UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS

university
of south africa

MAT3701 January/February 2021

LINEAR ALGEBRA III

Duration : 2 Hours 100 Marks

EXAMINERS :
FIRST : PROF JD BOTHA
EXTERNAL : PROF LM PRETORIUS

This is an open book examination. The examination question paper remains the property of the University of
South Africa.

This examination question paper consists of 3 pages.

The exam is IRIS invigilated. This requires that IRIS be activated at the start of the exam and kept on for the full duration
of the exam. The originality of submissions will also be verified with Turnitin.

Answer all the questions and show all calculations. Since this is an open book examination, if the solution to a simi-
lar question is given, no marks will be awarded.

Please stop writing at the end of the official exam period.You then have one hour in which to scan your answer sheets
(please number the pages clearly and write your student number and module code on the front page) and submit it
as a pdf file under the name studentnumber MAT3701 on this, the myExams platform. No submissions will be
accepted after the additional one hour uploading period.

TO UPLOAD YOUR ANSWER FILE

1. When you have finished writing and created a pdf answer file, go to Submission on the Exam site and under At-
tachments, click the Choose file button next to Select a file from computer. Then browse your computer for your
answer file and select it for uploading. Remember to submit your answer file as a pdf file under the name studentnum-
ber MAT3701.
2. Once you have attached your answer file, the name of the file as well as the file size and upload time stamp will be
displayed under Attachments.
3. Tick the “Honour Pledge” button if you agree.
4. Click the “Submit” button.
5. After you have finished uploading your answer file, click on the “Submit” button on the IRIS pop-up screen. IRIS will
then upload your session recording files. Remember not to close the window until IRIS is finished.

Open Rubric
 2 MAT3701
January/February 2021

QUESTION 1

Let T : V → V be a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space V over C such that T 2 = I.

(1.1) Show that R(T + I) ⊆ N (T − I) and R(T − I) ⊆ N (T + I). (5)

(1.2) Show that V = R(T + I) + R(T − I). (6)

(1.3) Show that V = R(T + I) ⊕ R(T − I). (5)

[16]

QUESTION 2

Consider the vector space V = C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let T : V → V be the
linear operator defined by
T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 − iz2 , z2 − z 2 ) .
Use the Diagonalisability Test to explain whether or not T is diagonalisable. (Note that V is a vector space of
dimension 4 over R.)
[15]

QUESTION 3

Let fa , fb , fc ∈ P2 (R) denote the Lagrange polynomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c respectively.
Let T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) denote the projection on V = span{fa + fb , fb + fc } along W = span{fa + fc }.

(3.1) Find the matrix representation of T with respect to β = {fa , fb , fc }. (16)

(3.2) Find a formula for T (g) expressed as a linear combination of β where g ∈ P2 (R). (8)
[24]

QUESTION 4

Let V be an inner product space over R with orthonormal basis β = {v1 , v2 , v3 }, and let W = span{v1 + v2 , v2 + v3 }.

(4.1) Show that (5)

ha1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3 , b1 v1 + b2 v2 + b3 v3 i = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 for all a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , b3 ∈ R.

(4.2) Find a basis for W ⊥ expressed in terms of β. (7)

(4.3) Find the vector in W closest to 3v2 . (7)

[19]

[TURN OVER]
 3 MAT3701
January/February 2021

QUESTION 5

Consider the inner product space P2 (R) over R with h·, ·i defined by

hg, hi = g (−1) h (−1) + g(0)h (0) + g (1) h (1).

Let T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) be the linear operator defined by T (f (x)) = f (x) − f (−x).

(5.1) Show that T is self-adjoint. (4)

(5.2) Given that λ = 0 and λ = 2 are the eigenvalues of T , find a basis for each associated eigenspace. (6)
[10]

QUESTION 6

Let  
0 −1 0
A= 1 0 0 .
0 0 −1 + i
Given that the eigenvalues of A are i, −i, and −1 + i, find the spectral decomposition of A. Write each orthogonal
projection matrix as a single matrix.
[16]

TOTAL MARKS: [100]

c
UNISA 2020
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

Tutorial letter 000/0/2021

LINEAR ALGEBRA III

MAT3701

Year module

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Exam Paper and Memo

MAT3701 January/February 2021

BARCODE

university
Open Rubric
Define tomorrow. of south africa
Question 1: 16 Marks

Let T : V → V be a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space V over C such that T 2 = I.

(1.1) Show that R(T + I) ⊆ N (T − I) and R(T − I) ⊆ N (T + I). (5)

(1.2) Show that V = R(T + I) + R(T − I). (6)

(1.3) Show that V = R(T + I) ⊕ R(T − I). (5)

Solution

(1.1)
T 2 = I ⇒ (T − I)(T + I) = 0 ⇒ R(T + I) ⊆ N (T − I)
and
T 2 = I ⇒ (T + I)(T − I) = 0 ⇒ R(T − I) ⊆ N (T + I)
(5)

(1.2) For each v ∈ V

1 1
v = (T + I)(v) − (T − I)(v), hence V ⊆ R(T + I) + R(T − I).
2 2
Thus V = R(T + I) + R(T − I) since clearly R(T + I) + R(T − I) ⊆ V. (6)

(1.3) R(T + I) ∩ R(T − I) ⊆ N (T − I) ∩ N (T + I) from (1.1). Since N (T − I) and N (T + I) are

eigenspaces of T corresponding to distinct eigenvalues 1 and −1 respectively it follows that
N (T − I) ∩ N (T + I) = {0}. Hence R(T + I) ∩ R(T − I) = {0} and together with (1.2) it follows
that V = R(T + I) ⊕ R(T − I). (5)[16]

Question 2: 15 Marks

Consider the vector space V = C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let
T : V → V be the linear operator defined by

T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 − iz2 , z2 − z 2 ) .

Use the Diagonalisability Test to explain whether or not T is diagonalisable. (Note that V is a vector
space of dimension 4 over R.)

Solution

Calculate [T ]β with respect to the basis β = {(1, 0), (i, 0), (0, 1), (0, i)} for V .

T (1, 0) = (1, 0) = 1 · (1, 0) + 0 · (i, 0) + 0 · (0, 1) + 0 · (0, i)

T (i, 0) = (i, 0) = 0 · (1, 0) + 1 · (i, 0) + 0 · (0, 1) + 0 · (0, i)
T (0, 1) = (−i, 0) = 0 · (1, 0) − 1 · (i, 0) + 0 · (0, 1) + 0 · (0, i)
T (0, i) = (1, 2i) = 1 · (1, 0) + 0 · (i, 0) + 0 · (0, 1) + 2 · (0, i)

2
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

thus  
1 0 0 1
0 1 −1 0
[T ]β = 
0
.
0 0 0
0 0 0 2
The characteristic polynomial of T splits with eigenvalues 1 (twice), 0 and 2. For the repeated
eigenvalue 1 it follows that

n − rank([T ]β − I) = 4 − 2 = 2 = multiplicity of 1,

hence T is diagonalisable. [15]

Question 3: 24 Marks

Let fa , fb , fc ∈ P2 (R) denote the Lagrange polynomials associated with the distinct real numbers
a, b, c respectively. Let T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) denote the projection on V = span{fa + fb , fb + fc } along
W = span{fa + fc }.

(3.1) Find the matrix representation of T with respect to β = {fa , fb , fc }. (16)

(3.2) Find a formula for T (g) expressed as a linear combination of β where g ∈ P2 (R). (8)

Solution

(3.1) Since
1
fa = ((fa + fb ) − (fb + fc ) + (fa + fc ))
2
1
fb = ((fa + fb ) + (fb + fc ) − (fa + fc ))
2
1
fc = (−(fa + fb ) + (fb + fc ) + (fa + fc ))
2
it follows that
1 1
T (fa ) = ((fa + fb ) − (fb + fc )) = (fa − fc )
2 2
1 1
T (fb ) = ((fa + fb ) + (fb + fc )) = (fa + 2fb + fc )
2 2
1 1
T (fc ) = (−(fa + fb ) + (fb + fc )) = (−fa + fc ).
2 2
Therefore  
1 1 −1
1
[T ]β =  0 2 0 .
2
−1 1 1
(16)

3
(3.2) Since  
g(a)
g = g(a)fa + g(b)fb + g(c)fc it follows that [g]β =  g(b) 
g(c)
hence     
1 1 −1 g(a) g(a) + g(b) − g(c)
1 1
[T (g)]β = [T ]β [g]β =  0 2 0   g(b)  =  2g(b) 
2 2
−1 1 1 g(c) −g(a) + g(b) + g(c)
and therefore
1 1
T (g) = (g(a) + g(b) − g(c))fa + g(b)fb + (−g(a) + g(b) + g(c))fc .
2 2
(8)[24]

Question 4: 19 Marks

Let V be an inner product space over R with orthonormal basis β = {v1 , v2 , v3 }, and let W =
span{v1 + v2 , v2 + v3 }.

(4.1) Show that (5)

ha1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3 , b1 v1 + b2 v2 + b3 v3 i = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 for all a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , b3 ∈ R.

(4.2) Find a basis for W ⊥ expressed in terms of β. (7)

(4.3) Find the vector in W closest to 3v2 . (7)

Solution

(4.1)

X3 3
X
ha1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3 , b1 v1 + b2 v2 + b3 v3 i = h ai v i , bj v j i
i=1 j=1
3 X
X 3
= ai bj hvi , vj i
i=1 j=1
3
X
= ai bi hvi , vi i since hvi , vj i = 0 for i 6= j
i=1
= a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 since hvi , vi i = 1.

(5)

4
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

(4.2)
v = a1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3 ∈ W ⊥
⇔ ha1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3 , v1 + v2 i = 0 and ha1 v1 + a2 v2 + a3 v3 , v2 + v3 i = 0
⇔ a1 + a2 = 0 and a2 + a3 = 0
⇔ v = −a2 v1 + a2 v2 − a2 v3 = −a2 (v1 − v2 + v3 )
⇔ v ∈ span{v1 − v2 + v3 }
thus {v1 − v2 + v3 } is a basis for W ⊥ . (7)
(4.3)
3v2 = (v1 + v2 ) + (v2 + v3 ) − (v1 − v2 + v3 )
thus (v1 + v2 ) + (v2 + v3 ) = v1 + 2v2 + v3 is the vector in W closest to 3v2 . (7)[19]

Question 5: 10 Marks

Consider the inner product space P2 (R) over R with h·, ·i defined by
hg, hi = g (−1) h (−1) + g(0)h (0) + g (1) h (1).
Let T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) be the linear operator defined by T (f (x)) = f (x) − f (−x).

(5.1) Show that T is self-adjoint. (4)

(5.2) Given that λ = 0 and λ = 2 are the eigenvalues of T , find a basis for each associated (6)
eigenspace.
Solution
(5.1) For all f, g ∈ P2 (R)
hT (f (x)), g(x)i = hf (x) − f (−x), g(x)i




= f (−1) − f (1) g(−1) + f (0) − f (0) g(0) + f (1) − f (−1) g(1)



= f (−1) − f (1) g(−1) + f (1) − f (−1) g(1)
and
hf (x), T (g(x))i = hf (x), g(x) − g(−x)i




= f (−1) g(−1) − g(1) + f (0) g(0) − g(0) + f (1) g(1) − g(−1)



= f (−1) − f (1) g(−1) + f (1) − f (−1) g(1).
Thus hT (f (x)), g(x)i = hf (x), T (g(x))i for all f, g ∈ P2 (C) and hence T is self-adjoint. (4)
(5.2)
f ∈ E2 (T ) ⇔ T (f ) = 2f ⇔ f (x) − f (−x) = 2f (x) ⇔ −f (−x) = f (x) ⇔ f is odd ⇔ f = cx
for some c ∈ R and therefore a basis for E2 (T ) is {x}.
Similarly
f ∈ E0 (T ) ⇔ T (f ) = 0 ⇔ f (x) − f (−x) = 0 ⇔ f (−x) = f (x) ⇔ f is even ⇔ f = a + bx2
for some a, b ∈ R and therefore a basis for E0 (T ) is {1, x2 }. (6)[10]

5
Question 6: 16 Marks

Let  
0 −1 0
A= 1 0 0 .
0 0 −1 + i
Given that the eigenvalues of A are i, −i, and −1 + i, find the spectral decomposition of A. Write
each orthogonal projection matrix as a single matrix.

Solution

To calculate the corresponding eigenspaces, we solve the following homogeneous systems:

      
−i −1 0 −i −1 0  1 
1
Ei (A) : 1 −i 0 → 0
   0 0 iR2 + R1 , thus Ei (A) = span √2 −i
 
0 0 −1 0 0 −1 0
 
      
i −1 0 i −1 0  1 
1  
E−i (A) : 1 i
 0  → 0 0
 0  −iR2 + R1 , thus E−i (A) = span √ i
 2
0 0 −1 + 2i 0 0 −1 + 2i 0

     
1 − i −1 0 1−i −1 0  0 
E−1+i (A) :  1 1−i 0 →
  0 −1 + 2i 0 −(1 − i)R2 + R1 , thus E−1+i (A) = span 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1
 

The spectral decomposition of A is

A = iPi + (−i)P−i + (−1 + i)P−1+i

where
   
1  1 i 0
Pi = 21 −i 1 i 0 = 21 −i 1

0
0 0 0 0
   
1  1 −i 0
P−i = 12  i  1 −i 0 = 12  i 1

0
0 0 0 0
   
0   0 0 0
P−1+i = 0 0 0 1 = 0 0 0 .
1 0 0 1

[16]

TOTAL[100]

6
 UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS

university
of south africa

MAT3701 June/July 2021

LINEAR ALGEBRA III

Duration : 2 Hours 100 Marks

EXAMINERS :
FIRST : PROF JD BOTHA
EXTERNAL : PROF LM PRETORIUS

This is an open book examination. The examination question paper remains the property of the University of
South Africa.

This examination question paper consists of 3 pages.

The exam is IRIS invigilated which requires that IRIS be activated at the start of the exam and kept on for the full duration
of the exam. The originality of submissions will also be verified with Turnitin.

Answer all the questions and show all calculations. Since this is an open book examination, if the solution to a simi-
lar question is given, no marks will be awarded.

Please stop writing at the end of the official exam period. You then have one hour in which to scan your answer
sheets (please number the pages clearly and write your student number and module code on the front page) and submit
it as a pdf file under the name studentnumber MAT3701 on this, the myExams platform. No submissions will be
accepted after the additional one hour uploading period.

TO UPLOAD YOUR ANSWER FILE

1. When you have finished writing and created a pdf answer file, go to Submission on the Exam site and under At-
tachments, click the Choose file button next to Select a file from computer. Then browse your computer for your
answer file and select it for uploading. Remember to submit your answer file as a pdf file under the name studentnum-
ber MAT3701.
2. Once you have attached your answer file, the name of the file as well as the file size and upload time stamp will be
displayed under Attachments.
3. Tick the “Honour Pledge” button if you agree.
4. Click the “Submit” button.
5. After you have finished uploading your answer file, click on the “Submit” button on the IRIS pop-up screen. IRIS will
then upload your session recording files. Remember not to close the window until IRIS is finished.

Open Rubric
 2 MAT3701
June/July 2021

QUESTION 1
 
0 −1
Let A = and consider the following subspaces of M2×2 (C) defined by
1 0

W1 = {X ∈ M2×2 (C) : AX = iX} and W2 = {X ∈ M2×2 (C) : X = AXA} .

(1.1) Find a basis for W1 . (7)

(1.2) Find a basis for W1 ∩ W2 . (7)

(1.3) Explain whether M2×2 (C) = W1 ⊕ W2 . (1)

[15]

QUESTION 2

Consider the vector space V = C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let T : V → V be the
linear operator defined by     
z1 1 −i z1
T = .
z2 i 1 z2

(2.1) Find a basis for R(T ). (7)

(2.2) Show that R (T ) lies in an eigenspace of T . (6)

(2.3) Explain whether V = R(T ) ⊕ N (T ). (7)

[20]

QUESTION 3
     
 1 0   1 
Let T : C 3 → C 3 denote the projection on V = span 1 , 1 along W = span 1 . Find the matrix
0 1 1
   
representation of T with respect to the canonical basis for C 3 .
[15]

QUESTION 4
     
−1 0 1
For the set of data , , find the parabola p(t) = at2 + bt + c that provides the best least-squares
4 −1 0
fit.
[15]

[TURN OVER]
 3 MAT3701
June/July 2021

QUESTION 5

Consider the conic section defined by

x2 − 4xy + y 2 = 1. . . . (∗)
Eliminate the xy-term in (∗) by a rotation of the axes, i.e. find a rotation matrix P ∈ M2×2 (R)
such that (∗), expressed in terms of x0 , y 0 defined by
   0 
x x
=P
y y0

contains no cross term. State the (counterclockwise) angle of rotation.

[15]

QUESTION 6

Let  
1 i 0
A =  i 1 i .
0 i 1
√ √
It is given that the eigenvalues of A are 1, 1 + 2i, and 1 − 2i. Find the spectral decomposition of A. Write each
orthogonal projection matrix as a single matrix.
[20]

TOTAL MARKS: [100]

c
UNISA 2021
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

Tutorial letter 000/0/2021

LINEAR ALGEBRA III

MAT3701

Year module

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Exam Paper and Memo

MAT3701 June/July 2021

BARCODE

university
Open Rubric
Define tomorrow. of south africa
Question 1
 
0 −1
Let A = and consider the following subspaces of M2×2 (C) defined by
1 0

W1 = {X ∈ M2×2 (C) : AX = iX} and W2 = {X ∈ M2×2 (C) : X = AXA} .

(1.1) Find a basis for W1 . (7)

(1.2) Find a basis for W1 ∩ W2 . (7)

(1.3) Explain whether M2×2 (C) = W1 ⊕ W2 . (1)[15]

Solution
 
a b
(1.1) Let X = ∈ M2×2 (C) . Then
c d

X ∈ W1 ⇔ AX = iX
   
−c −d ia ib
⇔ =
a b ic id
⇔ a = ic and b = id
     
ic id i 0 0 i
⇔X= =c +d .
c d 1 0 0 1
   
i 0 0 i
A basis for W1 is therefore , . (7)
1 0 0 1

(1.2)

X ∈ W1 ∩ W2 ⇔ X ∈ W1 and X = AXA
     
ic id ic id −d c
⇔X= from (1.1) and =
c d c d id −ic
   
ic c i 1
⇔X= =c .
c −ic 1 −i
 
i 1
A basis for W1 ∩ W2 is therefore . (7)
1 −i

(1.3) No, since W1 ∩ W2 6= {0} . (1)[15]

Question 2

Consider the vector space V = C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let
T : V → V be the linear operator defined by
    
z1 1 −i z1
T = .
z2 i 1 z2

2
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

(2.1) Find a basis for R(T ). (7)

(2.2) Show that R (T ) lies in an eigenspace of T . (6)

(2.3) Explain whether V = R(T ) ⊕ N (T ). (7)[20]

Solution

(2.1) Since        
1 i 0 0
, , ,
0 0 1 i
is a basis for V it follows that
        
1 i 0 0
R(T ) = span T ,T ,T ,T
0 0 1 i
       
1 i −i 1
= span , , , .
i −1 1 i

Hence a basis for R(T ) is    

1 i
, .
i −1
(7)

(2.2) Since            
1 2 1 i 2i i
T = =2 and T = =2
i 2i i −1 −2 −1
it follows that R(T ) ⊆ E2 (T ). (6)

(2.3) Since N (T ) = E0 (T ) it follows from (2.2) that R(T ) ∩ N (T ) ⊆ E2 (T ) ∩ E0 (T ) = {0}. Therefore

dim(R(T ) + N (T )) = dim(R(T )) + dim(N (T )) − dim(R(T ) ∩ N (T ))

= dim(R(T )) + dim(N (T ))
= dim(V )

hence we also have V = R(T ) + N (T ) and thus V = R(T ) ⊕ N (T ). (7)[20]

Question 3
      
 1 0   1 
3 3
Let T : C → C denote the projection on V = span 1 , 1
   along W = span 1 . Find
0 1 1
   
the matrix representation of T with respect to the canonical basis for C 3 . [15]

Solution

3
It follows that
                   
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 = − 1 + 1 , 0 = − 1 + 1 , and 1 = 1 + 1 − 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

hence
               
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 −1
T 0 = −1, T 1 = 1 + 1 = 2, and T 0 = −1.
0 −1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Therefore  
0 1 −1
[T ]B = −1 2 −1
−1 1 0
where B denotes the canonical basis for C 3 . [15]

Question 4
     
−1 0 1
For the set of data , , find the parabola p(t) = at2 + bt + c that provides the best
4 −1 0
least-squares fit. [15]

Solution

We require the best approximate solution to

     
1 −1 1 a 4
Ax = y where A = 0  0 1 , x = b ,
  and y =  −1 .
1 1 1 c 0

Hence we must solve the system (A∗ A) x = A∗ y. Since

         
1 0 1 1 −1 1 2 0 2 1 0 1 4 4
A∗ A =  −1 0 1   0 0 1  =  0 2 0  and A∗ y =  −1 0 1   −1  =  −4 
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 3 1 1 1 0 3

the system, in matrix form, reduces to

    1    
2 0 2 : 4 1 0 1 : 2 2
R 1 a 3
 0 2 0 : −4  →  0 1 0 : −2  1 R2 , therefore  b  =  −2 .
2
2 0 3 : 3 0 0 1 : −1 R3 − R1 c −1

Thus p(t) = 3t2 − 2t − 1 provides the best least-squares fit. [15]

Alternative Solution: Since only three data points are given it is always possible to get an exact fit.
The required parabola can therefore be obtained by direct solution or using Lagrange polynomials
which is also treated in this module.

4
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

Question 5

Consider the conic section defined by

x2 − 4xy + y 2 = 1. (∗)

Eliminate the xy-term in (∗) by a rotation of the axes, i.e. find a rotation matrix P ∈ M2×2 (R)
such that (∗), expressed in terms of x0 , y 0 defined by
   0 
x x
=P
y y0

contains no cross term. State the (counterclockwise) angle of rotation. [15]

Solution

The quadratic form (∗) can be expressed as

   
t 1 −2 x
X AX = 1 where A = and X = .
−2 1 y

The characteristic polynomial of A is given by

 
 1−t −2 
det (A − tI2 ) =  
−2 1 − t 
= (1 − t)2 − 4
= (1 − t − 2) (1 − t + 2)
= (t + 1) (t − 3)

which yields the eigenvalues t = −1 and t = 3. To find E−1 we solve the homogeneous system with
coefficient matrix
1
   
2 −2 1 −1 R
2 1
→
−2 2 0 0 R2 + R1 .
Thus     
1 1 1
E−1 = span with orthonormal basis √ .
1 2 1
To find E3 we solve the homogeneous system with coefficient matrix
    1
−2 −2 1 1 − 2 R1
→
−2 −2 0 0 R2 − R1 .

Thus     
−1 1 −1
E3 = span with orthonormal basis √ .
1 2 1
It follows that " #
√1 − √12 cos( π4 ) − sin( π4 )
 
2
P = 1 =
√
2
√1
2
sin( π4 ) cos( π4 )
is the required rotation matrix with rotation through 45o . [15]

5
Question 6

Let  
1 i 0
A =  i 1 i .
0 i 1
√ √
It is given that the eigenvalues of A are 1, 1 + 2i, and 1 − 2i. Find the spectral decomposition of
A. Write each orthogonal projection matrix as a single matrix. [20]

Solution

To calculate the eigenspaces of A, we solve the following homogeneous systems:

      
0 i 0 0 i 0  1 
E1 (A) :  i 0 i  →  i 0 i  R3 − R1 , thus E1 (A) = span √12  0 
0 i 0 0 0 0 −1
 
 √   √ 
− 2i √i 0 − 2i i √ 0 √
E1+√2i (A) :  i − 2i i
√
→ 0 −i √2i  2R2 + R1
0 i − 2i 0 i − 2i
  
 √1 
thus E1+ 2i (A) = span 21  2
√

1
 
√  √ 
2i √i 0 2i i √0 √
E1−√2i (A) :  i 2i √i  →  0 i √2i 2R2 − R1
0 i 2i 0 i 2i
  
 1
√ 
√ 1
thus E1− 2i (A) = span 2 − 2 .
1
 

The spectral decomposition of A is

√ √
A = 1P1 + (1 + 2i)P1+√2i + (1 − 2i)P1−√2i
where
   
1  1 0 −1
P1 = 12  0  1 0 −1 = 12  0 0 0 


−1 −1 0 1
   √ 
1
√  √ 1
√ 2 √ 1
P1+√2i = 14  2 1 2 1 = 14  2 √2

2
1 1 2 1
   √ 
1
√  √ 1
√ − 2 1
√
P1−√2i = 14 − 2 1 − 2 1 = 14 − 2

2
√ − 2 .
1 1 − 2 1
[20]

TOTAL[100]

6
 UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS

university
of south africa

MAT3701 September - November 2021

LINEAR ALGEBRA III

Duration : 2 Hours 100 Marks

EXAMINERS :
FIRST : PROF JD BOTHA
EXTERNAL : PROF LM PRETORIUS

This is a closed book examination. The question paper remains the property of the University of South Africa.

This examination question paper consists of 3 pages.

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Open Rubric
 2 MAT3701
September - November 2021

QUESTION 1

Let fa , fb , fc ∈ P2 (R) denote the Lagrange polynomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c respectively.
Let V = span{fa , fa + fb } and W = span{fa + fb + fc }, let T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) be the projection on V along W ,
and let g ∈ P2 (R).

(1.1) Show that B = {fa , fa + fb , fa + fb + fc } is linearly independent. (5)

(1.2) Show that P2 (R) = V ⊕ W . (2)

(1.3) Find a formula for T (g) expressed as a linear combination of {fa , fb , fc }. (8)
[15]

QUESTION 2

Let      
1 0 0 0 x1 0
0 0 1 1 x2  1
A=  , x =   and w =   .
0 1 0 −1 x3  0
1 0 1 1 x4 0
Let T : R4 → R4 be the linear operator defined by T (x) = Ax and let W be the T –cyclic subspace of R4 generated
by w.

(2.1) Find the T –cyclic basis β for W generated by w. (8)

(2.2) Find the characteristic polynomial of TW. (1)

(2.3) Given that 0 is an eigenvalue of TW , find a corresponding eigenvector expressed as a linear combination (4)
of the T –cyclic basis β calculated in (2.1).

(2.4) Find [TW ]β where β is the T –cyclic basis calculated in (2.1). (7)
[20]

QUESTION 3

Consider the vector space V = C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let T : V → V be the
linear operator defined by
T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 + z1 , z1 + iz2 ).
Use the Diagonalisability Test to explain whether or not T is diagonalisable over R. (Note that V is a vector space
of dimension 4 over R.)
[20]

QUESTION 4

Let C 3 be the standard inner product space over C and let T : C 3 → C 3 be the linear operator defined by
T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (z2 + iz3 , −z1 + iz2 , −iz1 + iz3 ).

(4.1) Calculate [T ∗ ]β where β is the standard basis for C 3 and use it to find a formula for (7)
T ∗ (z1 , z2 , z3 ) expressed as a single vector in terms of z1 , z2 , z3 .

(4.2) Use your formula in (4.1) to show directly that T ∗ satisfies the equation (8)
∗
hT (z1 , z2 , z3 ), (x1 , x2 , x3 )i = h(z1 , z2 , z3 ), T (x1 , x2 , x3 )i.
[15]

[TURN OVER]
 3 MAT3701
September - November 2021

QUESTION 5

Let f : R2 → R2 be the rigid motion defined by

1
f (a, b) = √ (1 − a + b, −1 + a + b).
2
Find a translation g and an orthogonal operator T on R2 such that f = g ◦ T . If T is a rotation, find the angle θ
through which it rotates. If T is a reflection about a line L through the origin, find the angle α that L makes with
the positive x-axis.
[15]

QUESTION 6

It is given that A ∈ M3×3 (C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 1 and −1 and corresponding eigenspaces
 
1
E1 = span (1, 2i, 2i)
3

and  
1 1
E−1 = span (2, i, −2i) , (2, −2i, i) .
3 3

(6.1) Find the spectral decomposition of A. Write each orthogonal projection matrix as a single matrix. (14)

(6.2) Calculate A and write it as a single matrix. (1)

[15]

TOTAL MARKS: [100]

c
UNISA 2021
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

Tutorial letter 000/0/2021

LINEAR ALGEBRA III

MAT3701

Year module

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Exam Paper and Memo

MAT3701 September - November 2021

BARCODE

university
Open Rubric
Define tomorrow. of south africa
Question 1

Let fa , fb , fc ∈ P2 (R) denote the Lagrange polynomials associated with the distinct real numbers
a, b, c respectively. Let V = span{fa , fa + fb } and W = span{fa + fb + fc }, let T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) be
the projection on V along W , and let g ∈ P2 (R).
(1.1) Show that B = {fa , fa + fb , fa + fb + fc } is linearly independent. (5)

(1.2) Show that P2 (R) = V ⊕ W . (2)

(1.3) Find a formula for T (g) expressed as a linear combination of {fa , fb , fc }. (8)[15]

Solution

(1.1) Suppose
a1 fa (x) + b1 (fa + fb )(x) + c1 (fa + fb + fc )(x) = 0. X
Then
 
x = a ⇒ a1 · 1 + b1 · (1 + 0) + c1 · (1 + 0 + 0) = 0
 a1
 + b1 + c1 =0
x = b ⇒ a1 · 0 + b1 · (0 + 1) + c1 · (0 + 1 + 0) = 0 ⇒ b1 + c1 = 0 X(3)
 
x = c ⇒ a1 · 0 + b1 · (0 + 0) + c1 · (0 + 0 + 1) = 0 c1 =0
 

Thus a1 = b1 = c1 = 0, hence B is linearly independent. X (5)

(1.2) Since B is linearly independent and dim(P2 (R)) = 3, it follows that B is a basis for P2 (R).
Hence
P2 (R) = span(B) = span{fa , fa + fb } ⊕ span{fa + fb + fc } = V ⊕ W.
(2)

(1.3) According to the Lagrange interpolation formula

g = g(a)fa + g(b)fb + g(c)fc X

= (g(a) − g(b))fa + (g(b) − g(c))(fa + fb ) + g(c)(fa + fb + fc ) X(6)

hence

T (g) = (g(a) − g(b))fa + (g(b) − g(c))(fa + fb ) = (g(a) − g(c))fa + (g(b) − g(c))fb . X

(8)[15]

Question 2

Let      
1 0 0 0 x1 0
0 0 1 1 x2  and w = 1 .
    
A= , x =
0 1 0 −1 x3  0
1 0 1 1 x4 0
Let T : R4 → R4 be the linear operator defined by T (x) = Ax and let W be the T –cyclic subspace
of R4 generated by w.

2
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

(2.1) Find the T –cyclic basis β for W generated by w. (8)

(2.2) Find the characteristic polynomial of TW. (1)
(2.3) Given that 0 is an eigenvalue of TW , find a corresponding eigenvector expressed as a linear
combination of the T –cyclic basis β calculated in (2.1). (4)
(2.4) Find [TW ]β where β is the T –cyclic basis calculated in (2.1). (7)[20]
Solution
(2.1)
       
0 0 0 0
1 0 1
(2) 2 (2) 3 1 (2)
  2
 
w=
0, T (w) = Aw = 1, X T (w) = AT (w) = 0, X T (w) = AT (w) = 0. X
    

0 0 1 1
The T –cyclic basis for W is β = {w, T (w), T 2 (w)} since it is linearly independent and
T 3 (w) = T 2 (w). X(2) (8)
(2.2) Since T 3 (w) = T 2 (w) from (2.1), the characteristic polynomial of TW is
cTW (t) = (−1)3 (t3 − t2 ) = −t2 (t − 1).
(1)
(2.3) From (2.1)
T 2 (T − I4 )(w) = 0, so T (T − I4 )(w) = T 2 (w) − T (w) is an eigenvector of TW
associated with 0. (4)
(2.4) Finding the images of the vectors in β under T and expressing them in terms of β yields
T (w) = 0 · w + 1 · T (w) + 0 · T 2 (w) X(2)
T (T (w)) = 0 · w + 0 · T (w) + 1 · T 2 (w) X(2)
T (T 2 (w)) = 0 · w + 0 · T (w) + 1 · T 2 (w) since T 3 (w) = T 2 (w) X(2)
 
0 0 0
thus [TW ]β = 1 0 0. X (7)[20]
0 1 1

Question 3

Consider the vector space V = C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let
T : V → V be the linear operator defined by
T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 + z1 , z1 + iz2 ).
Use the Diagonalisability Test to explain whether or not T is diagonalisable over R. (Note that V is
a vector space of dimension 4 over R.) [20]

3
 Solution

Calculate [T ]β with respect to the basis β = {(1, 0), (i, 0), (0, 1), (0, i)} for V X(2) .

T (1, 0) = (2, 1) = 2 · (1, 0) + 0 · (i, 0) + 1 · (0, 1) + 0 · (0, i) X(2)

T (i, 0) = (0, i) = 0 · (1, 0) + 0 · (i, 0) + 0 · (0, 1) + 1 · (0, i) X(2)
T (0, 1) = (0, i) = 0 · (1, 0) + 0 · (i, 0) + 0 · (0, 1) + 1 · (0, i) X(2)
T (0, i) = (0, −1) = 0 · (1, 0) + 0 · (i, 0) − 1 · (0, 1) + 0 · (0, i) X(2)

thus  
2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
[T ]β =  . X
1 0 0 −1
0 1 1 0
Since the characteristic polynomial of T is equal to
 
2 − t 0 0 0 

 0 −t 0 0  2 (6)
 = −t(2 − t)(t + 1) X

 1
 0 −t −1 
 0 1 1 −t 

which does not split over R it follows that T is not diagonalisable over R. X(3) [20]

Question 4

Let C 3 be the standard inner product space over C and let T : C 3 → C 3 be the linear operator
defined by
T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (z2 + iz3 , −z1 + iz2 , −iz1 + iz3 ).

(4.1) Calculate [T ∗ ]β where β is the standard basis for C 3 and use it to find a formula for
T ∗ (z1 , z2 , z3 ) expressed as a single vector in terms of z1 , z2 , z3 . (7)

(4.2) Use your formula in (4.1) to show directly that T ∗ satisfies the equation

hT ∗ (z1 , z2 , z3 ), (x1 , x2 , x3 )i = h(z1 , z2 , z3 ), T (x1 , x2 , x3 )i.

(8)[15]

Solution
   
0 1 i 0 −1 i
(4.1) [T ]β = −1
 i 0 , X(3) hence [T ∗ ]β = [T ]∗β =  1 −i 0  X(3) since β is
−i 0 i −i 0 −i
orthonormal. It follows that

T ∗ (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (−z2 + iz3 , z1 − iz2 , −iz1 − iz3 ). X

(7)

4
 MAT3701/000/0/2021

(4.2)

hT ∗ (z1 , z2 , z3 ), (x1 , x2 , x3 )i = h(−z2 + iz3 , z1 − iz2 , −iz1 − iz3 ), (x1 , x2 , x3 )i X

= (−z2 + iz3 )x1 + (z1 − iz2 )x2 + (−iz1 − iz3 )x3 X
= z1 (x2 − ix3 ) + z2 (−x1 − ix2 ) + z3 (ix1 − ix3 ) X(2)
= z1 (x2 + ix3 ) + z2 (−x1 + ix2 ) + z3 (−ix1 + ix3 ) X(2)
= h(z1 , z2 , z3 ), (x2 + ix3 , −x1 + ix2 , −ix1 + ix3 ) X
= h(z1 , z2 , z3 ), T (x1 , x2 , x3 )i X

(8)[15]

Question 5

Let f : R2 → R2 be the rigid motion defined by

1
f (a, b) = √ (1 − a + b, −1 + a + b).
2
Find a translation g and an orthogonal operator T on R2 such that f = g ◦ T . If T is a rotation, find
the angle θ through which it rotates. If T is a reflection about a line L through the origin, find the
angle α that L makes with the positive x-axis. [15]

Solution

Since
1 −a + b a + b
f (a, b) = √ (1, −1) + ( √ , √ ) X
2 2 2
it follows that
1 −a + b a + b
g(a, b) = √ (1, −1) + (a, b) X(2) and T (a, b) = ( √ , √ ). X(2)
2 2 2

T is orthogonal since with respect to the standard ordered basis β for R2 ,

 
1 −1 1
[T ]β = √ X(2) and [T ]β [T ]∗β = [T ]2β = I2 . X(2)
2 1 1
 
Since det [T ]β = −1, T is a reflection in a line L X and since

− √12 √1 cos 3π sin 3π

   
2 4 4
[T ]β =  =  X(4)
√1 √1 sin 3π − cos 3π
2 2 4 4

3π
it follows that L makes an angle α = 8
X with the positive x-axis. [15]

5
Question 6
It is given that A ∈ M3×3 (C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 1 and −1 and corresponding
eigenspaces  
1
E1 = span (1, 2i, 2i)
3
and  
1 1
E−1 = span (2, i, −2i) , (2, −2i, i) .
3 3
(6.1) Find the spectral decomposition of A. Write each orthogonal projection matrix as a single
matrix. (14)
(6.2) Calculate A and write it as a single matrix. (1)[15]
Solution
(6.1) ∗ −2i −2i
1  1 1  1 
3 3 3 9 9 9
      
−2i −2i
 2i   2i    1  2i  (6)
 =  2i 4 4

P1 = 
3

 3  3

 3 3 3
=
9 9 9
X

      
2i 2i 2i 2i 4 4
3 3 3 9 9 9
and
 2 2
 2 2
∗  2 2
  8 2i 2i

3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9
 2 −i 2i
 
     
3 3 3
−2i   −2i  −2i    =  −2i −4 
.X(7)
 i
 i
  i
  5

P−1 = 3 3  3 3 
= 
3 3   9 9 9 
−i
 
     2 2i  
3 3 3
−2i i −2i i −2i i −2i −4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9

The spectral decomposition is

A = 1 · P1 + (−1) · P−1
 1 −2i −2i   8 2i 2i

9 9 9 9 9 9
   
 + (−1) ·  −2i −4 
 2i 4 4
  5
 (1)
=1·
9 9 9   9 9 9 
.X
   
2i 4 4 −2i −4 5
9 9 9 9 9 9

(14)
(6.2)  −7 −4i −4i

9 9 9
 
−1
 4i 8
 (1)
A=
9 9 9
 .X

 
4i 8 −1
9 9 9
(1)[15]

TOTAL[100]