and Thermal stress causes the formation
of potholes in asphalted roads.
road bridges must be used to avoid damages
Fig. 29‐1
from thermal expansion.
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 2
Table 29.1: Thermal Expansion Coefficients 20ºC
Material , –
° –
, –
° –
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 3
could be the length of a rod, the
every linear dimension changes
diameter of the rod, the diameter
according to ∆ ∆
of a hole, or the diameter of a
in many materials
hollow, thin spherical shell
Problem 29‐1
Aluminum rivets used in airplane construction are made slightly larger than the rivet holes
and cooled by “dry ice” solid CO before being driven. If the diameter of a hole is 4.500
mm, what should be the diameter of a rivet at 23.0 °C , if its diameter is to equal that of the
hole when the rivet is cooled to –78.0 °C , the temperature of dry ice? Assume that the
thermal expansion coefficient remains constant at the value given in Table 29.1.
Solution:
rivets used are made slightly larger than
final temperature – 78.0 °C of rivet
the rivet holes and cooled by “dry ice”
is lower than its initial temperature
to – 78.0 °C before being driven
final diameter of rivet at lower
final diameter of rivet equals that of
temperature – 78.0 °C is smaller
rivet holes 4.500 mm at constant
than its initial diameter at
and unknown initial diameter
higher temperature 23.0 °C
⁄2 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄2 ∆ ∆ ⁄2
since the initial diameter of . It follows that according to eq. 29.2
∆ 2 ∆ ∆ ∆ ⁄2 2 ∆ 2 ⁄4 ∆
⁄4 ∆
∆ 2 ∆ 29.5
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 4
Problem 29‐2
A steel ball bearing is 4.000 cm in diameter at 20 °C. A bronze plate has a hole in it that is
3.994 cm in diameter at 20 °C. What common temperature must they have in order that the
ball just squeeze through the hole? Assume constant values of the thermal expansion
coefficient all throughout.
Solution:
In Table 29.1 on p.3, we find the following values of the coefficient of thermal expansion:
the change in linear dimension of
12 10– ⁄C° for steel is less
steel is smaller than the change
than 19 10– ⁄C° for bronze in linear dimension of bronze
the 4.000 cm diameter of the the steel ball will pass through
steel ball is greater than the the hole in the bronze plate at a
3.994 cm diameter of the hole higher common temperature
The smaller diameter of the ball with larger has a faster rate of increase than the larger
diameter of the steel ball with smaller when the temperature is increased. Lowering the
temperature will quickly make the diameter of the hole still smaller.
the ball with slightly larger diameter eventually the ball and the hole acquire
passes through the previously smaller hole the same final diameter
Using eq. 29.1 directly
∆ ∆ – ∆ 1 ∆
1 ∆ 1 ∆ 1 ∆ 1 ∆
–
∆ – 1 – ∆
–
Substituting the given values, we get
.
– – .
.
∆ – –
– . – . – /C°
⁄C° – ⁄C°
.
– . –
–
2.151613 10 °C 215 °C change in temperature
– . /C°
∆ – ∆ 20 °C 215 °C 235 °C final temperature 29.7
for the final temperature when the steel ball passes through the hole in the bronze plate.
Notice that at that temperature, their final diameters are
1 ∆ 4.000 cm 1 12 10– ⁄C° 215 °C
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 5
common misconception regarding the area of the hole decreases since thermal
the change in area of a hole with expansion occurs in all directions, away
increase in temperature from and towards the center of the hole
a model of a plate with a hole, outside of which are closely packed,
counter thin, concentric rings with increasing diameter, every circumference
example
of which increases its length whenever the temperature rises, moving
away from the center of the hole and making the area of the hole larger
Problem 29‐3
A steel ball of radius 1.2 cm is in a cylindrical glass beaker of radius 1.5 cm that contains 20
mL of water at 5 °C. What is the change in the water level when the temperature rises to 90 °C?
Solution:
Referring to Table 29.1 on p.3, we find the following values for the thermal expansion coefficients:
12 10– C° –
for steel
all assumed to
3.2 10– C° –
for glass pyrex remain constant
209 10– C° –
for water during the process
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 6
7.23825 cm 1 3.06 10– 7.23825 cm 1.00306 7.260399 cm 29.11
final volume of
∆ 1 ∆
water alone
12.76175 cm 1 209 10– C° –
85 °C
it takes different values for different amounts of the same
substance the larger the amount, the larger the and
disadvantage of
the larger the for the same ∆ so it cannot be
properly used to characterize the substance as a whole
specific heat capacity
· ∆ 29.17
or simply specific heat ∆ ∆
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 7
Specific heat is an intensive property that specifies a larger amount of heat needed to
modify the temperature of a larger mass of substance by the same change in temperature.
According to 29.17
unit of specific heat or or
· K · C° · °
Consider now two substances with different specific heats and such that .
Then, according to eq. 29.18 , we find the following changes in temperature:
Dividing the two changes in temperature, we have
∆ ⁄ change in temperature ∆ is lower since is smaller;
∆ ⁄ change in temperature ∆ is higher since is larger
Assuming that the two bodies with the same masses were initially at the same temperature
when they absorbed the same amount of heat, we find that with
the body with smaller value of specific heat attains a
∆ ∆ higher final temperature; the body with larger value
of specific heat attains a lower final temperature
substance 1 has a smaller it needs a smaller quantity of heat to change
value of specific heat its temperature by a certain amount
substance 2 has a larger it also needs a larger quantity of heat to change its
value of specific heat temperature by the same amount as substance 1
Examples:
1 When a small piece of wood 1900 J⁄kg · K is placed under the heat of the sun
for the same length of time as a small piece of iron 448 J⁄kg · K , the iron feels
warmer than the piece of wood when both of them are touched.
2 On a bright summer day on the beach, it is warmer to lay on the sand 800 J⁄kg · K
and cooler to take a dip in the seawater 3900 J⁄kg · K during daytime. But during
nighttime without the shining sun and the cool air all around, the heat absorbed by the
sand and seawater during the daytime escapes and reradiated back, making it more
pleasant to take a dip in the lukewarm seawater instead of lying down on the cooler sand.
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 8
Problem 29‐4
One technique for measuring the specific heat of solids and liquids is to use the method of
calorimetry, which is the quantitative measurement of heat exchange. In the so–called
“method of mixtures”, a sample of the substance is heated to a high temperature and then
quickly placed in the cool water of an insulated aluminum calorimeter cup. The heat lost by
the sample will be gained by the other bodies at lower
stirrer
temperature inside the container. By measuring the final
temperature of the mixture at equilibrium, the specific thermometer
insulating
heat of the unknown substance can be calculated by cover stirrer
using conservation of energy. Suppose now that 220 g of a insulating
material is heated to 330 °C and then plunged into a 100–g ring
inner cup see the figure shown containing 150 g of water at inner cup
12.5 °C. If the final temperature, as registered by a 17–g outer cup air
glass thermometer, is 33.8 °C, what is the specific heat of space
the substance?
Solution: According to the given information in the problem description and the values of
specific heat listed in Table 29‐2 on page 10.
Material Mass g ⁄ · ° C° C°
heat lost by
the unknown ∆ 220 g – 220 g 33.8 – 330 °C
substance 220 g – 296.2 °C – 65164 g · C°
heat gained by the
∆ 100 g 0.215 cal⁄g · C° –
aluminum cup
100 g 0.215 cal⁄g · C° 33.8 – 12.5 °C 457.95 cal
heat gained
∆ 150 g 1.00 cal⁄g · C° –
by water
150 g 1.00 cal⁄g · C° 33.8 – 12.5 °C 3195 cal
heat gained
by the glass ∆ 17 g 0.20 cal⁄g · C° 21.3 °C 72.42 cal
thermometer
conservation
sum of all the changes in energy is equal to zero 0
of energy
– 65164 g · C° 457.95 cal 3195 cal 72.42 cal 0
.
65164 g · C° 3725.37 cal 0.05717 cal⁄g · C°
·C°
or simply 0.057 cal⁄g · C° for the specific heat of the unknown substance, which
according to the listing of elemental solids in Table 29‐2 is that of tin Sn .
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 9
Table 29.2: Specific Heats of Some Substances 20ºC and 1 atm
Material ⁄ · ⁄ · ° or ⁄ · °
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 10
Whereas the primary thermal property of materials involved whenever a change in linear
dimension occurs is the coefficient of linear expansion , the major thermal property of
materials involved whenever a change in temperature takes place, without any change in
the phase of the material a solid still remains a solid or a liquid still stays a liquid , is the
specific heat .
the primary thermal property of matter
heat of transformation involved whenever there is transfer of heat and
change in the phase of matter occurs without any
AKA latent heat
measurable change in temperature taking place
a change that occurs whenever the
phase change in matter physical characteristics of the substance
change from one form to another
everything goes into overcoming the mutual force of
attraction between the constituent particles, making
heat absorbed during
it possible for them to move farther away from each
the transformation
other and bring about a change in phase, leaving
no extra energy to cause a rise in temperature
Work must be done to pull apart particles in mutual attraction to make them farther away
from one another, and that requires the input of energy that puts them into a higher energy state.
everything comes from the energy released when the
particles in a higher energy state at a certain temperature
heat given off are made to come closer together as when pressure is
during the reverse increased so that the space they occupy becomes
transformation smaller that allows them to attract each other again
and puts them into a lower energy state but still at the
same temperature as when they were farther apart
Major Types of Phase Change
1 melting liquefaction change from solid to liquid state
2 freezing solidification the reverse of melting or the change from liquid to solid
3 boiling evaporation change from liquid to gas
4 condensation the reverse process of evaporation or the change from gas to liquid
5 sublimation change from solid directly to gas, without passing through the liquid state
a physical change, not the change of a solid to gas in a chemical reaction
6 desublimation the reverse process of sublimation in which a substance passes
directly from a gas to a solid phase
Note: The term deposition, which is usually applied to the reverse process of sublimation,
is also used to refer to an industrial coating process of forming a smooth and thin layer on a
solid surface. To avoid confusion, it seems that desublimation is the more appropriate word to use.
Examples of sublimation: 1 use of “dry ice” solidified carbon dioxide gas to produce
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 11
special effects as the cool, invisible CO gas produced by the sublimation makes the water
vapor in the air condense and form visible fog against a dark background; 2 naphthalene,
an organic compound commonly found in pesticides, such as mothballs used to preserve
clothes and other clothing materials, also undergo sublimation, but it has been found that
its gas is toxic not only to moths but to humans as well when frequently inhalated.
Examples of desublimation: 1 soot, a mass of impure carbon particles produced while
cooking, rises from the fire in a hot and gaseous state but is suddenly cooled when it comes
into contact with the ceiling and immediately changes to the solid phase without formation
of the liquid state; 2 frosts that form inside freezers are water vapor in air that changed
directly to solid.
the amount of heat per unit mass that must be transferred to
heat of transformation
or from a substance to completely undergo a phase change
0 for heat absorbed,
29.20
0 for heat given off
where is called the latent heat hidden heat of the substance with mass and depends
on the type of the phase change as well as on the properties of the substance itself.
latent heat of fusion , used when the phase change
or simply heat of fusion is from a solid to a liquid state
When a liquid cools, it eventually solidifies and the heat of solidification heat of fusion.
For any given material at any given pressure, the freezing temperature is the same as the
melting temperature. At this unique temperature, the liquid and solid phases of the
substance can coexist in a condition called phase equilibrium.
latent heat of vaporization , the latent heat corresponding to
or simply heat of vaporization the liquid– to– gas phase change
When a gas cools, it eventually condenses going back to the liquid phase so that the heat of
condensation heat of vaporization. Similarly, for any given material at any given pressure,
the boiling and condensation temperatures are always the same; at this temperature, the
liquid and gaseous phases of the substance can coexist in phase equilibrium.
a transitional phase of a substance from liquid to gas that
vaporization
consits of two types, namely evaporation and boiling
a slow, surface phenomenon that involves only particles on the
surface that are moving with speeds high enough, even at lower
evaporation
temperatures, that enable them to counteract the intermolecular
forces of attraction and make themselves free to become a gas
a bulk or large scale phenomenon involving the entire liquid
which occurs rapidly at the boiling point temperature of the
boiling
substance, wherein bubbles of gas form below the liquid
surface, rise into the surface, and burst into the air
If the boiling liquid is heated more strongly, the temperature does not rise but the liquid
just boils more quickly and vigorously.
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 12
evaporative cooling the term used to describe the
temperature‐control mechanisms of many warm blooded
animals, wherein heat of vaporization is used to remove
heat from the body by causing water, on the tongue
panting often seen in dogs or on human skin
sweating , to evaporate
Evaporative cooling also explains why a person suddenly feels cold just after stepping out
of a swimming pool for the first time, even during summer. The higher air temperature
immediately causes the water on the entire still‐wet‐body to evaporate carrying away a
considerable amount of body heat.
The distinction between the occurrence at the boiling point and that below the boiling
point discussed in the preceding page applies exclusively to the liquid‐to‐gas transition.
Any phase transition from solid directly to gas is always referred to as sublimation with its
own heat of sublimation regardless of whether it is occurring at the boiling point or not.
another important
that between vapor and gas
distinction to know
a substance that is gaseous a gaseous substance with
gas and has a temperature above …… vapor a temperature lower than
its critical temperature its critical temperature
critical temperature temperature at what is called the critical point
the maximum of the vaporization curve see Fig. 29– 3
where the tangent line to the isothermal line passing
critical point
through the point is horizontal; it is also the upper
end point of the vaporization curve in Fig. 29 2
fusion
curve Fig. 29‐3
Fig. 29‐2
critical
critical
point point
isothermal lines
fusion gas
ressure
liquid
solid
curve
liquid
LIQUID
and
SOLID critical
ressure
vapor temp.
triple vaporization
point curve triple state line
triple point temperature
VAPOR solid and
vapor
sublimation vaporization
curve
curve
volume
temperature sublimation 3D diagram for
curve a pure substance
Projection of the 3D curves shown in
Fig. 29‐3 perpendicular to the plane
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 13
a gas below it will change into a gas already no amount of
its critical liquid if sufficient …… above its critical pressure will cause it
temperature pressure is applied temperature to become a liquid
In Fig. 29‐4 below, with the horizontal axis in linear scale and the vertical axis in logarithmic
scale, we find a comparison of the phase diagrams of carbon dioxide light colored y‐
shaped curve on the left and water dark colored y‐shaped curve on the right indicating
the carbon dioxide sublimation point middle‐left at 1 atmosphere 101.3 kPa . As dry ice
is heated, it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly
into the gaseous phase. Its melting into liquid CO can occur only along the line at
pressures and temperatures above the triple point like at 5.9 atm, or 600 kPa, –56.4 °C .
Water, on the other hand, passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere 101.3 kPa . But
below its triple point, ice sublimates into water vapor if its pressure is reduced below 600 Pa.
Fig. 29‐4
Tabl3 20‐3 on the next page lists heats of fusion and vaporization for several materials and
their melting and boiling temperatures at normal atmospheric pressure. Very few elements
have melting temperatures in the vicinity of ordinary room temperatures; one of the few is
the metal gallium, with melting point at around 30 °C, used in semiconductor electronics.
For water, a universal solvent and one of the most important substances in living
organisms, we have according to Table 29‐3
334 kJ⁄kg 80 kcal⁄kg 80 cal⁄g
29‐21
2270 kJ⁄kg 540 kcal⁄kg 540 cal⁄g
In calculating the amount of heat transferred whenever a substance of mass is involved, use
applies when there is change in temperature only
∆
without any change in phase of the material
or
applies when there is change in phase of the material
only without any change in temperature taking place
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 14
Table 29.3:
Heats of Transformation Latent Heats and Temperatures of Phase Changes of Some Substances
at 1 atm
Melting Boiling
Substance
point C° kJ⁄kg kcal⁄kg point C° kJ⁄kg kcal⁄kg
nitrogen N –210 25.7 6.1 –196 232 55
Gas
†Numerical values in kcal⁄kg are the same in cal⁄g.
‡ethanol
Problem 29‐5
a A 0.25‐kg piece of ice at –20 °C is converted to steam at 115 °C. How much heat must be
supplied to do this? b To convert the steam back to ice at –5 °C, how much heat would
have to be removed?
Solution:
a With additional heat causing the temperature of the ice to increase from –20 °C to its
melting point at 0 °C, we find that
∆ 0.25 kg 0.50 kcal⁄kg · C° 0 – – 20 °C 2.50 kcal 29‐22
according to Table 29‐2, where we rounded off both specific heats of ice given there to 0.50.
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 15
With more additional heat causing solid ice at 0 °C to melt to liquid water still at 0 °C, we have
0.25 kg 80 kcal⁄kg 20.00 kcal 29‐23
according to Table 29‐3. With further additional heat causing the temperature of water at 0 °C
to rise to its boiling point at 100 °C, we obtain
∆ 0.25 kg 1.0 kcal⁄kg · C° 100 – 0 °C 25.0 kcal 29‐24
according to Table 29‐2 once more. With still more additional heat causing boiling water at
100 °C to vaporize to steam still at 100 °C, we find that
0.25 kg 540 kcal⁄kg 135.0 kcal 29‐25
according to Table 29‐3. With further additional heat causing the temperature of the steam at
100 °C to rise to 115 °C, we get
∆ 0.25 kg 0.5 kcal⁄kg · C° 115 – 100 °C 1.9 kcal 29‐26
where we rounded the specific heat of steam to 0.50 kcal⁄kg · C° . The total amount of heat
absorbed is therefore
184.4 kcal 29‐27
b To convert the steam at 115 °C back to ice at –5 °C, the total amount of heat that must be
removed is
heat removed from steam heat removed from ice
29‐28
at 115 °C to water at 0 °C at 0 °C to ice at – 5 °C
where the first term in 29‐28 , according to the derivation of 29‐26 , 29‐25 , 29‐24 ,
and 29‐23 , is given by
heat removed from
heat removed from heat removed from heat removed from heat removed
steam at 115 °C steam at 115 °C to steam at 100 °C to water at 100 °C from water at
to ice at 0 °C steam at 100 °C water at 100 °C to water at 0 °C 0 °C to ice at 0 °C
heat added to heat added to heat added to heat added to
steam at 100 °C to water at 100 °C to water at 0 °C to ice at 0 °C to
steam at 115 °C steam at 100 °C water at 100 °C water at 0 °C
181.9 kcal 29‐29
The second term in 29‐28 is just
heat removed from ice heat added to ice at
∆
at 0 °C to ice at – 5 °C – 5 °C to ice at 0 °C
0.25 kg 0.50 kcal⁄kg · C° 0 – – 5 °C 0.625 kcal 29‐30
Substituting 29‐29 and 29‐30 in 29‐28 , we get
181.9 kcal 0.625 kcal 182.5 kcal 183 kcal
Equivalently
heat added to ice at
– – 0.25 kg 0.50 kcal⁄kg · C° – 5 – – 20 °C
– 20 °C to ice at – 5 °C
184.4 kcal – 1.875 kcal 182.5 kcal
The second equivalent solution is shorter and easier to understand.
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 16
Problem 29‐6
a Two 50‐g ice cubes are dropped into 200 g of water in a glass. If the water was initially
at 25 °C, and the ice came directly from a freezer at –15 °C, what will be the temperature of
the drink when the ice and water reach the same temperature? b Suppose that only one
ice cube had been used in a , what would be the final temperature of the drink? Neglect
the heat capacity of the glass
Solution:
a Suppose that the ice and water reach a temporary thermal equilibrium at 0 °C. Then
heat lost ℓ ∆ 200 g 1 cal⁄g · C° 0 – 25 °C – 5000 cal
heat gained ∆ 2 50 g 0.5 cal⁄g · C° 0 – – 15 °C 750 cal
free energy available when water
ℓ – 5000 cal 750 cal – 4250 cal in glass is at 0 °C while the two
ice cubes are still solid at 0 °C
heat needed to melt one ice cube
50 g 80 cal⁄g 4000 cal
at 0 °C to liquid water still at 0 °C
free energy available when water in
– 4250 cal 4000 cal glass and one ice cube are at 0 °C while
– 250 cal the second ice cube is still solid at 0 °C
| | mass of ice in second
250 cal⁄80 cal⁄g
ice cube that has melted
3.125 g to liquid water at 0 °C
50 g – 3.125 g 46.875 g mass of ice in second ice cube that is still solid at 0 °C
The final temperature of the drink when the ice and water reach the same temperature is
0 °C with 46.9 g of ice still remaining.
b Using only one ice cube in the drink instead of two, we get the following:
heat lost ℓ ℓ – 5000 cal as in part a above
heat gained ∆ 50 g 0.5 cal⁄g · C° 0 – – 15 °C 375 cal ½
free energy available when the
ℓ – 5000 cal 375 cal – 4625 cal water in glass is at 0 °C while
the ice cube is still solid at 0 °C
free energy available when water in
– 4625 cal 4000 cal glass is at 0 °C while all the ice cube
– 625 cal has melted to liquid water at 0 °C
heat gained ∆ 200 g 50 g 1 cal⁄g · C° ∆ | |
| | rise in temperature of the water in
∆ 2.5 °C
⁄C° ⁄C° glass and the melted ice above 0 °C
The final temperature of the drink when only one ice cube had been used is 2.5 °C with all
the ice melted.
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 17
Problem 29‐7
A 100–g piece of copper is heated in a furnace to a temperature . The copper is then
inserted into a 150–g copper calorimeter containing 200 g of water. The initial temperature
of the water and calorimeter is 16 °C, and the final temperature after equilibrium is
established is 38 °C. When the calorimeter and its contents are weighed, 1.2 g of water is
found to have evaporated. What was the initial temperature of the 100–g piece of copper?
Solution:
Let 100 g mass of heated Cu …… initial temp. of the 100–g Cu …
150 g mass of Cu calorimeter …… 16 °C initial temp. of 150–g Cu …
200 g mass of water in calorimeter …… 16 °C initial temp. of water …
38 °C final temp. of mixture …… 1.2 g water converted to steam …
Then
amount of heat absorbed by
1.2 g 540 cal⁄g 648 cal
water converted to steam
Since the 100‐g heated copper does not undergo phase change in the temperature interval
from to the final mixture temperature 38 °C, consider its heat loss in only one stage:
heat lost ℓ C ∆ 100 g 0.0923 cal⁄g · C° 38 – °C 9.23 38 –
For the total heat gained , we break it down into two stages since the water contained in
the calorimeter undergoes phase change in the temperature interval being considered,
namely from 16 °C to 100 °C and then to the final mixture temperature 38 °C:
heat gained C 100 – 16 °C
C – 38 – 100 °C
150 g 0.0923 cal⁄g · C° 200 g 1 cal⁄g · C° 84 °C 648 cal
150 g 0.0923 cal⁄g · C° 200 – 1.2 g 1 cal⁄g · C° – 62 °C
13.845 200 84 cal 648 cal 13.845 198.8 – 62 cal
213.845 84 cal 648 cal 212.645 – 62 cal 5427 cal
According to the law of conservation of energy
–
ℓ 0 9.23 38 – cal 5427 cal 0 38 – – 587.97
.
38 587.97 625.97
The initial temperature of the 100‐g heated copper is therefore 626 °C.
Handout 29 [Phys. for Engs., 2nd Sem AY19‐20] … RMadridejos] Total of 18 pages Page 18