“Drilling Process and Rig Component ”

Assistance. Lec. Sarkar Muheddin Hama

Petroleum Engineering Dept.

Faculty of Engineering
University Of Zakho
Rig Types
Rotary Drilling and Components

A drilling rig is a complex assembly

of large heavy anchored to a
mechanical structure

The rig structure is a giant crane

for lifting and lowering drill pipe

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Rig Types
Rotary Drilling

Onshore Offshore
Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.
Rig Types
Rotary Drilling
Rigs

Marine Land

Bottom FLoating Conventional Mobile

Support

Semi/ Drill ship Jacknife Portable Mast

Submersible (Small)
(Deeper)

Platform Barge Jackup

Self - Tendered
Contained
Land Rigs
As the name implies, these rigs are primarily used on land.

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Land Rigs
Also a few are capable of drilling holes to
30,000+ feet.

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Land Rig
➢Conventional:

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

 Land Rig
➢ Mobile:

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling

25% of the world’s oil and gas is producing from offshore

fields (e.g. North Sea, Gulf of Mexico)
Same principles of rotary drilling used onshore are also
used offshore

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling
1) jack-up rigs
Retractable legs
Legs support the drilling rig

This rig designed for water

depths of up to 350 ft water
depth
In North Sea, for drilling
exploration wells jack-up
rigs are used

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling

2) Platforms
For developing the field the large
fixed platforms are used to drill
directional wells
Up to 40 wells drilled from one
platform to cover an entire oilfield
For the very large fields in the North
Sea (ex. Brent) several platforms
may be required

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling
2) Platforms
After drilling development
wells, rig still used for:
Maintenance (workovers)
Sidetracks
Convert well from producer
to injectors

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling
3) Barge
They are floating offshore drilling vessels but it is not self-
propelled.
The drilling equipment is on the barge. It is generally
towed to the location and then has its hull filled with water.
This type of rig is only used in relatively shallow, swampy
areas and are generally capable of drilling in water depths
of less than 12ft, or, in the case of a posted barge, perhaps
to 20ft.

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling
3) Barge

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling
4) Semi-submersible rigs also called floaters
They are not supported by legs and designed to float
Semi-submersibles can operate in water depths of up to 3500
ft.

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Offshore Drilling
5) Drilling ships

In very deep waters (up to 7500

ft) drill ships
Need marine riser and sub sea
stack

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Drilling rig components
❖ The drilling rig consists of a set of equipment and
machinery located on the so-called drilling site.

❖ Normally the rig is not owned by the oil company but by

drilling service companies, which hire out the rig
complete with operators and which construct the well
according to the client’s specifications.

❖The most important items of equipment are set out in

figure (next slide)

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

1. Crown block

2. Mast

3. Monkey board

4. Travelling block

5. Hook

6. Swivel

7. elevators
8. Kelly

9. Kelly bushing

10. Master bushing

11. Musehole

12. Rathole

13. Drawworks
14. Weight indicator

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

 15. driller’s console

16. doghouse

17. Rotary hose

18. Accumulator unit

19. catwalk

20. Pipe ramp

21. Pipe rack

22. substructure

23. Mud return line

24. Shale shaker

25. Choke manifold

26. Mud gas separator

27. degasser
28. Reserve pit

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

 29. Mud pit
30. Desander
31. Desilter
32. Mud pump
33. Mud discharge
line
34. Bulk mud
components storage

35. Mud house

36. Water tank
37. Fuel storage
38. Engines and
generators
39. Drilling line

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Drilling rig components
▪ Drilling rig consist of many individual pieces of equipment
which can be grouped together into six sub-systems

1) Power system

2) Hoisting system

3) Circulating system

4) Rotary system

5) Well control system

6) Well monitoring system

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Drilling rig components

Electrical power
generators

Fuel tank

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.
Power System
The major components of the power system are:

➢ Draw Work

➢ Mud Pump
➢ Rotary Table

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Power System
1-Power system
The major components of the power system are:
➢ Drawworks

➢ Mud pumps

➢ Rotary table

Most drilling rigs are operating in remote locations

They must have electrical power to operate the systems

mentioned above

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

 Drilling rig components

Sarkar M. Hama Fundamental of Drilling Eng.

Power System
➢ Most of the rig power is consumed by the hoisting and circulating
system

➢ The other rig systems (such as rotary rig etc.) have much less
power consumptions
➢ The hoisting and circulating systems do not generally work at the
same time.

➢ Power is supplied by large internal combustion engines (prime

over) fueled by diesel.
➢ Depending on its size and capacity, the rig may have up to 4 prime
movers which deliver more than 3,000 hp
Power System
 Power System
➢ Steam power and mechanical transmission systems were used
on the early drilling rigs.

➢ Nowadays, modern rigs are powered by internal combustion

diesel engines

➢ The modern electric transmission enables the driller to

❖ Apply power more smoothly

❖ Avoids shock and vibration of the rigs.

➢ Total power requirements for most of the modern rigs are from
1,000 to 3,000 hp.
 Power System
➢ Generally, the characteristics of power system performance are
stated in terms of output horsepower, torque, and fuel
consumption for various engine speeds.
 Power System
The shaft power developed by an engine can be obtained by the
following equation:

Eq.1
 Power System
➢ The shaft power developed by an engine can be obtained by the
following equation:
Equation (1) can be written in terms of revolution per minute, weight on pulley
and distance travel by the weight with velocity vector. In terms of revolution per
minute, Eq. (1) can be written as:

Eq.2
In terms of velocity vector and if we consider frictionless pulley system, Eq. (2)
can be written as:

Eq.3
 Power System
The shaft power developed by an engine can be obtained by the
following equation:
It is known that power is the product of force and velocity. So, power of shaft
can again be written as:

Eq.4
 Power System
The shaft power developed by an engine can be obtained by the
following equation:
If we use the Eq. (3) into Eq. (4), the resultant equation turns to Eq. (2). The
overall engine power efficiency is determined as the power output by power
input. Mathematically, it can be written as:

Eq.5
 Power System

Example 1: An internal combustion engine is run by diesel

fuel in a rig side to generate power for the system. It gives
an output torque of 1,600 ft-lbf at an engine speed of
1,150 rpm. The engine consumes fuel at a rate of 30
gal/hr. Calculate the wheel angular velocity, power
output, overall efficiency of the IC engine.
 Power System
Solution :

The angular velocity can be calculated as:

 Power System
Solution :
The power output can be calculated using Eq. (1) as:

Note: 1ℎ𝑝 = 33,000 ft lbf /min

Since the engine is run by diesel fuel, therefore from Table, the density is 7.2 lbm
/ gal and the heating value Hf is 19,000 Btu / lbm. Therefore the fuel
consumption rate wf can be obtained by unit conversion as:
 Power System
Solution :
 Power System
Solution :
Therefore the fuel consumption rate wf can be obtained by unit conversion as:

Therefore, the total heat energy consumed by the IC engine i.e. input power can
be calculated by using input power part of Eq. (5) as:

Note: 1𝐵𝑡𝑢 = 779 ft −lbf

 Power System
Solution :
Thus, the overall efficiency of the IC engine is obtained by using the
Eq. (5) as:
Hoisting System
 Hoisting System
➢ Hoisting system is defined as a system which works as a complex
pulley system to raise the travelling block and remove the drill
pipe and allows adding an extra length of pipe or a new drill bit

➢ The main function of the hoisting system is to lower or lift the

drillstring, casing string, and other subsurface equipment into or
out of the hole

➢ The main components of hoisting system are derrick (i.e. steel

tower/ mast) and substructure, drawworks, and block & tackle
Hoisting System
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:

➢ Derrick is the steel structure

part of a rig

➢ It provides vertical height

required to raise pipe sections
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
➢ Derrick is rated according to its ability to withstand compressive
loads & wind loads.
➢ The compressive load of a derrick is calculated as the sum of the
strengths of the four legs
➢ The wind load can be calculated as:

𝑊𝑤 = 0.004𝑉 2 𝑒𝑞. 6
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
➢ The total compressive load on derrick can be calculated using the
block and tackle arrangement
➢ If the system has frictionless
pulley, the following relationship
is evident:

𝑛+2
𝑊𝑑 = 𝑊ℎ𝑙 𝑒𝑞. 7
𝑛
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
Example : During a drilling rig structure fatigue test, the operator
measured the wind load of 0.5 psi. Th e rig has ten lines which are
strung through the travelling block. A hook load of 250,000 lbf is
being hoisted. According to the API standard, calculate the wind
velocity, and the total compressive load.
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
Solution :
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
Solution :
The wind velocity can be obtained using Eq. (2) as:

(Note: 1 𝑓𝑡 2 =144 𝑖𝑛2 )

V = 134 mph
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
Solution :
The total compressive load on the derrick is obtained using the Eq.
(7) is:
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
➢ The load imposed on the derrick i.e. the total compressive load
on derrick is greater than the hook load due to the arrangement
of lines on the block and tackle
➢ the derrick load can also be calculated by:
Derrick load = hook load + Fast line load + dead line load

𝑊𝑑 = 𝑊ℎ𝑙 + 𝑇𝑓 + 𝑇𝑑 𝑒𝑞. 8
where;
Tf = tension (i.e. load) in the fast line, lbf
Td = tension (i.e. load) in the dead line, lbf
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:
➢ In practical situation, the total derrick load is not distributed
equally over all four derrick legs due to the placement of draw
works.
 Hoisting System
Components of hoisting system
Derrick:

it is necessary to defi ne a maximum equivalent derrick load 𝑊𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 as

the load which is equal to four times the maximum leg load

𝑒𝑞. 9

Derrick efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual derrick load to

the maximum equivalent load

𝑒𝑞. 10