Content Beyond Syllabus Unit 2

Unit 2
Application of ordinary differentials in computer science
(1) Differentiation is algorithmic. The algorithm is not explicitly described, but if you
understand algebra, you will come up with it on your own, given the basic rules of
derivations and the chain rule.
(2) Any application that deals with motion is a prime candidate. For example, your app has
a constant feed of latitude/longitude from a GPS. You want to determine speed. That is
the first derivative of your position as a function of time. You want to know
acceleration. That is the second derivative. G-force could be a function of steering angle
plus all of the above.
(3) Newton-Raphson method based of first, second order derivative is utilized in hill-
climbing optimizers.
(4) Ordinary derivatives are also widely used in image processing. When the rate of change
is large, that might mean that spot lies at the boundary of an object.
(5) Ordinary differential operators are greatly used in game development.

In a simple video game involving a jumping motion, an ordinary differentiation is used
to help in modeling the velocity of a character after the command is given to return
them to the ground in a simulated gravitational field. The software of the video game
is written in C++ and Delphi.
(6) Ordinary differentiation is used in comparison of the performance of various algorithms

and the complexity of various problems.
(7) Some important codes use intermediate value theorem and Newton’s method to find
the roots of a polynomial as a part of a larger program.
(8) In computer science a truncated Taylor’s series or asymptotic expansion is widely used
to analyze algorithms
Important:
Intermediate Value theorem: In Mathematics the intermediate value theorem states that if f
is a continuous function whose domain contains the interval [a,b],then it takes on any given
value between f(a) and f(b) at some point within the interval.
Taylor’s series: In Mathematics Taylor’s series or Taylor expansion of a function is an infinite
sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the function’s derivatives at a single point. If f(x)
is a real or complex valued function that is infinitely differentiable at a real or complex number
‘a’ is the power series
f(x)=f(a)+(x-a)f1(a)+(x-a)2/2! f2(a)+… (x-a)n/n! fn(a)
(9) Ordinary derivatives are used in image, video, audio processing.

(10) Ordinary derivatives help to understand Process control of a computer program.
(11) Newton’s law of cooling: The rate of change of the temperature of an object is
proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the temperature of its
1
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
surroundings. Mathematically it can be written as 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐸𝐴(𝜃𝑎 − 𝜃𝑟 ); 𝑑𝑡 is the ordinary
derivative of 𝜃 with respect to t, E is the constant. 𝜃𝑎 is the certain temperature and 𝜃𝑟 is
the room temperature or the temperature of the surroundings.
(12) Ordinary derivative is employed in Newton’s law of cooling that helps to understand
cooling system of processors, e.g. a global company such as Intel is willing to produce a
new cooling system for their processors that can cool the processors from a temperature
of 500C to 270C in just half an hour when the temperature outside is 20 0C but they don’t
know what kind of materials they should use or what the surface area and the geometry
of the shape are. So what they should do?
Answer: They have to use the general formula for Newton’s law of cooling
T(t)=Te+(T0-Te)e-tk and by substituting the numbers they get

27=20+(50-20)e-0.5k
Solving for k we get k=2.9
So they need a material with k=2.9(k is a constant that is related to heat capacity, thermo
dynamics of the material and also the shape and the geometry of the material)
(13) Ordinary derivatives are utilized in computer simulation of real world problems via
Mathematical modeling, performed on a computer, which is designed to predict the
behavior of, or the outcome of, a real world or physical system. Simulation of a system
is represented as the running of a system’s model.
(14) Rolle’s theorem : It is one of the most fundamental theorem of Differential calculus and
has far reaching consequences. It states that if y = f (x) be a given function and satisfies,
(i) f (x) is continuous in [a , b]

(ii) f (x) is differentiable in (a , b )
(iii) f (a) = f (b)
Then there exists at least one real number c ∈(a,b) such that f'(c)= 0
Let A (a,f (a)) and B (b,f (b)) be two points on the graph of f (x) such that f(a) = f(b), then c ∈
(a, b) such that the tangent at P(c, f(c)) is parallel to x – axis
Figure-1 Geometrical representation of Rolle’s Theorem

2
(15) Lagrange’s mean value theorem: Let f be real valued function in [a,b] such that,
(i) f is continuous in [a,b].

(ii) f is differentiable in (a,b).
then there exists a point c in (a, b) such that
f (b)  f (a )
f ' (c ) 
ba
Figure- 2 Geometrical representation of Lagrange’s mean value theorem
(16) Cauchy’s mean value theorem: If f(x) and g(x) be two functions defined on [a,b]
such that:-
(i)f and g are continuous in [a,b]

(ii)f and g are derivable in (a,b)
(iii)g ‘(x)≠0 for any x in (a,b)
Then, there exists at least one c є (a,b) such that
f ' (c) f (b)  f (a)


g ' (c) g (b)  g (a)
Figure- 3 Geometrical representation of Cauchy’s mean value theorem

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Unit 2

Application of ordinary differentials in computer science

(5) Ordinary differential operators are greatly used in game development.

(6) Ordinary differentiation is used in comparison of the performance of various algorithms

f(x)=f(a)+(x-a)f1(a)+(x-a)2/2! f2(a)+… (x-a)n/n! fn(a)

(9) Ordinary derivatives are used in image, video, audio processing.

T(t)=Te+(T0-Te)e-tk and by substituting the numbers they get

(i) f (x) is continuous in [a , b]

Figure-1 Geometrical representation of Rolle’s Theorem

(i) f is continuous in [a,b].

Figure- 2 Geometrical representation of Lagrange’s mean value theorem

(i)f and g are continuous in [a,b]

Then, there exists at least one c є (a,b) such that

f ' (c) f (b)  f (a)

Figure- 3 Geometrical representation of Cauchy’s mean value theorem

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