Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM
Introduction

The fundamental reason of conducting this research is to raise concerns

and awareness about what could be the possible effects of the used of

cigarettes. Our little ways in one way or another will help a lot not just in the lives

of smokers but also in us (second smokers). We must start in our selves by

encouraging others to make a difference. With the cooperation of the

respondents in polomolok, this study aims to promote a healthy kind of living

without cigarettes, and how this study would change the lives of people in

polomolok. Many diseases can be acquired by using cigarettes o inhaling its

smoke and it is not only harmful to the body but also in the environment.

China is the largest producer and consumer of cigarette in the world.

There are more than 300 million smokers in china, nearly one-third of the world’s

total. More than haft of adult men are current cigarette smokers. About one in

every three cigarette smoked in the world is smoked in china. In addition, over

700 million non-smokers in china, including about 180 million children, are

exposed to second-hand smoker (SHS) at least once a day in a typical week.

Exposure to SHS causes 100,000 deaths annually. Up to haft of all smokers will

die from tobacco related illness such as cancer or lung and heart disease. (World

Health Organization Representative Office of China)

In 2013, the Philippines had one of the highest smoking rates in Asia and

some of the lowest cigarette prices. It is home to several major cigarette and
cigar manufactures, including one owned by Philip Morris International. In 2006,

the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 10 Filipinos die every hour

due to cancer, stroke, lung and heart diseases brought on by cigarette smoking.

(World Health Organization)

This study aimed to provide information on the impact of cigarette to

people in Polomolok; What is cigarette?, What kinds of cigarette people usually

used?, How does cigarette affect the people and that focus on the tricycle drivers

in the Municipality of Polomolok.

This study focused on the impact of cigarette to the people in Polomolok.

This study was conducted in April 16 2023 the subject of the study were the

tricycle drivers. However, the focus of this study was only limited to the selected

transportation drivers who were available during the conduct of interview and the

locale was only limited to the Municipality of Polomolok due to the financial

capacity of the researchers.

Statement of the problem

The researchers aim to provide knowledge and information about the

impact of cigarette in polomolok.

1. What is cigarette?

2. What kinds of cigarette people usually used?

3. How does cigarette affect the people?

The findings of this study will help and benefit the following person to understand

the use of cigarettes.

To Drivers. This will help them a lot because they would be learning about what

could be the bad effects of using cigarettes especially in their own passengers.

To Parents. Parents should be the first people that will educate their children on

how to live a healthy and helpful kind of living , our study were to give them

awareness about how to avoid wrong way of living.

To Students. This will benefit students to decide whether smoking or not

smoking is harmful or healthy to their bodies.

To Community. It lowers risk of death and decreasing the risk of fires and

damages to property. Fresh air and non-smoking community builds a better

place.

To Researchers. This benefits the researchers to be one of the example of

these who do not smoke and researchers are also part of the community.

Researchers will be glad to live in a better place that they conducted their

research.

To Other Researchers. Learning and gaining knowledge from other researchers

and they will be aware of what the world is currently living for.
Definition and terms

Cigarette is cylinder containing a narcotic, herbs or a medicated

substance for smoking.

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material

(cigarette)
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the

researchers considered in strengthening the importance of the present study. It

also presents that synthesis of the art to fully understand the research for better

comprehension of the study.

CIGARETTE

A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically

tobacco that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one

end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opposite

end. Cigarette smoking is the most common method of tobacco consumption.

The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette, but the

word is sometimes used to refer to other substances, such as a cannabis

cigarette or an herbal cigarette. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its

usually smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is

typically white.

Since the 1920s, scientists and doctors have been able to link smoking

with respiratory illness. Researchers have identified negative health effects from

smoking cigarettes such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD), heart disease, and other health problems relating to nearly every organ
of the body. Nicotine, the psychoactive drug in tobacco, makes cigarettes highly

addictive. About half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose

on average 14 years of life. Every year, tobacco cigarettes kill more than 8 million

people worldwide; with 1.2 million of those being non-smokers dying as the result

of exposure to second-hand smoke. Second-hand smoke from cigarettes causes

many of the same health problems as smoking, including cancer, which has led

to legislation and policy that has prohibited smoking in many workplaces and

public areas. Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemical compounds,

including arsenic, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, lead, carbon monoxide,

acrolein, and other poisonous substances. Over 70 of these are carcinogenic.

Most modern cigarettes are filtered, although this does not make the smoke

inhaled from them contain fewer carcinogens and harmful chemicals. Cigarette

use by pregnant people has also been shown to cause birth defects, including

low birth weight, fetal abnormalities, and premature birth. Smoking rates have

generally declined in the developed world, but continue to rise in some

developing nations.

Because of their adverse health effects, many countries have strict

legislation concerning the marketing and purchasing age of tobacco. Most

nations outright ban commercials on cigarettes and have levied taxes on them to

dissuade smokers to continue the habit. The first country to introduce a large

scale anti-smoking campaign was Nazi Germany and despite its minimal success

it did create a blueprint for many other nations to follow. (Wikipedia)

wrapped in paper or another substance that does not contain tobacco. To smoke

a cigarette, the end is lit and the smoke is inhaled. Many manufactured cigarettes

also have filters on one end that are intended to trap some of the toxic chemicals

contained in cigarette smoke.

Smoking cigarettes can lead to nicotine addiction and has been linked to

serious health risks including cancer, heart disease, stroke, and death. Even for

those who don't smoke cigarettes, just being exposed to secondhand smoke can

have serious health consequences.

Depending on the type of cigarette, the ingredients will vary somewhat.

Commercially produced cigarettes manufactured by one of the Big Tobacco

companies can and do contain hundreds of additives on top of the tobacco that's

in the cigarettes.

Ingredients

Some additives are used as flavoring agents, but others, such as

ammonia, are added to boost the effect that nicotine has on the body. Additives

are also used to do things like keep the tobacco moist and extend shelf life.

In April 1994, five of the Big Tobacco companies in the United States provided

the Department of Health and Human Services with a list of 599 potential

additives used in manufacturing their cigarettes. They were required to do this

because of a federal court ruling.

was passed, placing requirements on tobacco companies to report all ingredients

used in cigarettes and other tobacco products. New products must be submitted

for approval before going to market.

Hand-rolled or roll-your-own cigarettes use loose tobacco. They don't

contain all of the same additives that traditional manufactured cigarettes do, but

they are still hazardous to health.

A tube-shaped tobacco product that is made of finely cut, cured tobacco

leaves wrapped in thin paper. It may also have other ingredients, including

substances to add different flavors. A cigarette is lit on one end and smoked, and

the smoke is usually inhaled into the lungs. Cigarettes contain nicotine and many

cancer-causing chemicals that are harmful to both smokers and nonsmokers.

Smoking cigarettes can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause many types of

cancer, including cancers of the lung, larynx, mouth, esophagus, throat, kidney,

bladder, pancreas, stomach, and cervix, and acute myeloid leukemia. Smoking

cigarettes also causes other health problems, including heart disease, stroke,

and lung diseases, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

There are approximately 600 ingredients in cigarettes. When burned,

cigarettes create more than 7,000 chemicals. At least 69 of these chemicals are

known to cause cancer, and many are toxic.

Many of these chemicals also are found in consumer products, but these

products have warning labels—such as rat poison packaging. While the public is
warned about the danger of the poisons in these products, there is no such

warning for the toxins in tobacco smoke.

Cigarettes are still the most commonly used tobacco product in the United

States. They are also responsible for the vast majority of all tobacco-related

disease and death in the U.S.

The basic components of most cigarettes are tobacco, chemical additives,

a filter, and paper wrapping. The user burns the tobacco and inhales the smoke.

Smokers are exposed to a toxic mix of over 7,000 chemicals, including more than

70 that can cause cancer, when they inhale cigarette smoke. (American Lung

Association)

KINDS OF CIGARETTE PEOPLE USUALLY USED

People can smoke, chew, or sniff tobacco. Smoked tobacco products

include cigarettes, cigars, bidis, and kreteks. Some people also smoke loose

tobacco in a pipe or hookah (water pipe). Chewed tobacco products include

chewing tobacco, snuff, dip, and snus; snuff can also be sniffed. (U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services.)

Smoking is by far the most common way people indulge in tobacco and

feed their nicotine addiction. There are other delivery methods, such as chewing

tobacco and replacement e-cigarettes but it’s estimated that close to 1 billion

people still smoke worldwide

most popular they are by no means the only possible method of inhaling tobacco

smoke. Some of these methods and products hail from the past when cigarettes

were not readily available but they’ve managed to survive to this day and still

have a large user base.

Light and Menthol Cigarettes

For some reason, most people think that smoking cigarettes branded as

‘light’, ‘mild’, or ‘ultra’ reduces risks to one’s health. There is absolutely no

evidence backing this up.

Same goes for menthol cigarettes. They contain substances usually found

in peppermint and spearmint plants and cause a cooling sensation while

smoking. Since that cooling sensation facilitates smoking by making it less

unpleasant, people tend to believe that they are avoiding the worst from

cigarettes. Actually, they are equally exposed to harmful substances as people

smoking regular cigarettes – they’re just noticing it less which can be more

harmful in and of itself.

In fact, the only reason menthol cigarettes exist is to lure younger people

to smoking more easily. Flavors and the cooling sensation appeal to the younger

population which is why it’s illegal in the US to manufacture and sell menthol and

flavored cigarettes. Also, manufacturers can no longer brand cigarettes as light

or mild as it’s prohibited by law and deemed to be misleading.

Cigar and pipe smokers also often claim that they are avoiding the worst

health dangers of enjoying tobacco by actively avoiding cigarettes, which they

perceive to be the worst type of nicotine delivery system. The common excuse is

that they smoke one or two cigars a day and that that is nothing compared to 20

– 30 an average cigarette smoker smokes.

Actually, a cigar contains half an ounce of tobacco which is roughly as

much as a pack of cigarettes. Also, a cigar will have anywhere between 100 and

200 mg of nicotine while an average cigarette contains 12 mg. As you can see,

smoking two cigars is as bad as smoking a pack of cigarettes, if not worse.

Also, every tobacco that is manufactured for smoking – including the one that

goes into pipes – is treated with pesticides and other chemicals so a lot of those

that are present in cigarettes are present in pipe tobacco.

Hookahs

Hookahs pose the same danger to your health as cigarettes. An average

hookahs session lasts 1 hour. During that time, a smoker inhales 90,000 ml of

smoke as opposed to 500-600 ml a smoker smoking a cigarette inhales.

Tobacco in hookahs is heated by charcoal. Studies suggest that this method of

delivery puts smokers at risk of inhaling much larger quantities of harmful carbon

monoxide and heavy metals as well as nicotine.

Bidis hail from India. They are hand-rolled and the tobacco is covered in a tendu

or a temburni leaf that is native to Asia. They can be flavored or unflavored.

Clove cigarettes (also referred to as Kreteks) are from Indonesia. They

usually contain 60% tobacco and 40% cloves. They are banned in the United

States because of the blanket ban on flavored cigarettes.

All smoking tobacco products bring with them health risks and none is

‘safer’ than the other. All contain harmful substances that create toxic chemicals

when they burn and most also contain a highly addictive drug, nicotine.

The best way to reduce and completely eliminate the risk to your health is

by quitting smoking altogether and not substituting one bad habit with another.

Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death around the world and it’s

never just about the smokers, either. Secondhand smoke is also a serious cause

of illness and death. Think about yourself and those around you before lighting

your next cigarette or cigar – and save lives by quitting smoking.

(WHO – Tobacco Facts)

In 2022, Marlboro was by far the most valuable tobacco brand in the

world, with a brand value of more than 36 billion U.S. dollars. L&M, which ranked

second, had a brand value of just over 6.8 billion U.S. dollars that year.
E-cigarettes

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and electronic non-nicotine

delivery systems (ENNDS), commonly referred to as e-cigarettes, are devices

which heat a liquid to create an aerosol which is then inhaled by the user. These

may or may not contain nicotine. The main constituents of the solution by volume

are propylene glycol, with or without glycerol, and flavouring agents. E-cigarettes

do not contain tobacco but are harmful to health and are not safe. However, it is

too early to provide a clear answer on the long-term impacts of using them or

being exposed to them.

E-cigarettes are particularly risky when used by children and adolescents.

Nicotine is highly addictive and young people’s brains develop up to their mid-

twenties.

ENDS use increases the risk of heart disease and lung disorders. They

also pose significant risks to pregnant women who use them, as they can

damage the growing fetus. (World Health Organization)