Record 2018/33 | eCat 123028

The 2018 National Seismic Hazard

Assessment for Australia
Data package, maps and grid values

T. Allen

APPLYING GEOSCIENCE TO AUSTRALIA’S MOST IMPORTANT CHALLENGES www.ga.gov.au

The 2018 National Seismic Hazard
Assessment for Australia
Data package, maps and grid values

GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA
RECORD 2018/33

T. I. Allen
Department of Industry, Innovation and Science
Minister for Resources and Northern Australia: Senator the Hon Matthew Canavan
Secretary: Dr Heather Smith PSM

Geoscience Australia
Chief Executive Officer: Dr James Johnson
This paper is published with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia

© Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2018

With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and where otherwise noted, this product is
provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode)

Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible.
However, it does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you
should not solely rely on this information when making a commercial decision.

Geoscience Australia is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible. If you are
having difficulties with accessing this document please email clientservices@ga.gov.au.

ISSN 2201-702X (PDF)

ISBN 978-1-925848-06-9 (PDF)
eCat 123028

Bibliographic reference: Allen, T. I. 2018. The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment for
Australia: data package, maps and grid values. Record 2018/33. Geoscience Australia, Canberra.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/Record.2018.033
Contents

Executive Summary................................................................................................................................. iv
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................1
2 Hazard Maps .........................................................................................................................................3
3 Locality Data ........................................................................................................................................18
3.1 Hazard Factors ..............................................................................................................................18
3.2 Hazard Curves ...............................................................................................................................19
3.3 Uniform Hazard Spectra ................................................................................................................20
3.4 kp Factors .......................................................................................................................................21
3.5 Hazard Fractiles .............................................................................................................................23
4 Hazard Map Data Grids .......................................................................................................................24
4.1 Hazard Map Grid Files ...................................................................................................................24
4.2 Hazard Curve Grid Files ................................................................................................................24
4.3 Interpolation of Hazard Curve Grids ..............................................................................................25
4.3.1 Hazard Curves .........................................................................................................................25
4.3.2 Uniform Hazard Spectra ...........................................................................................................26
5 GIS Data Products ...............................................................................................................................27
5.1 GeoTIFF Files ................................................................................................................................27
5.2 Shapefile Contours ........................................................................................................................27
6 NSHA18 Data Package – Summary and Cautions .............................................................................29
7 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................30
8 References ..........................................................................................................................................31
Appendix A – NSHA18 Seismic Design Values .....................................................................................32
Appendix B – NSHA18 1/2500-Year Design Values ..............................................................................36
Appendix C – 1/475-Year PGA Hazard Fractiles ...................................................................................40
Appendix D – 1/2475 PGA Hazard Fractiles ..........................................................................................44

Data package, maps and grid values iii

Executive Summary

Geoscience Australia, together with contributors from the wider Australian seismology community, has
produced a National Seismic Hazard Assessment (NSHA18) that is intended as an update to
Geoscience Australia’s 2012 National Seismic Hazard Maps (NSHM12; Burbidge, 2012) and its 2013
revision (NSHM13; Leonard et al., 2013). The 2018 update takes advantage of recent developments
in earthquake hazard research and ensures the hazard model uses the best available, evidence-
based science.

This Geoscience Australia Record provides an overview of the output data products generated
through the development of the NSHA18. Time-independent, mean seismic design values are
calculated on Standards Australia’s AS1170.4 Site Class Be for the horizontal peak ground
acceleration (PGA) and for the geometric mean of the 5% damped response spectral accelerations,
Sa(T), for T = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 s. The hazard values are calculated across the
Australian continent using a uniformly-spaced 15 km grid. Hazard curves and uniform hazard spectra
are also calculated for key localities at the10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50-year hazard
levels. Uniform-probability seismic hazard maps of PGA, in addition to all spectral periods, are
provided for 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years.

A Python script is provided to enable end users interpolate hazard curve grids and to export site-
specific hazard information given an input location and probability of exceedance (in the case of
uniform hazard spectra). Additionally, geographic information system (GIS) datasets are provided to
enable end users view and interrogate the NSHA18 outputs on a spatially enabled platform.

This is the most complete data publication for any previous Australian National Seismic Hazard
Assessment. It is intended ensure the NSHA18 outputs are openly available, discoverable and
accessible to enable end-users to integrate these data into their own applications.

iv The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

1 Introduction

Geoscience Australia is the pre-eminent public sector geoscience organisation and is the Australian
Government's trusted advisor on the geology and geography of Australia. The National Seismic
Hazard Assessment is a flagship Geoscience Australia product that informs public and private
strategies for earthquake risk mitigation across the country. The 2018 assessment (NSHA18)
incorporates global best practice and evidence-based science to deliver updated probabilistic seismic
hazard estimates for Australia (Allen et al., 2018). The NSHA18 was calculated on the National
Computational Infrastructure (NCI; nci.org.au/) using the OpenQuake-engine (Version 3.1; Pagani et
al., 2014).

A wide range of data products have been produced through the NSHA18 project (Allen et al., 2018),
including hazard maps and grids as well as site-specific hazard curves and uniform hazard spectra
(UHS) for localities indicated within Standards Australia’s structural design actions for earthquake
loading (AS1170.4–2007; Standards Australia, 2007) and additional localities of interest. Seismic
hazard values at these sites are calculated for three probability levels: 10%, 9.52% and 2% probability
of exceedance in 50 years. Hazard grids are tabulated for more than 54,000 locations over the
Australian territory and surrounding areas for the aforementioned probability levels. Hazard grids are
calculated for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and ten response spectral periods (for 5% damping) at
Sa(T), for T = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0. The spectral parameters for a regular
grid across Australia will allow the construction of uniform hazard spectra and hazard curves for any
locality in the country. For each spectral period (and PGA), hazard curves for the gridded localities are
provided, meaning that hazard values can be calculated for any reasonable exceedance probability.
However, in practice Geoscience Australia would not recommend extending the ground-motion return
period significantly beyond the 1% in 50-year exceedance probability (or a 1/4875 annual exceedance
probability [AEP]) given the uncertainties in long-term hazard forecasts. Python scripts to generate
hazard curves and UHS for a given probability of exceedance at any locality across the continent are
provided.

For the first time, the Geoscience Australia is providing the national seismic hazard maps in
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-enabled GeoTIFF files. The benefit of the GeoTIFF format is
that the maps can reprojected and interrogated in various GIS software packages. Seismic hazard
contours have also been produced for all spectral periods (including PGA) for selected exceedance
probabilities (2% and 10% in 50-year exceedance). These data products will enable end-users to
review the spatial distribution of seismic hazard relative to other spatial datasets, such as a civil
infrastructure portfolio (e.g. bridges, dams, pipelines, etc). It should be noted that the NSHA18 uses
national-scale datasets to calculate ground motion hazard at uniform probabilities of exceedance
across Australia. Because it is national in scale, the NSHA18 is not intended to be used as a
replacement for site-specific hazard studies for major infrastructure projects that may require a lower
tolerance for risk.

This Geoscience Australia Record provides maps of mean seismic hazard and describes data
products that may be downloaded and interrogated by users. The scientific rationale for the seismic
hazard estimates is provided in Allen et al. (2018) and references cited therein. The NSHA18 provides
estimates of seismic hazard for the six Australian states and two mainland territories. However, it does
not provide updated hazard factors for Australia’s Antarctic and other offshore territories (e.g.,
Christmas Island, Cocos Island, Heard Island, Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Island and Norfolk

Data package, maps and grid values 1

Island). The accompanying data package directory structure follows the same structure and
numbering as used in this document and is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Folder structure for the NSHA18 data products package.

2 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

2 Hazard Maps

A series of time-independent, uniform probability seismic hazard maps for varying ground-motion
periods and probabilities of exceedance are presented below (Figure 2-15). Maps for all spectral
periods calculated at the 10% probability of exceedance in 50-year level are shown. Selected spectral
periods for the 2% probability of exceedance in 50-year level are shown for PGA and Sa(T) at T = 0.2
and 1.0 second (Figure 2-15). The remainder of these static uniform-probability maps are provided in
the downloadable data package accompanying this Geoscience Australia Record.

Additional maps, gridded hazard values and geospatially-referenced raster files (see Section 5.1) are
available in the electronic data package accompanying this record. The file names follow the general
format: “hazard_map_NSHA18.<period>.<probability>.png”, where <period> is “PGA” or the spectral
period (i.e., “SA01”, which is equivalent to Sa[0.1 s]) and <probability> is the fractional probability of
exceedance in 50 years (i.e., “0.1” which is equivalent to 10%). Note that the colour scale of these
maps varies with the exceedance probability and spectral period.

Data package, maps and grid values 3

Figure 2: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean PGA (expressed as a proportion of the acceleration due to
gravity, g) for 10% probability of exceedance in 50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760
m/s).

4 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 3: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(0.05-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

Data package, maps and grid values 5

Figure 4: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(0.1-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

6 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 5: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(0.2-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

Data package, maps and grid values 7

Figure 6: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(0.3-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

8 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 7: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(0.5-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

Data package, maps and grid values 9

Figure 8: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(0.7-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

10 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 9 NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(1.0-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in 50-
years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

Data package, maps and grid values 11

Figure 10: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(1.5-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

12 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 11: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(2.0-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

Data package, maps and grid values 13

Figure 12: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(4.0-second) (in g) for 10% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s).

14 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 13: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean PGA (in g) for 2% probability of exceedance in 50-years on
AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s). Note that the colour palette has been modified from
hazard maps for high probability return periods to account for higher-level short period accelerations from rare
earthquakes.

Data package, maps and grid values 15

Figure 14: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(0.2-second) (in g) for 2% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s). Note that the colour palette has been
modified from hazard maps for high probability return periods to account for higher-level short period
accelerations from rare earthquakes.

16 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 15: NSHA18 hazard map indicating the mean Sa(1.0-second) (in g) for 2% probability of exceedance in
50-years on AS1170.4 Site Class Be (equivalent to VS30 = 760 m/s). Note that the colour palette has been
modified from hazard maps for high probability return periods to account for higher-level long period accelerations
from rare earthquakes.

Data package, maps and grid values 17

3 Locality Data

Various ground-motion hazard metrics are provided for the localities listed in the AS1170.4–2007
(Table 3.2 in Standards Australia, 2007), as well as additional localities of interest. This section
describes the different data products, which include: seismic hazard factors; hazard curves; uniform
hazard spectra; probability factors kp, and; hazard fractiles. The data described in this section
represent the hazard for a particular locality with pre-defined spatial coordinates. It should be noted
that significant gradients of seismic hazard can exist across some of Australia’s larger urban centres.
Consequently, users are advised to use the information and datasets provided in Section 4 to
determine the site-specific hazard values should these pre-defined localities be of significant distance
from their location of interest.

3.1 Hazard Factors

The seismic hazard factor (Z) at any location is represented in the AS1170.4 as the peak ground
acceleration (PGA) value calculated on rock sites (AS1170.4 Site Class Be) for a 1/500 annual
exceedance probability (AEP; or 9.52% probability of exceedance in 50-years). Table 1 compares the
PGA seismic hazard values for the eight Australian capital cities for the NSHM13 and NSHA18 relative
to the AS1170.4–2007 seismic hazard factors at 1/500 AEP. The table generally shows a significant
reduction in PGA seismic hazard values relative to both those in the NSHM13 and those prescribed in
the Standard. The average percentage difference between the NSHA18 seismic hazard values and
the hazard factors for localities listed in Table 3.2 of the AS1170.4–2007 is approximately 72% (see
Appendix A). Allen et al. (2018) discusses the rationale the changes to the calculated seismic hazard
in more detail.

Table 1: Seismic design factors, equivalent to PGA (in units of gravity g) for selected localities as provided in
different editions of the AS1170.4, in addition to alternate PGA values calculated through the NSHA18.

AS1170.4- AS1170.4-
NSHM13 NSHA18 NSHA18
Locality 2007 1/500 2018 Seismic
1/500 AEP 1/500 AEP 1/2475 AEP
AEP (Z) Design Factor
Adelaide, SA 0.10 0.10 0.058 0.036 0.126

Brisbane, QLD 0.05 0.08 0.043 0.008 0.029

Canberra, ACT 0.08 0.08 0.060 0.050 0.152

Darwin, NT 0.09 0.09 0.037 0.032 0.061

Hobart, TAS 0.03 0.08 0.021 0.011 0.036

Melbourne, VIC 0.08 0.08 0.059 0.031 0.082

Perth, WA 0.09 0.09 0.042 0.028 0.071

Sydney, NSW 0.08 0.08 0.056 0.022 0.061

With the introduction of the hazard floor of 0.08 g, the AS1170.4–2007 (R2018) now refers to the
“hazard factor” as the “hazard design factor” because the parameter no longer reflects a uniform
hazard probability in the updated loading standard (Standards Australia, 2018). Appendix A and B
provide hazard design factors from the AS1170.4–2007, NSHM13 and the NSHA18 for 1/500 and
1/2500 AEP, respectively. The PGA and spectral acceleration data are expressed as a proportion of

18 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

the acceleration due to gravity, g. The associated data package (Folder 3.1) provides a comma
separated value-formatted file with PGA hazard compared for the AS1170.4-2007, the NSHM13 and
the NSHA18, for a range of return periods. The tabulated data also provides the percentage difference
between hazard values for specific localities. Table 2 provides a description of the data fields for this
hazard value comparison in Folder 3.1 of the data package.

Table 2: Description of fields for hazard value comparison table in Folder 3.1 of the data package. The hazard
values indicated in the table are provided as PGA (in g) on Site Class Be.

Label Description
PLACE Name of locality
LON Locality longitude
LAT Locality latitude
2007PGA_500-YR 1/500 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor as provided in Standards Australia’s
AS1170.4
2013PGA_500-YR 1/500 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor as calculated in the NSHM12
2018PGA_475-YR 1/475 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor as calculated in the NSHA18
2018PGA_500-YR 1/500 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor as calculated in the NSHA18
2007/2013 %DIFF Percentage difference between the AS1170.4-2007 and NSHM12 1/500 PGA
values
2007/2018 %DIFF Percentage difference between the AS1170.4-2007 and NSHA18 1/500 PGA
values
2013/2018 %DIFF Percentage difference between the NSHM12 and NSHA18 1/500 PGA values
2007PGA_2500-YR 1/2500 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor calculated as the product of the 1/500
hazard factor multiplied by a kp factor of 1.8
2013PGA_2500-YR 1/2500 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor as calculated in the NSHM12
2018PGA_2475-YR 1/2475 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor as calculated in the NSHA18
2018PGA_2500-YR 1/2500 AEP PGA seismic hazard factor as calculated in the NSHA18
2007/2018_2500 %DIFF Percentage difference between the AS1170.4-2007 and NSHA18 1/2500-year
PGA values
2013/2018_2500 %DIFF Percentage difference between the NSHM12 and NSHA18 1/2500-year PGA
values
2007(500)/2018(2475) %DIFF Percentage difference between the AS1170.4-2007 1/500 and NSHA18 1/2500
PGA values

3.2 Hazard Curves

Seismic hazard curves provide the annual probability of exceeding a given ground motion level.
Hazard curves calculated on Site Class Be are provided for the localities listed in Table 3.2 of the
AS1170.4–2007 (Standards Australia, 2007), and additional sites. The curves were calculated for
horizontal PGA and for the geometric mean of the horizontal component spectral accelerations for
Sa(T), for T = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0. Seismic hazard curves for each
spectral period and locality are provided in Folder 3.2 of the data package. The PGA and spectral
acceleration values are provided in units of g. An example of seismic hazard curves for Australian
capital cities is provided in Figure 16.

Data package, maps and grid values 19

Figure 16: The annual probability of exceeding a given PGA level (in g) for Australian capital cities.

3.3 Uniform Hazard Spectra

In the AS1170.4, the spectral shape factors translate the seismic hazard factor (anchored at PGA or
Sa[0.0 s]) to an elastic design spectrum (e.g., Lam and Wilson, 2008). This spectrum can
subsequently be used to determine the period-dependent design values at the fundamental period of
interest. For each locality in the NSHA18, uniform hazard spectra (UHS) have been calculated for a
range of spectral periods at the 10%, 9.52% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50-year levels on
AS1170.4 Site Class Be. The UHS for the nominated exceedance probabilities are provided in
Folder 3.3 of the data package. Figure 17 shows the UHS at 10% and 2% probability of exceedance
for the Australian capital cities. In plotting the UHS, PGA hazard is anchored to a spectral acceleration
at a period T = 0.0 s. Uniform hazard spectra are provided in units of g.

20 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

Figure 17: Uniform hazard spectra for the Australian capital cities at the (upper panel) 10% and (lower panel) 2%
probability of exceedance for AS1170.4 Site Class Be. Hazard values are calculated to Sa(4.0 s), but are
truncated to Sa(2.5 s) for plotting clarity. Map inset indicates the locations of the sites for which the UHS have
been calculated.

3.4 kp Factors
The probability factor (kp) is used in the AS1170.4 to scale 1/500 AEP hazard values to different
probabilities of exceedance. The kp factor is calculated by normalising the hazard curve by its value at
a recurrence interval of 500 years. Figure 18 shows the comparison of kp factors for the eight capital
cities across Australia. Tabulated kp factors are provided for several representative localities in
Table 3. For each of the AS1170.4 localities and additional sites, a kp factor file is provided in comma
separated value (.csv) format in Folder 3.4 of the data package. The notation for the file names is:
“<city name>_kpfact.csv”.

Data package, maps and grid values 21

Figure 18: The PGA probability factor (kp) for the eight capital cities compared to the kp values in AS1170.4–2007.
The thin vertical dashed line indicates a ground-motion return period of 1/2500 years.

Table 3: Calculated probability factors (kp) from the NSHA18 for representative capital cities, compared to the
factors given in the AS1170.4–2007 (Standards Australia, 2007).

AS1170.4–
Annual Probability of Adelaide Canberra Perth Darwin
2007
Probability of Exceedance Probability Probability Probability Probability
Probability
Exceedance in 50 Years Factor (kp) Factor (kp) Factor (kp) Factor (kp)
Factor (kp)
1/5000 1.00% – 5.63 4.56 3.77 2.75
1/4000 1.24% – 4.83 4.05 3.34 2.44
1/3000 1.65% – 3.97 3.42 2.85 2.12
1/2500 1.98% 1.8 3.48 3.07 2.58 1.96
1/2475 2.00% – 3.46 3.06 2.56 1.95
1/2000 2.45% 1.7 2.97 2.68 2.27 1.77
1/1500 3.28% 1.5 2.40 2.22 1.93 1.56
1/1000 4.88% 1.3 1.77 1.68 1.52 1.32
1/800 6.06% 1.25 1.48 1.43 1.34 1.21
1/500 9.52% 1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1/475 10.0% – 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.98
1/250 18.1% 0.75 0.53 0.56 0.63 0.75
1/200 22.1% 0.7 0.42 0.46 0.54 0.68
1/100 39.3% 0.5 0.20 0.24 0.32 0.48
1/50 63.2% 0.35 0.09 0.11 0.17 0.29
1/25 86.5% 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.10
1/20 91.8% 0.20 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.06

22 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

3.5 Hazard Fractiles
In developing national-scale PSHAs, the mean hazard is commonly presented with little attention
placed on the range of potential end-member solutions. These solutions arise through the use
weighted logic tree distributions based on the decisions of seismic hazard modellers (e.g., Griffin et
al., 2018). End users normally consider the mean results from PSHAs to be an accurate
representation of reality (Lee et al., 2018). However, it is becoming increasingly important to
communicate the mean hazard results from PSHAs in the context of their uncertainties. Hazard
fractiles have been calculated for PGA and all other spectral periods at the AS1170.4 localities and
th th th
additional sites of interest. The 16 , 50 , 84 hazard fractiles, in addition to the mean PGA seismic
hazard and the hazard percentile at the mean are summarised in Appendix C and Appendix D for the
10% and 2% probability of exceedances, respectively. Hazard fractile tables are provided in .csv
format for the full range of spectral periods and 10%, 9.52% and 2% probability of exceedance in
50 years within Folder 3.5 of the data package. The file naming convention is: “fractile_table_<spectral
period>-<probability>.csv”. The value for <period> is “PGA” or the spectral period (i.e., “SA01”, which
is equivalent to Sa[0.1 s]) and <probability> is the fractional probability of exceedance in 50 years (i.e.,
“0.1” which is equivalent to 10%).

Data package, maps and grid values 23

4 Hazard Map Data Grids

Data grids are provided for the NSHA18 in several formats. The grids range from pre-computed
hazard values at a specified location for a uniform probability of exceedance and any spectral period,
to grids of hazard curves that can be interpolated to any probability of exceedance. The hazard is
calculated for a uniform grid spaced at 15 km intervals across the Australian continent between 109-
158°E and a latitude range between 7-47°S. The number of sites in oceanic regions is reduced by
randomly sampling points outside of the Australian continent to help optimise the hazard computation,
while still providing constraint to interpolate offshore hazard contours. In total, hazard outputs are
generated for more than 54,000 grid points over the Australian territory and surrounding areas.

This section describes the data grid formats and introduces scripts that can be used to interpolate
these grids (both spatially and for a given probability of exceedance) to determine site-specific hazard
attributes for localities not pre-computed in Section 3.

4.1 Hazard Map Grid Files

For PGA and each spectral period of interest, hazard grids for a given probability of exceedance are
provided in Folder 4.1 of the data package. These files are given in xyz triplets (i.e., longitude, latitude,
hazard value) and are a direct output from the OpenQuake-engine (Pagani et al., 2016).

For each spectral period, a .csv file is provided that yields seismic hazard for 10%, 9.52% and 2%
probability of exceedance in 50-years at each calculation point. The filename convention is:
“hazard_map-mean_<period>.csv” where the value for <period> is “PGA” or the spectral period (i.e.,
“SA(0.1)”.

4.2 Hazard Curve Grid Files

For PGA and each spectral period of interest, hazard curves are provided in Folder 4.2 of the data
package. These gridded hazard curve files are a direct output from the OpenQuake-engine (Pagani et
al., 2016) and are calculated for the full suite of grid-points discussed above. For target ground motion
intensity measures, hazard curves provide the probability of exceedance for some observation period t
(e.g. 10% in 50 years). The annual exceedance probabilities can subsequently be determined
following Poisson’s Law. Under this assumption, the probability of no (zero) exceedances over some
-n
period of time is e . For a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years, for example, the probability of
zero exceedances is:
-n
P(0) = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9 = e (1)

Taking the natural logarithm of this equation, we find the number of exceedances n in our observation
period is:

n = – ln P(0) = 0.1054 (2)

The annualised exceedance rate r can then be calculated following:

r = n / t = 0.1054 / 50 = 0.002107 (per year) (3)

24 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

The return period TR is then calculated as the inverse of the annualised exceedance rate r:

TR = 1 / r = 1 / 0.002107 = 474.6 (years) (4)

Further information on calculating exceedance probabilities can be found at the following link:
earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/learn/basics.php#make.

Once the hazard curves calculated across the NSHA18 grid have been converted to annualised
exceedances, they can then be interpolated to return site-specific hazard curves and UHS. These
processes are discussed below.

4.3 Interpolation of Hazard Curve Grids

It is recognised that many end users require seismic hazard parameters that are not calculated at the
standard AS1170.4 localities. Consequently, it may be necessary to interpolate across the NSHA18
hazard grids in order to provide seismic hazard curves for the range of spectral periods, in addition to
UHS for a given probability of exceedance for other localities. A Python script is included in the data
package to undertake these interpolation procedures, and its usage is discussed below. The minimum
requirements to run the scripts are Python 2.7 (e.g., python.org/downloads/release/python-2715/),
NumPy (numpy.org), and SciPy (scipy.org). Note that the locality values in the tabulated grid files are
the definitive hazard values calculated directly from the hazard model using the OpenQuake-engine.
The interpolated values will provide an approximation to these tabulated values, and may have errors
generally less than ± 4% for 10% in 50-year hazard and less than ± 3% for 2% in 50-year hazard
th
(based on the 75 percentile error for AS1170.4 localities)..

4.3.1 Hazard Curves

This sub-section describes how to export seismic hazard curves for the full suite of spectral periods
(including PGA) at a nominated location (longitude and latitude) as calculated through the NSHA18.
The script uses the SciPy 2-D interpolation assuming a piecewise cubic polynomial surface. The
scripts parse the gridded hazard curves for each spectral period stored in the sub-directory
4.2_hazard_curve_grid_files within the data package. To use this script, the user will need to open a
terminal or command line window. In this command window, navigate to the folder
4.3_interpolate_hazard_curve_grids. This folder will contain the file interpolate_hazard_grid.py. Once
in this folder issue the following command:

> python

This will launch a Python command terminal. Alternatively, the user may prefer to use an iPython
terminal (i.e., type: ipython). Next, issue these commands:

> from interpolate_hazard_grid import get_nsha18_haz_curves

> hazCurveDict = get_nsha18_haz_curves(interp_lon, interp_lat,

siteName)

where the input variables interp_lon (in ° East) and interp_lat (in ° South) are the coordinates
(in floating point format) of the site of interest in decimal degrees, and the siteName is a text string
used in the output file name. An example of the function’s use for the suburb of Parramatta in western
Sydney would be:

> hazCurveDict = get_nsha18_haz_curves(151.00, 33.81, ‘Parramatta’)

Data package, maps and grid values 25

Hazard curve files for each spectral period (in .csv format) are exported to the folder
4.3.1_interp_hazard_curves. If the folder does not exist, it will be automatically generated after the
command is first issued. The output filename convention is given as: hazard_curve-mean-<period>_
<interp_lon>E_<interp_lat>S_<siteName>.csv. The function can be embedded within other codes to
return a Python dictionary of hazard curves for each spectral period, hazCurveDict, at the given
locality. This dictionary can be used for further exploration and plotting of the site-specific hazard. The
script currently only returns hazard curves for a single locality at a time. However, it could be modified
to optimise the interpolation of hazard curves for multiple sites should a user require this functionality.

4.3.2 Uniform Hazard Spectra

This sub-section describes how to export UHS for a given exceedance probability at the nominated
location (longitude and latitude). Similarly to the interpolation of the hazard curves, the script uses the
SciPy 2-D interpolation assuming a piecewise cubic polynomial surface. Again, the user will need to
open a terminal or command line window and navigate to the folder
4.3_interpolate_hazard_curve_grids within the data package. This folder will contain the file
interpolate_hazard_grid.py. Once in this folder issue the following commands:

> python

> from interpolate_hazard_grid import get_nsha18_uhs

> periodsStr, periodsNum, uhs = get_nsha18_uhs(interp_lon, interp_lat,

percent_chance, investigation_time, siteName)

where the input variables interp_lon (in ° East) and interp_lat (in ° South) are the coordinates
(in floating point format) of the site of interest in decimal degrees, percent_chance is the
percentage probability of exceedance (i.e., 10%, etc.), investigation_time is the time period to
which the probabilities of exceedance correspond (i.e., typically 50 years), and the siteName is a text
string used in the output file name. The UHS file for the given probability of exceedance (in .csv
format) is exported to the folder 4.3.2_interp_uhs. The filename convention is given as: uhs-mean-
<exceedance probability>_<period>_<interp_lon>E_<interp_lat>S_<siteName>.csv. The function can
be embedded within other codes and returns three NumPy arrays for the given locality:

• periodsStr: a list of response spectral periods in string format;

• periodsNum: an array of spectral periods in floating point format. Note that the acceleration
for PGA has been assigned to the spectral period, T = 0.0.

• uhs: uniform hazard spectra for a the specified percent_chance and

investigation_time.

An example of the function’s use for Parramatta for a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years would
be:

> periodsStr, periodsNum, uhs = get_nsha18_uhs(151.00, 33.81, 2., 50.,

‘Parramatta’)

This script currently only returns hazard curves for a single locality and exceedance probability at a
time. The script could be modified to optimise the interpolation of hazard curves for multiple sites
should a user require this functionality.

26 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

5 GIS Data Products

For the first time, the Geoscience Australia is providing the national seismic hazard maps in
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-enabled GeoTIFF files and as ESRI shapefile contours. These
data are intended to be easily uploaded into GIS platforms to enable analysis with other spatial
datasets. These GIS datasets are briefly discussed below.

5.1 GeoTIFF Files

GeoTIFF is a metadata standard which allows georeferencing information to be embedded within a
TIFF raster file (Ritter et al., 1995). The benefit of the GeoTIFF format is that the maps can be
reprojected easily in various GIS software packages.

The GeoTIFF files are generated by parsing the tabulated values for the various ground-motion
periods and exceedance probabilities. For each period and probability, these values are interpolated
across a uniform grid spacing of 0.05° (approximately 5.4 km at 15°S) using a 2-D cubic-spline
interpolation (scipy.org). Interpolated values outside of the region covered by the approximate
Australian maritime boundaries are assigned to NaN or “no data” values and are masked. The
interpolated grid values were subsequently converted to the GeoTIFF format using the Python
GDAL/OGR API (pcjericks.github.io/py-gdalogr-cookbook/). All GeoTIFF image files have been
generated using the WGS84 geodetic reference system.

A limited number of spectral periods and probabilities of exceedance are provided in GeoTIFF format
due to the file sizes. For each spectral period and probability, two GeoTIFF files are provided: one
single-band greyscale file and another three-band file coloured similarly to those shown in the maps
from Section 2. Single band GeoTIFF files provide acceleration values (in g) for PGA, and spectral
periods at 0.2 and 1.0 second for two exceedance probabilities (2% and 10% in 50-year exceedance).
Unfortunately, when recolouring the GeoTIFF image using the GDAL/OGR API, the underlying data is
replaced by an RGB value. It therefore depends on the end user’s application to determine the
preferred file of use. If users require both a coloured image and the underlying values, both files of
interest could be loaded into GIS platforms with the colour image overlying the single-band data file.
However, the latter file could be selected to query acceleration values at a given locality. The file
names of the coloured images are appended with the text “_coloured”. All GeoTIFF files can be found
in Folder 5.1 of the associated data package. Should users require GeoTIFF files for spectral periods
or probabilities of exceedance other than those within the data package, they may contact:
hazards@ga.gov.au.

5.2 Shapefile Contours

In addition to the GeoTIFF files, seismic hazard contours, as shapefiles measured in terms of
acceleration (in g) have also been produced for all spectral periods (including PGA) for selected
exceedance probabilities (2% and 10% in 50-year exceedance). The shapefiles use the same contour
levels as those indicated in the series of static maps from Figure 2-15 (also available in Folder 2). The
single attribute field in each shapefile gives the corresponding acceleration value. Again these
shapefiles can be uploaded into any modern GIS application and use the WGS84 geodetic reference
system.

Data package, maps and grid values 27

The shapefile is a grouping of several files to represent different aspects of spatially-referenced
geodata (OpenStreetMap, 2013). These include:

• .shp: shape format; the feature geometry itself;

• .shx: shape index format; a positional index of the feature geometry to allow quick searching;

• .dbf: attribute format; columnar attributes for each shape, in dBase IV format.

The feature attributes can be examined in the GIS software, or through opening the .dbf file in
Microsoft Excel, for example. There are also several optional files in the shapefile format. The most
significant of these is the .prj file, which describes the coordinate system and projection information
used.

28 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

6 NSHA18 Data Package – Summary and
Cautions

This Geoscience Australia Record provides an overview of the data products generated through the
development of the NSHA18. Time-independent, mean seismic hazard values are calculated on
Standards Australia’s AS1170.4 Site Class Be for the horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) and
for the geometric mean of horizontal component ground motions for 5% damped response spectral
accelerations, Sa(T), for T = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 s over a 15-km national grid spacing.
The NSHA18 data package can be downloaded in concert with this Record as a compressed data
directory. As described throughout this Record, data files are located in a numbered folder structure
similar to the contents table provided at the beginning of this document and illustrated in Figure 1. The
data package contains static maps of hazard for different spectral periods and probabilities of
exceedance, .csv data files, GeoTIFF raster files and GIS shapefiles. Also provided herein are
Python codes that will enable end users calculate their own site specific hazard parameters from
gridded hazard curve files of different spectral periods.

This is the most complete data publication for any previous Australian National Seismic hazard
Assessment. It is intended ensure the NSHA18 outputs are openly available, discoverable and
accessible to enable end-users to integrate these data into their own applications.

It is important to note that distal grid points, beyond the Australian territory, are not likely to be as
accurate because the full model characterisation at these sites was not required to model contributing
earthquake ground motions for Australian localities. In these circumstances, Geoscience Australia
recommends users consult alternate regional seismic hazard assessments (Ghasemi et al., 2016;
Irsyam et al., 2017) developed specifically for these regions where it is appropriate to do so.

Note also that the locality values in the tabulated grid files are the definitive hazard values calculated
directly from the hazard model. Derivative products such as the GeoTIFF files or interpolated hazard
curves and spectra are an approximation to these values. However, the relative error with respect to
these interpolated values is typically expected to be less than 3-4% relative to site-specific
calculations.

Using the Python functions included in this package, hazard factors can be exported for any
reasonable exceedance probability. However, in practice Geoscience Australia would not recommend
extending the ground-motion return period significantly beyond the 1% in 50-year exceedance
probability (or a 1/4875 AEP). The NSHA18 uses national-scale datasets to calculate ground motion
hazard at uniform probabilities of exceedance across Australia. There is still significant uncertainty in
long-range hazard forecasts and users that require very low exceedance probabilities should consider
site specific assessments. Because the NSHA18 is a national-scale product, it is not intended to be
used as a replacement for site specific hazard studies for major infrastructure projects that may have
lower tolerance for risk.

Data package, maps and grid values 29

7 Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank the NSHA18 team members that have been integral to developing, testing
and reviewing input source and ground motion models for the NSHA18. In particular, the author
thanks Jonathan Griffin, Mark Leonard, Dan Clark, Hadi Ghasemi and Theodora Volti. Jane Sexton,
Mark Leonard and Martyn Hazelwood are thanked for their internal reviews and thoughtful comments
of this document.

The NSHA18 was calculated on the NCI using the OpenQuake-engine (Version 3.1; Pagani et al.,
2014). The Geoscience Australia NSHA18 team are particularly grateful to the Global Earthquake
Model team, in particular Marco Pagani, Michele Simionato and Graeme Weatherill (now at GFZ) for
their continued development, maintenance and support of the OpenQuake-engine. Rui Yang is also
thanked for the provision of support on the deployment and maintenance of the OpenQuake-engine on
the NCI. Python libraries Matplotlib (matplotlib.org/) and Basemap (matplotlib.org/basemap/) are used
for all figures in this report.

30 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

8 References

Allen, T., J. Griffin, M. Leonard, D. Clark, and H. Ghasemi (2018). The 2018 National Seismic Hazard
Assessment for Australia: model overview, Geoscience Australia Record 2018/27, Canberra, doi:
10.11636/Record.2018.027.
Allen, T. I. (2018). The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment for Australia: data package, maps
and grid values, Geoscience Australia Record 2018/33, Canberra, doi: 10.11636/Record.2018.033.
Burbidge, D. R., Ed. (2012). The 2012 Australian Earthquake Hazard Map, Geoscience Australia
Record 2012/71.
Ghasemi, H., C. McKee, M. Leonard, P. Cummins, M. Moihoi, S. Spiliopoulos, F. Taranu, and E. Buri
(2016). Probabilistic seismic hazard map of Papua New Guinea, Nat. Hazards 81, 1003–1025, doi:
10.1007/s11069-015-2117-8.
Griffin, J., M. Gerstenberger, T. Allen, D. Clark, P. Cummins, R. Cuthbertson, V.-A. Dimas, G. Gibson,
H. Ghasemi, R. Hoult, N. Lam, M. Leonard, T. Mote, M. Quigley, P. Somerville, C. Sinadinovski, M.
Stirling, and S. Venkatesan (2018). Expert elicitation of model parameters for the 2018 National
Seismic Hazard Assessment: Summary of workshop, methodology and outcomes, Geoscience
Australia Record 2018/28, Canberra, doi: 10.11636/Record.2018.028.
Irsyam, M., S. Widiyantoro, D. H. Natawidjaja, I. Meilano, A. Rudyanto, S. Hidayati, W. Triyoso, N. R.
Hanifa, D. Djarwadi, L. Faizal, and Sunarjito (2017). Peta Sumber dan Bahaya Gempa Indonesia
Tahun 2017, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, pp 376 (in Bahasa
Indonesia).
Lam, N. T. K., and J. L. Wilson (2008). The new response spectrum model for Australia, Special Issue:
Earthquake Engineering in the Low and Moderate Seismic Regions of Southeast Asia and
Australia, 6-24
Lee, Y., W. Graf, and Z. Hu (2018). Characterizing the epistemic uncertainty in the USGS 2014
National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project (NSHMP) Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 108, 1465-1480, doi:
10.1785/0120170338.
Leonard, M., D. Burbidge, and M. Edwards (2013). Atlas of seismic hazard maps of Australia: seismic
hazard maps, hazard curves and hazard spectra, Geoscience Australia Record 2013/41, pp 39.
OpenStreetMap. (2013). Shapefiles, Retrieved 28 August 2018, from
http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Shapefiles.
Pagani, M., D. Monelli, G. Weatherill, L. Danciu, H. Crowley, V. Silva, P. Henshaw, R. Butler, M.
Nastasi, L. Panzeri, M. Simionato, and D. Vigano (2014). OpenQuake Engine: An open hazard
(and risk) software for the Global Earthquake Model, Seism. Res. Lett. 85, 692–702, doi:
10.1785/0220130087.
Pagani, M., V. Silva, G. Weatherill, A. Rao, and M. Simionato (2016). The OpenQuake-engine user
manual Global Earthquake Model (GEM) Technical Report 2016-03, pp 189,
10.13117/GEM.OPENQUAKE.MAN.ENGINE.1.9/01.
Ritter, N., M. Ruth, and GeoTIFF Working Group (1995). GeoTIFF format specification: GeoTIFF
Revision 1.0.
Standards Australia (2007). Structural design actions, part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia,
Standards Australia AS 1170.4–2007, Sydney, NSW, pp 52.
Standards Australia (2018). Structural design actions, part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia,
Standards Australia AS 1170.4–2007 (R2018), Sydney, NSW.

Data package, maps and grid values 31

Appendix A – NSHA18 Seismic Design Values

The table below provides a comparison of the 1/500 annual exceedance probability (or 9.52%
probability of exceedance in 50-year) PGA on Site Class Be as calculated by the NSHA18, relative to
the values in the AS1170.4 and those calculated through the NSHM13 (Leonard et al., 2013)..

2007 PGA 500 2013 PGA 500 2018 PGA 475 2018 PGA 500
Place Longitude Latitude (9.52% in 50- (9.52% in 50- (10.0% in 50- (9.52% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Adelaide 138.6 -34.93 0.1 0.058 0.035 0.036

Albany 117.88 -35.02 0.08 0.039 0.019 0.019

Albury/Wodonga 146.9 -36.06 0.09 0.048 0.022 0.023

Alice Springs 133.88 -23.7 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.011

Ballarat 143.86 -37.56 0.08 0.044 0.021 0.022

Ballidu 116.76 -30.6 0.15 0.105 0.088 0.092

Bathurst 149.58 -33.41 0.08 0.064 0.024 0.025

Bendigo 144.28 -36.75 0.09 0.037 0.018 0.019

Brisbane 153.02 -27.47 0.05 0.043 0.008 0.008

Broome 122.23 -17.95 0.12 0.061 0.045 0.047

Bunbury 115.66 -33.35 – – 0.021 0.021

Bundaberg 152.35 -24.86 0.11 0.056 0.012 0.012

Burnie 145.9 -41.05 0.07 0.029 0.014 0.015

Busselton 115.35 -33.65 – – 0.017 0.017

Cairns 145.76 -16.91 0.06 0.032 0.011 0.011

Camden 150.7 -34.06 0.09 0.059 0.025 0.026

Canberra 149.13 -35.3 0.08 0.06 0.048 0.05

Carnarvon 113.66 -24.88 0.09 0.057 0.033 0.034

Coffs Harbour 153.11 -30.3 0.05 0.019 0.007 0.007

Coolgardie 121.16 -30.95 – – 0.046 0.049

Cooma 149.13 -36.23 0.08 0.055 0.037 0.039

Dampier 116.71 -20.66 0.12 0.045 0.035 0.036

Darwin 130.83 -12.45 0.09 0.037 0.031 0.032

Denham 113.53 -25.93 – – 0.028 0.029

Derby 123.63 -17.31 0.09 0.06 0.042 0.044

Dowerin 117.03 -31.2 0.2 0.074 0.073 0.076

32 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 2007 PGA 500 2013 PGA 500 2018 PGA 475 2018 PGA 500
Place Longitude Latitude (9.52% in 50- (9.52% in 50- (10.0% in 50- (9.52% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Dubbo 148.6 -32.25 0.08 0.051 0.015 0.016

Esperance 121.88 -33.86 0.09 0.044 0.017 0.017

Frankston 145.13 -38.14 – – 0.036 0.038

Gawler 138.49 -34.37 – – 0.034 0.035

Geelong 144.35 -38.15 0.1 0.059 0.032 0.033

Geraldton 114.61 -28.78 0.09 0.048 0.024 0.025

Gladstone 151.25 -23.85 0.09 0.041 0.008 0.009

Gold Coast 153.43 -28.02 0.05 0.028 0.006 0.007

Goomalling 116.83 -31.3 0.16 0.072 0.067 0.069

Gosford 151.35 -33.41 0.09 0.057 0.021 0.022

Goulburn 149.71 -34.75 0.09 0.059 0.043 0.045

Grafton 152.93 -29.68 0.05 0.021 0.006 0.007

Hawker 138.42 -31.89 – – 0.047 0.049

Heyfield 146.79 -37.98 – – 0.05 0.053

Hobart 147.33 -42.88 0.03 0.021 0.011 0.011

Jamestown 138.6 -33.21 – – 0.047 0.049

Kalgoorlie 121.46 -30.75 – 0.111 0.083 0.09

Karratha 116.85 -20.73 0.12 0.043 0.032 0.033

Katoomba 150.31 -33.71 0.09 0.061 0.025 0.026

Kellerberrin 117.71 -31.63 0.14 0.08 0.062 0.065

Kimba 136.42 -33.14 – – 0.018 0.019

Kununurra 128.74 -15.77 – – 0.028 0.029

Launceston 147.13 -41.43 0.04 0.022 0.011 0.011

Leigh Creek 138.47 -30.54 – – 0.035 0.036

Leongatha 145.92 -38.52 – – 0.069 0.072

Lismore 153.28 -28.81 0.05 0.023 0.006 0.006

Lorne 143.98 -38.53 0.1 0.063 0.032 0.034

Mackay 149.16 -21.15 0.07 0.021 0.005 0.005

Maitland 151.55 -32.73 0.1 0.055 0.023 0.024

Margaret River 115.05 -33.97 – – 0.015 0.015

Meckering 117.01 -31.63 0.2 0.152 0.064 0.067

Melbourne 144.96 -37.81 0.08 0.059 0.03 0.031

Data package, maps and grid values 33

 2007 PGA 500 2013 PGA 500 2018 PGA 475 2018 PGA 500
Place Longitude Latitude (9.52% in 50- (9.52% in 50- (10.0% in 50- (9.52% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Mittagong 150.45 -34.45 0.09 0.058 0.026 0.027

Morwell 146.4 -38.23 – 0.105 0.079 0.082

Newcastle 151.78 -32.93 0.11 0.051 0.021 0.022

Newman 119.73 -23.36 – – 0.019 0.019

Noosa 153.08 -26.4 0.08 0.048 0.009 0.009

Northam 116.66 -31.65 0.14 0.078 0.059 0.062

Orange 149.1 -33.28 0.08 0.064 0.028 0.029

Pakenham 145.49 -38.08 – – 0.04 0.042

Perth 115.86 -31.95 0.09 0.042 0.027 0.028

Peterborough 138.84 -32.97 – – 0.042 0.043

Port Augusta 137.76 -32.48 0.11 0.049 0.03 0.031

Port Hedland 118.61 -20.31 0.12 0.054 0.037 0.039

Port Lincoln 135.86 -34.73 0.1 0.051 0.017 0.017

Port Macquarie 152.91 -31.43 0.06 0.025 0.01 0.011

Port Pirie 138.01 -33.2 0.1 0.059 0.035 0.036

Quairading 117.4 -32.01 – – 0.066 0.069

Robe 139.76 -37.01 0.1 0.028 0.016 0.017

Rockhampton 150.5 -23.38 0.08 0.028 0.006 0.006

Sale 147.07 -38.11 – – 0.046 0.048

Shepparton 145.4 -36.38 0.09 0.049 0.019 0.019

Sydney 151.2 -33.86 0.08 0.056 0.021 0.022

Tamworth 150.93 -31.08 0.07 0.028 0.011 0.012

Taree 152.45 -31.91 0.08 0.029 0.012 0.012

Tennant Creek 134.18 -19.65 0.13 0.153 0.011 0.012

Toowoomba 151.95 -27.56 0.06 0.041 0.007 0.008

Townsville 146.8 -19.26 0.07 0.023 0.006 0.006

Tweed Heads 153.54 -28.18 0.05 0.026 0.006 0.006

Uluru 131.01 -25.28 0.08 0.057 0.03 0.031

Wagga Wagga 147.35 -35.13 0.09 0.048 0.024 0.025

Wangaratta 146.31 -36.36 0.09 0.055 0.021 0.022

Warragul 145.93 -38.17 – – 0.057 0.06

Whyalla 137.56 -33.03 0.09 0.045 0.022 0.023

34 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 2007 PGA 500 2013 PGA 500 2018 PGA 475 2018 PGA 500
Place Longitude Latitude (9.52% in 50- (9.52% in 50- (10.0% in 50- (9.52% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Wickepin 117.5 -32.78 0.15 0.073 0.053 0.055

Wollongong 150.9 -34.41 0.09 0.055 0.024 0.025

Wongan Hills 116.71 -30.9 0.15 0.073 0.077 0.08

Woomera 136.82 -31.22 0.08 0.029 0.011 0.011

Wyndham 128.11 -15.48 0.09 0.032 0.026 0.027

York 116.76 -31.88 0.14 0.098 0.062 0.064

Yulara 130.97 -25.21 – – 0.029 0.03

Data package, maps and grid values 35

Appendix B – NSHA18 1/2500-Year Design Values

The table below provides a comparison of the 1/2500-year annual exceedance probability (or 1.98%
probability of exceedance in 50-year) PGA on Site Class Be as calculated by the NSHA18, relative to
the values in the 1/500 AEP AS1170.4 design values multiplied by a kp factor of 1.8 and those
calculated through the NSHM13 (Leonard et al., 2013).

2007 PGA 2013 PGA 2018 PGA 2018 PGA

2500 2500 2475 2500
Place Longitude Latitude
(1.98% in 50- (1.98% in 50- (2.0% in 50- (1.98% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Adelaide 138.60 -34.93 0.18 0.156 0.126 0.127

Albany 117.88 -35.02 0.14 0.119 0.058 0.059

Albury/Wodonga 146.9 -36.06 0.16 0.126 0.064 0.065

Alice Springs 133.88 -23.70 0.14 0.097 0.035 0.035

Ballarat 143.86 -37.56 0.14 0.111 0.065 0.065

Ballidu 116.76 -30.60 0.27 0.268 0.312 0.314

Bathurst 149.58 -33.41 0.14 0.167 0.068 0.068

Bendigo 144.28 -36.75 0.16 0.095 0.057 0.057

Brisbane 153.02 -27.47 0.09 0.131 0.029 0.030

Broome 122.23 -17.95 0.22 0.193 0.142 0.143

Bunbury 115.66 -33.35 – – 0.055 0.056

Bundaberg 152.35 -24.86 0.20 0.158 0.038 0.038

Burnie 145.90 -41.05 0.13 0.080 0.044 0.044

Busselton 115.35 -33.65 – – 0.046 0.047

Cairns 145.76 -16.91 0.11 0.094 0.034 0.035

Camden 150.70 -34.06 0.16 0.162 0.077 0.078

Canberra 149.13 -35.3 0.14 0.157 0.152 0.152

Carnarvon 113.66 -24.88 0.16 0.171 0.096 0.097

Coffs Harbour 153.11 -30.30 0.09 0.063 0.023 0.023

Coolgardie 121.16 -30.95 – – 0.192 0.193

Cooma 149.13 -36.23 0.14 0.148 0.106 0.107

Dampier 116.71 -20.66 0.22 0.138 0.116 0.117

Darwin 130.83 -12.45 0.16 0.110 0.061 0.062

Denham 113.53 -25.93 – – 0.086 0.086

Derby 123.63 -17.31 0.16 0.192 0.131 0.131

36 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 2007 PGA 2013 PGA 2018 PGA 2018 PGA
2500 2500 2475 2500
Place Longitude Latitude
(1.98% in 50- (1.98% in 50- (2.0% in 50- (1.98% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Dowerin 117.03 -31.20 0.36 0.221 0.236 0.237

Dubbo 148.60 -32.25 0.14 0.146 0.050 0.050

Esperance 121.88 -33.86 0.16 0.140 0.052 0.053

Frankston 145.13 -38.14 – – 0.111 0.112

Gawler 138.49 -34.37 – – 0.113 0.114

Geelong 144.35 -38.15 0.18 0.160 0.113 0.114

Geraldton 114.61 -28.78 0.16 0.160 0.076 0.077

Gladstone 151.25 -23.85 0.16 0.111 0.027 0.027

Gold Coast 153.43 -28.02 0.09 0.082 0.022 0.022

Goomalling 116.83 -31.30 0.29 0.218 0.221 0.223

Gosford 151.35 -33.41 0.16 0.157 0.063 0.063

Goulburn 149.71 -34.75 0.16 0.153 0.127 0.128

Grafton 152.93 -29.68 0.09 0.064 0.021 0.021

Hawker 138.42 -31.89 – – 0.131 0.132

Heyfield 146.79 -37.98 – – 0.162 0.163

Hobart 147.33 -42.88 0.05 0.062 0.036 0.036

Jamestown 138.60 -33.21 – – 0.130 0.130

Kalgoorlie 121.46 -30.75 – 0.296 0.540 0.545

Karratha 116.85 -20.73 0.22 0.129 0.102 0.103

Katoomba 150.31 -33.71 0.16 0.164 0.074 0.074

Kellerberrin 117.71 -31.63 0.25 0.252 0.204 0.205

Kimba 136.42 -33.14 – – 0.062 0.062

Kununurra 128.74 -15.77 – – 0.087 0.087

Launceston 147.13 -41.43 0.07 0.063 0.034 0.034

Leigh Creek 138.47 -30.54 – – 0.104 0.104

Leongatha 145.92 -38.52 – – 0.214 0.215

Lismore 153.28 -28.81 0.09 0.068 0.020 0.020

Lorne 143.98 -38.53 0.18 0.171 0.109 0.110

Mackay 149.16 -21.15 0.13 0.066 0.019 0.019

Maitland 151.55 -32.73 0.18 0.158 0.075 0.075

Margaret River 115.05 -33.97 – – 0.044 0.045

Meckering 117.01 -31.63 0.36 0.380 0.212 0.214

Data package, maps and grid values 37

 2007 PGA 2013 PGA 2018 PGA 2018 PGA
2500 2500 2475 2500
Place Longitude Latitude
(1.98% in 50- (1.98% in 50- (2.0% in 50- (1.98% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Melbourne 144.96 -37.81 0.14 0.157 0.082 0.083

Mittagong 150.45 -34.45 0.16 0.160 0.075 0.076

Morwell 146.40 -38.23 – 0.271 0.274 0.276

Newcastle 151.78 -32.93 0.20 0.145 0.066 0.066

Newman 119.73 -23.36 – – 0.060 0.060

Noosa 153.08 -26.40 0.14 0.140 0.031 0.031

Northam 116.66 -31.65 0.25 0.225 0.203 0.205

Orange 149.1 -33.28 0.14 0.168 0.082 0.082

Pakenham 145.49 -38.08 – – 0.113 0.114

Perth 115.86 -31.95 0.16 0.118 0.071 0.072

Peterborough 138.84 -32.97 – – 0.116 0.116

Port Augusta 137.76 -32.48 0.20 0.137 0.091 0.092

Port Hedland 118.61 -20.31 0.22 0.176 0.129 0.130

Port Lincoln 135.86 -34.73 0.18 0.167 0.060 0.060

Port Macquarie 152.91 -31.43 0.11 0.080 0.041 0.041

Port Pirie 138.01 -33.20 0.18 0.163 0.106 0.107

Quairading 117.40 -32.01 – – 0.223 0.225

Robe 139.76 -37.01 0.18 0.082 0.052 0.052

Rockhampton 150.50 -23.38 0.14 0.076 0.019 0.019

Sale 147.07 -38.11 – – 0.161 0.162

Shepparton 145.40 -36.38 0.16 0.135 0.054 0.054

Sydney 151.20 -33.86 0.14 0.155 0.061 0.061

Tamworth 150.93 -31.08 0.13 0.075 0.037 0.038

Taree 152.45 -31.91 0.14 0.086 0.041 0.042

Tennant Creek 134.18 -19.65 0.23 0.362 0.061 0.061

Toowoomba 151.95 -27.56 0.11 0.119 0.025 0.025

Townsville 146.8 -19.26 0.13 0.068 0.019 0.019

Tweed Heads 153.54 -28.18 0.09 0.075 0.022 0.022

Uluru 131.01 -25.28 0.14 0.187 0.103 0.104

Wagga Wagga 147.35 -35.13 0.16 0.124 0.065 0.065

Wangaratta 146.31 -36.36 0.16 0.151 0.063 0.063

Warragul 145.93 -38.17 – – 0.190 0.192

38 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 2007 PGA 2013 PGA 2018 PGA 2018 PGA
2500 2500 2475 2500
Place Longitude Latitude
(1.98% in 50- (1.98% in 50- (2.0% in 50- (1.98% in 50-
Year) Year) Year) Year)

Whyalla 137.56 -33.03 0.16 0.129 0.061 0.061

Wickepin 117.50 -32.78 0.27 0.220 0.184 0.186

Wollongong 150.90 -34.41 0.16 0.155 0.072 0.073

Wongan Hills 116.71 -30.90 0.27 0.217 0.260 0.262

Woomera 136.82 -31.22 0.14 0.093 0.029 0.029

Wyndham 128.11 -15.48 0.16 0.100 0.078 0.079

York 116.76 -31.88 0.25 0.268 0.219 0.220

Yulara 130.97 -25.21 – – 0.099 0.100

Data package, maps and grid values 39

Appendix C – 1/475-Year PGA Hazard Fractiles

The table below provides PGA hazard values for the mean and several fractiles for a 10% probability
of exceedance in 50 years (or 1/475 AEP). The percentile that corresponds to the mean hazard value
is provided in the final column. Hazard fractiles for alternate spectral periods at the same probability of
exceedance are provided in (Allen, 2018).
th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Adelaide 138.60 138.60 0.035 0.019 0.034 0.051 52
Albany 117.88 117.88 0.019 0.010 0.016 0.026 66
Albury/Wodonga 146.90 146.90 0.022 0.012 0.020 0.030 52
Alice Springs 133.88 133.88 0.010 0.005 0.009 0.015 62
Ballarat 143.86 143.86 0.021 0.014 0.022 0.030 49
Ballidu 116.76 116.76 0.088 0.035 0.064 0.158 63
Bathurst 149.58 149.58 0.024 0.014 0.026 0.031 44
Bendigo 144.28 144.28 0.018 0.012 0.016 0.024 56
Brisbane 153.02 153.02 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.011 56
Broken Hill 141.46 141.46 0.010 0.005 0.009 0.014 59
Broome 122.23 122.23 0.045 0.029 0.043 0.061 56
Bunbury 115.66 115.66 0.020 0.012 0.018 0.028 60
Bundaberg 152.35 152.35 0.012 0.008 0.011 0.014 56
Burnie 145.90 145.90 0.014 0.011 0.014 0.017 53
Busselton 115.35 115.35 0.017 0.010 0.015 0.023 57
Cairns 145.76 145.76 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.014 58
Camden 150.70 150.70 0.025 0.016 0.026 0.032 47
Canberra 149.13 149.13 0.048 0.016 0.055 0.067 37
Carnarvon 113.66 113.66 0.033 0.028 0.033 0.039 50
Coffs Harbour 153.11 153.11 0.007 0.004 0.005 0.010 58
Coolgardie 121.16 121.16 0.046 0.012 0.022 0.091 70
Cooma 149.13 149.13 0.037 0.016 0.041 0.051 39
Dampier 116.71 116.71 0.035 0.026 0.033 0.042 61
Darwin 130.83 130.83 0.031 0.013 0.030 0.039 56
Denham 113.53 113.53 0.028 0.020 0.028 0.036 51
Derby 123.63 123.63 0.042 0.029 0.038 0.054 63
Dowerin 117.03 117.03 0.073 0.035 0.057 0.122 66
Dubbo 148.60 148.60 0.015 0.009 0.014 0.022 55
Esperance 121.88 121.88 0.017 0.010 0.015 0.022 61

40 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Exmouth 114.13 114.13 0.041 0.028 0.038 0.057 60
Frankston 145.13 145.13 0.036 0.020 0.037 0.048 47
Gawler 138.49 138.49 0.034 0.019 0.030 0.050 56
Geelong 144.35 144.35 0.032 0.019 0.033 0.043 46
Geraldton 114.61 114.61 0.024 0.015 0.026 0.032 44
Gladstone 151.25 151.25 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.010 56
Gold Coast 153.43 153.43 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.009 55
Goomalling 116.83 116.83 0.066 0.031 0.051 0.116 68
Gosford 151.35 151.35 0.021 0.015 0.021 0.027 48
Goulburn 149.71 149.71 0.043 0.016 0.044 0.061 48
Grafton 152.93 152.93 0.006 0.004 0.006 0.010 56
Hawker 138.42 138.42 0.047 0.025 0.048 0.059 42
Heyfield 146.79 146.79 0.050 0.019 0.059 0.071 34
Hobart 147.33 147.33 0.011 0.006 0.010 0.014 59
Jamestown 138.60 138.60 0.047 0.025 0.048 0.061 48
Kalgoorlie 121.46 121.46 0.083 0.012 0.023 0.157 78
Karratha 116.85 116.85 0.032 0.023 0.029 0.038 63
Katoomba 150.31 150.31 0.025 0.016 0.027 0.031 47
Kellerberrin 117.71 117.71 0.062 0.029 0.054 0.111 69
Kimba 136.42 136.42 0.018 0.011 0.016 0.025 67
Kununurra 128.74 128.74 0.028 0.018 0.026 0.038 62
Launceston 147.13 147.13 0.011 0.007 0.010 0.014 56
Leigh Creek 138.47 138.47 0.035 0.024 0.034 0.047 56
Leongatha 145.92 145.92 0.068 0.021 0.074 0.095 38
Lismore 153.28 153.28 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.009 55
Lorne 143.98 143.98 0.032 0.020 0.035 0.042 43
Mackay 149.16 149.16 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.007 58
Maitland 151.55 151.55 0.023 0.016 0.024 0.031 44
Marble 119.75 119.75 0.041 0.024 0.035 0.059 63
Margaret River 115.05 115.05 0.015 0.009 0.014 0.020 58
Meckering 117.01 117.01 0.064 0.030 0.050 0.114 67
Melbourne 144.96 144.96 0.030 0.018 0.028 0.040 56
Mittagong 150.45 150.45 0.026 0.016 0.028 0.033 46
Morwell 146.40 146.40 0.078 0.020 0.093 0.113 35
Mount Gambier 140.78 140.78 0.022 0.015 0.020 0.030 52
Newcastle 151.78 151.78 0.021 0.016 0.021 0.026 46
Newman 119.73 119.73 0.019 0.011 0.017 0.025 57

Data package, maps and grid values 41

 th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Noosa 153.08 153.08 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.012 56
Northam 116.66 116.66 0.059 0.026 0.047 0.097 70
Olympic Dam 136.88 136.88 0.011 0.008 0.011 0.015 54
Onslow 115.11 115.11 0.035 0.026 0.032 0.045 63
Orange 149.10 149.10 0.028 0.014 0.031 0.037 38
Pakenham 145.49 145.49 0.040 0.020 0.042 0.053 43
Penrith 150.70 150.70 0.023 0.016 0.023 0.029 50
Perth 115.86 115.86 0.027 0.016 0.024 0.035 64
Peterborough 138.84 138.84 0.042 0.025 0.045 0.053 39
Port Augusta 137.76 137.76 0.030 0.021 0.030 0.035 50
Port Hedland 118.61 118.61 0.037 0.021 0.034 0.050 59
Port Lincoln 135.86 135.86 0.017 0.009 0.014 0.024 62
Port Macquarie 152.91 152.91 0.010 0.005 0.009 0.019 57
Port Pirie 138.01 138.01 0.035 0.021 0.036 0.042 44
Quairading 117.40 117.40 0.066 0.030 0.054 0.118 68
Robe 139.76 139.76 0.016 0.010 0.016 0.022 50
Rockhampton 150.50 150.50 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.008 61
Sale 147.07 147.07 0.046 0.020 0.053 0.065 35
Shepparton 145.40 145.40 0.019 0.012 0.018 0.025 56
Sydney 151.20 151.20 0.021 0.014 0.021 0.027 47
Tamworth 150.93 150.93 0.011 0.008 0.011 0.014 50
Taree 152.45 152.45 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.018 55
Tennant Creek 134.18 134.18 0.011 0.004 0.007 0.016 80
Toowoomba 151.95 151.95 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.009 58
Townsville 146.80 146.80 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.008 60
Tweed Heads 153.54 153.54 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.009 55
Uluru 131.01 131.01 0.030 0.016 0.028 0.040 60
Wagga Wagga 147.35 147.35 0.024 0.013 0.023 0.034 53
Wangaratta 146.31 146.31 0.021 0.013 0.021 0.029 55
Warragul 145.93 145.93 0.057 0.020 0.062 0.081 40
Warrnambool 142.48 142.48 0.023 0.013 0.021 0.031 56
Whyalla 137.56 137.56 0.022 0.016 0.022 0.026 52
Wickepin 117.50 117.50 0.053 0.025 0.044 0.083 65
Wivenhoe 152.61 152.61 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.011 59
Wollongong 150.90 150.90 0.024 0.016 0.025 0.030 48
Wongan Hills 116.71 116.71 0.077 0.038 0.062 0.121 64
Woomera 136.82 136.82 0.011 0.007 0.010 0.014 54

42 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Wyndham 128.11 128.11 0.026 0.017 0.024 0.035 60
York 116.76 116.76 0.062 0.027 0.049 0.100 63
Yulara 130.97 130.97 0.029 0.015 0.026 0.039 60

Data package, maps and grid values 43

Appendix D – 1/2475 PGA Hazard Fractiles

The table below provides PGA hazard values for the mean and several fractiles for a 2% probability of
exceedance in 50 years (or 1/2475 AEP). The percentile that corresponds to the mean hazard value is
provided in the final column. Hazard fractiles for alternate spectral periods at the same probability of
exceedance are provided in (Allen, 2018).
th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Adelaide 138.60 138.60 0.126 0.059 0.138 0.174 44
Albany 117.88 117.88 0.058 0.032 0.045 0.073 68
Albury 146.90 146.90 0.064 0.038 0.061 0.085 53
Alice Springs 133.88 133.88 0.035 0.015 0.027 0.047 67
Ballarat 143.86 143.86 0.065 0.041 0.066 0.083 48
Ballidu 116.76 116.76 0.312 0.106 0.199 0.465 70
Bathurst 149.58 149.58 0.068 0.039 0.071 0.081 43
Bendigo 144.28 144.28 0.057 0.041 0.055 0.071 54
Brisbane 153.02 153.02 0.029 0.018 0.029 0.037 51
Broken Hill 141.46 141.46 0.049 0.034 0.048 0.065 52
Broome 122.23 122.23 0.142 0.083 0.131 0.190 60
Bunbury 115.66 115.66 0.055 0.033 0.047 0.076 61
Bundaberg 152.35 152.35 0.038 0.031 0.036 0.043 60
Burnie 145.90 145.90 0.044 0.037 0.043 0.051 53
Busselton 115.35 115.35 0.046 0.030 0.042 0.060 61
Cairns 145.76 145.76 0.034 0.027 0.033 0.040 56
Camden 150.70 150.70 0.077 0.047 0.073 0.104 61
Canberra 149.13 149.13 0.152 0.046 0.157 0.210 43
Carnarvon 113.66 113.66 0.096 0.080 0.093 0.115 57
Coffs Harbour 153.11 153.11 0.023 0.011 0.018 0.032 58
Coolgardie 121.16 121.16 0.192 0.039 0.070 0.311 75
Cooma 149.13 149.13 0.106 0.046 0.108 0.138 46
Dampier 116.71 116.71 0.116 0.081 0.098 0.142 69
Darwin 130.83 130.83 0.061 0.038 0.055 0.079 64
Denham 113.53 113.53 0.086 0.060 0.085 0.103 52
Derby 123.63 123.63 0.131 0.083 0.113 0.159 64
Dowerin 117.03 117.03 0.236 0.100 0.176 0.387 71
Dubbo 148.60 148.60 0.050 0.034 0.045 0.065 60
Esperance 121.88 121.88 0.052 0.030 0.045 0.070 65

44 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Exmouth 114.13 114.13 0.137 0.085 0.126 0.175 58
Frankston 145.13 145.13 0.111 0.063 0.114 0.146 48
Gawler 138.49 138.49 0.113 0.059 0.110 0.154 52
Geelong 144.35 144.35 0.113 0.057 0.121 0.168 40
Geraldton 114.61 114.61 0.076 0.045 0.083 0.097 45
Gladstone 151.25 151.25 0.027 0.020 0.025 0.032 68
Gold Coast 153.43 153.43 0.022 0.012 0.019 0.030 59
Goomalling 116.83 116.83 0.221 0.091 0.172 0.366 66
Gosford 151.35 151.35 0.063 0.042 0.063 0.082 49
Goulburn 149.71 149.71 0.127 0.046 0.119 0.168 54
Grafton 152.93 152.93 0.021 0.011 0.017 0.030 60
Hawker 138.42 138.42 0.131 0.076 0.128 0.160 54
Heyfield 146.79 146.79 0.162 0.062 0.170 0.232 45
Hobart 147.33 147.33 0.036 0.021 0.035 0.046 56
Jamestown 138.60 138.60 0.130 0.076 0.122 0.166 59
Kalgoorlie 121.46 121.46 0.540 0.040 0.070 0.468 87
Karratha 116.85 116.85 0.102 0.067 0.086 0.126 69
Katoomba 150.31 150.31 0.074 0.046 0.074 0.091 54
Kellerberrin 117.71 117.71 0.204 0.090 0.168 0.338 68
Kimba 136.42 136.42 0.062 0.034 0.049 0.087 67
Kununurra 128.74 128.74 0.087 0.045 0.071 0.128 68
Launceston 147.13 147.13 0.034 0.024 0.033 0.041 59
Leigh Creek 138.47 138.47 0.104 0.073 0.100 0.138 58
Leongatha 145.92 145.92 0.214 0.067 0.210 0.302 52
Lismore 153.28 153.28 0.020 0.009 0.016 0.028 60
Lorne 143.98 143.98 0.109 0.058 0.114 0.146 43
Mackay 149.16 149.16 0.019 0.010 0.017 0.030 70
Maitland 151.55 151.55 0.075 0.047 0.072 0.098 53
Marble 119.75 119.75 0.143 0.076 0.110 0.206 67
Margaret River 115.05 115.05 0.044 0.027 0.038 0.061 68
Meckering 117.01 117.01 0.212 0.083 0.163 0.348 74
Melbourne 144.96 144.96 0.082 0.056 0.077 0.100 61
Mittagong 150.45 150.45 0.075 0.047 0.076 0.095 47
Morwell 146.40 146.40 0.274 0.066 0.277 0.499 50
Mount Gambier 140.78 140.78 0.072 0.050 0.066 0.092 55
Newcastle 151.78 151.78 0.066 0.048 0.065 0.083 55
Newman 119.73 119.73 0.060 0.034 0.049 0.083 65

Data package, maps and grid values 45

 th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Noosa 153.08 153.08 0.031 0.021 0.031 0.039 48
Northam 116.66 116.66 0.203 0.073 0.148 0.313 72
Olympic Dam 136.88 136.88 0.032 0.021 0.029 0.046 62
Onslow 115.11 115.11 0.119 0.082 0.105 0.146 64
Orange 149.10 149.10 0.081 0.042 0.086 0.099 36
Pakenham 145.49 145.49 0.113 0.063 0.110 0.149 54
Penrith 150.70 150.70 0.069 0.047 0.069 0.085 49
Perth 115.86 115.86 0.071 0.046 0.060 0.092 67
Peterborough 138.84 138.84 0.116 0.076 0.118 0.147 43
Port Augusta 137.76 137.76 0.091 0.060 0.086 0.112 64
Port Hedland 118.61 118.61 0.129 0.062 0.104 0.189 67
Port Lincoln 135.86 135.86 0.060 0.028 0.045 0.087 67
Port Macquarie 152.91 152.91 0.041 0.021 0.030 0.065 62
Port Pirie 138.01 138.01 0.106 0.068 0.104 0.136 54
Quairading 117.40 117.40 0.223 0.099 0.174 0.367 69
Robe 139.76 139.76 0.052 0.036 0.051 0.066 50
Rockhampton 150.50 150.50 0.019 0.013 0.018 0.025 62
Sale 147.07 147.07 0.161 0.060 0.176 0.246 40
Shepparton 145.40 145.40 0.054 0.035 0.054 0.067 46
Sydney 151.20 151.20 0.061 0.044 0.062 0.075 42
Tamworth 150.93 150.93 0.037 0.029 0.035 0.048 58
Taree 152.45 152.45 0.041 0.026 0.036 0.058 62
Tennant Creek 134.18 134.18 0.061 0.018 0.030 0.054 85
Toowoomba 151.95 151.95 0.025 0.019 0.024 0.030 57
Townsville 146.80 146.80 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.028 74
Tweed Heads 153.54 153.54 0.022 0.010 0.018 0.030 60
Uluru 131.01 131.01 0.103 0.047 0.082 0.145 64
Wagga Wagga 147.35 147.35 0.065 0.036 0.061 0.084 55
Wangaratta 146.31 146.31 0.063 0.041 0.060 0.080 52
Warragul 145.93 145.93 0.190 0.063 0.195 0.289 44
Warrnambool 142.48 142.48 0.071 0.045 0.065 0.093 53
Whyalla 137.56 137.56 0.061 0.042 0.055 0.074 64
Wickepin 117.50 117.50 0.184 0.073 0.129 0.301 66
Wivenhoe 152.61 152.61 0.032 0.024 0.031 0.038 53
Wollongong 150.90 150.90 0.072 0.047 0.072 0.089 50
Wongan Hills 116.71 116.71 0.260 0.115 0.204 0.386 63
Woomera 136.82 136.82 0.029 0.018 0.026 0.039 60

46 The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment

 th th th
16 50 84 PERCEN-
PLACE LON LAT MEAN PGA PERCEN- PERCEN- PERCEN- TILE AT
TILE TILE TILE MEAN
Wyndham 128.11 128.11 0.078 0.041 0.062 0.117 67
York 116.76 116.76 0.219 0.085 0.164 0.364 71
Yulara 130.97 130.97 0.099 0.046 0.081 0.143 66

Data package, maps and grid values 47