Preperation of DPR for the upgrading of Bankatuwa Primary Health Center

At Rampur, Banke, Lumbini Province, Nepal

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1

2. COLLECTION AND REVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA ................................................................................................... 1

3. PLANNING OF WORKS ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

4. GEO-TECHNICAL EXPLORATION ...................................................................................................................................... 2

4.1. Boring ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4.2. Sampling ................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

4.3. Field Test ................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

4.4. Laboratory Testing, Interpretations and Determination of Design Parameters........................................... 4

5. LIQUEFACTION .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

5.1. Identification of liquefaction area .................................................................................................................................. 5

5.2. Analysis of Liquefaction ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

6. ANALYSIS OF ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE ..................................................................................................... 8

6.1. SPT correction......................................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.2. Allowable Bearing Capacity from Shear Failure Criteria......................................................................................10

6.3. Allowable Bearing Pressure based on Tolerable Settlement in Granular soils ..........................................12

6.4. Allowable Bearing Pressure based on Tolerable Settlement in Cohesive soils .........................................13

7. Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................................................................................16

REFERENCES AND STANDARDS .......................................................................................................................................18

Table 1: Range of Severity due to liquefaction .......................................................................................................................... 8

Table 2: Bearing Capacity Factor ....................................................................................................................................................11
Table 3: Shape Factors........................................................................................................................................................................11
Table 4: Relation between CPT resistance value and SPT N-value, Schmertmann (1970) .....................................13

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Preperation of DPR for the upgrading of Bankatuwa Primary Health Center
At Rampur, Banke, Lumbini Province, Nepal

1. INTRODUCTION
This report presents the result of soil investigation for the upgrading of Bankatuwa Primary
Health Center. The investigation characterizes the subsurface conditions and develops the
necessary requirement for the proposed safe bearing capacity of the foundation.

The soil investigation work was carried out on Falgun of 2078. The total quantity of soil
investigation included two (3) boreholes, of 15 m depth each as per understanding and
requirement. Standard Penetration Tests (SPT)/ Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) were
conducted at 1.5m depth intervals to furnish the compactness of the soil strata at field.

The scope of work of present contract includes the following:

 Exploration of the subsurface conditions at various locations of proposed foundation sites

and conduct requisite in-situ tests.

 Limited laboratory testing of representative samples obtained during the field investigation
to evaluate relevant engineering parameters of the subsurface soils.

 Engineering analyses and Preparation of this report includes:

 Drill logs

 Results of in situ and laboratory test

 Assessment of Liquefaction

 Assessment of bearing capacity

 Recommendations of foundation type and depth

2. COLLECTION AND REVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATA

Site conditions, topographical and geological characteristic of the project area was grasped
sufficiently through collecting and reviewing previously conducted soil investigation reports of
nearby corridors, topographical map and geological map. Information stored in the form of maps,
tables and published papers are collected from various sources.

3. PLANNING OF WORKS
Work schedule, location of these boreholes and other project specific issues were identified on

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mutual understanding between Client’s representative and drilling consultant during a desk
study and field visit. Immediately after finalization of foundations at site, drilling team finalized
the location of boreholes and revised methodology depending upon the changes on
environment, geological and local conditions.

4. GEO-TECHNICAL EXPLORATION

Figure 1: Geological map of Nepal

Geological condition/stratum at the test site is important aspect to determine the depth, size and
types of foundation. Drilling can define the characteristic and strength of soil and rock in both
unstable and stable zones. Cone penetration test were carried out in different depths can give
appropriateness of the densification of the soil strata. Ground water table, cavities and changes
in strata are major aspect of drilling.

Kohalpur is located in the Banke District in the Mid-West Region of Nepal. The site lies in the
Terai region of Nepal. The drilling location lies on stiff sandy silt with clay mix strata followed
by sandy strata at greater depths. Safety mechanisms were developed for technical team &
workers.

4.1.Boring
Boring investigation was performed in the subsoil to abstract information of soil state, thickness
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and depth of layers etc. The subsoil distribution, fractured zone and soft ground shall be grasped
for the foundation design of structures depending on boring test results. In addition, in-situ tests,
sounding, and underground water level measurement were performed using boreholes. Boring
works were carried out using Rotatory drilling. Whole investigation works were conducted as
per IS 1892: 1979 Code of practice for subsurface investigations for foundations (First revision)
1979 Soil and foundation engineering

4.2.Sampling
Before any disturbed samples were taken, the boreholes were washed clean to flush any loose
disturbed soil particles deposited during the boring operation. The samples obtained in the split
spoon barrel of SPT tube during Standard Penetration Tests were preserved as representative
disturbed samples. The disturbed samples recovered in SPT tube were placed in air-tight double
0.5 mm thick transparent plastic bags, labeled properly for identification and finally sealed to
avoid any loss of moisture. Only then, the samples were transportation to the laboratory for
further investigations. The samples were obtained as per IS 8763: 1978 Guide for undisturbed
sampling of sands and sandy soils 1978 Soil and foundation engineering.

4.3.Field Test
4.3.1. SPT Test
In-situ penetration tests have been widely used in geotechnical and foundation engineering for
site investigation in support of analysis and design. The number of blows required to drive the
split-spoon/cone was recorded at every 150 mm of penetration till the total penetration was 450
mm. The number of blows recorded for the last two successive 150 mm penetration are added
and expressed as SPT N-value

The nature of the subsoil was investigated from the debris collected at different depths to
identify the stratification and type of soil at initial stage. Disturbed soil samples were retrieved
from boring tools at depth intervals of 1.5m. The samples were wrapped in plastic bags and
labeled.

The recorded SPT values are without any correction of overburden pressure and water table.
The test was conducted without using liner.

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Figure 2: Procedure of Standard Penetration Test

4.3.2. Ground water table monitoring

Water Table is defined as underground border between the grounds in which all spaces are filled
with water and the ground above in which the spaces contain some air. The level of the water
table tends to follow the shape of the overlying ground surface, rising under hills and dipping
in valleys, but with a gentler slope than the ground. The level of the water table also varies with
the climate, rising during rainy periods and falling during dry season. The position of ground
water table was measured at each borehole from the ground surface. The water level observed
in the boreholes at the end of a 24 hours long period after completion of boring work was taken
as the position of ground water table. The depth to ground water table if observed are recorded
in the borehole logs presented.

4.4.Laboratory Testing, Interpretations and Determination of Design Parameters

Disturbed and undisturbed samples are tested to get the physical characteristics and mechanical
properties. To identify the properties, laboratory soil tests were performed.

4.1.1. Tests for determination of index properties

Standard laboratory tests were carried out to characterize the soil strata. The laboratory tests
included the following: Grain Size Analysis, Natural Moisture Content, Bulk Density, and
Specific Gravity. Depending upon the type of soil and the scope of works, type and number of

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the laboratory tests were determined in consultation with the Geotechnical Engineer. All the
requisite laboratory tests were carried out in accordance with IS standard specifications
mentioned as follows: Moisture Content-IS 2720: Part 2: 1973: Part 2; Grain Size Analysis-IS
2720: Part 4: 1985: Part I; Bulk Density Determination, Specific Gravity-IS 2720: Part 3: Sec
1: 1980: Part 3.

4.1.2. Mechanical Tests

Generally, some sets of soil samples were selected assuming similar in situ layers and conducted
laboratory tests from each borehole in order to discern the shear related strengths and stress-
strain responses of soils. All the laboratory tests were numbered sequentially. The test number
and the prefix were used as test and specimen identifiers.

5. LIQUEFACTION

Saturated loose to medium dense cohesion less soils and low plastic silts tend to densify and
consolidate when subjected to cyclic shear deformations inherent with large seismic ground
motions. Pore-water pressures within such layers increase as the soils are cyclically loaded,
resulting in a decrease in vertical effective stress and shear strength. If the shear strength drops
below the applied cyclic shear loadings, the layer is expected to transition to a semi fluid state
until the excess pore-water pressure dissipates.

5.1. Identification of liquefaction area

Nepal lies within the Himalayan range which is a product of continental collision between the
Indian subcontinent and Eurasia.

The convergence of the two continents has produced high levels of seismicity and high rates of
active tectonic deformation which has resulted in four major earthquakes within the Himalayan
region in the last 100 years with magnitudes greater than M 8.4 (UNDP, UNCHS, 1994).

Based on Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal prepared by National Seismological center,

Departments of mines and geology, Nepal, proposed area may experience maximum peak
bedrock acceleration of 100 gal to 150 gal.

Considering, IRC 78-2014, as the purposed site is seismically active/vulnerable, it’s better to
analyze liquefaction with 150 gal as a PHGA.

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Project site

Figure 3: Geological map of Nepal

5.2. Analysis of Liquefaction

Figure 4: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment Map of the Nepal Himalaya

In general, for clean sand, if the SPT value is less than 30, the soil is prone to liquefaction. The
increase in fines content, however, increases the liquefaction resistance of soil. Here, in our

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analysis, increase in fine content from 35% and greater is considered to be no liquefaction strata.
In this report, the soil liquefaction analysis has been done based on SPT N value. The factor of
safety (FS) against liquefaction in terms of CSR (Cyclic stress ratio) and CRR (cyclic resistance
ratio) is defined by:

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀 ,𝜎𝜎 /𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Where, CRR7.5 is the cyclic stress ratio (CRR) for earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and CSR is
the normalized cyclic stress ratio (CSR) for earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and effective
overburden pressure of 100 kPa.
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.65 ∗ � � ∗ ′ ∗ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑔𝑔 𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣

amax = peak horizontal ground surface acceleration

g = Acceleration due to gravity

σv= Total vertical stress

σv’ = Effective vertical stress

Mw = earthquake moment magnitude.

rd = soil shear mass participation factor

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑀𝑀 ,𝜎𝜎 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5 ∗ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ∗ 𝐾𝐾𝜎𝜎 ∗ 𝐾𝐾𝛼𝛼

1 (𝑁𝑁1 )60𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 50 1
Where, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5 = + + [10(𝑁𝑁 2 +
34−(𝑁𝑁1 )60𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 135 1 )60𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 +45] 200

MSF = Magnitude scaling factor

Kσ = Overburden correction factor

𝑓𝑓−1
𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣′
𝐾𝐾𝜎𝜎 = � �
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎

Where Pa is the atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) and f is assumed to be 0.75 (a value of 0.6-
0.8 is recommended in Youd et al., 2001).

Kα = sloping ground correction factor which is not routinely used in engineering practices and
taken as 1.

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Severity due to liquefaction is determined by calculating Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI).

This paper follows Iwasaki et al. (1982) to determine the severity of the liquefaction.
Liquefaction potential as proposed by Iwasaki et al. (1982) is given below:
20
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = � 𝐹𝐹(𝑧𝑧). 𝑤𝑤(𝑧𝑧). 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0

Where z is the midpoint of the particular soil layer, F(z) is the severity factor, w(z) is the
weighing factor at every depth and d(z) is the differential increment of depth.

𝐹𝐹F(𝑧𝑧) = 1− 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 < 1.0

(w𝑧𝑧) = 0 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆 ≥ 1.0

(𝑧𝑧) = 10 −0.5𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑧𝑧 < 20 𝑚𝑚

(𝑧𝑧) = 0 𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑧𝑧 > 20m

The severity of the site due to liquefaction according to LPI is given below:

Table 1: Range of Severity due to liquefaction

LPI Iwasaki et al (1982) Luna et al. (1998) MERM (2003)
0 Very Low Little to more None
0<LPI<5 Low Minor Low
5<LPI<15 High Moderate Medium
15<LPI Very High Major High

6. ANALYSIS OF ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE

The allowable bearing pressure (qa) is the maximum pressure that can be imposed on the
foundation soil taking into consideration the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil and the
tolerable settlement of the structure. Analysis to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and
the pressure corresponding to a specified maximum settlement were performed and the
minimum pressure obtained from the two analyses were adopted as the allowable bearing
pressure.

6.1. SPT correction

The SPT values have been corrected in accordance with the proposal of Skempton, (1986) and
Liao and Whitman (1987) as outlined below with consideration of field procedure, hammer
efficiency, borehole diameter, sample and rod length.

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Correction of SPT N-value using the relation after Skempton, 1986

N60 = Em CB CS CR N/0.60

Where: N67 = SPT N value corrected for field procedure

Em = Hammer Efficiency

CB = borehole diameter correction

CS = Sample Correction

CR = rod length correction

N = SPT N value recorded in the field

The correction factors taken are:

Em =0.55 for hand drop hammer,due to lack of true verticalness and proper speed of SPT blow

CB =1.0 for 65 mm to 115 mm dia. Borehole,

Cs =1.0 for standard sampler,

CR =0.7 for rod length 0.00 - 2.99,

=0.75 for rod length 3.00-3.99 m,

=0.85 for rod length 4.00-5.99 m,

=0.95 for rod length 6.00-9.99 m,

=1 for rod length beyond 10.00 m,

Correction for overburden

The correction for values of N should be made for the field SPT values for depths. Modified
correction in 1974, peck, Hanson and Thornburg with suggested standard pressure of 100 kN/m2
corresponding to a depth of 5 m of soil with bulk density 20kN/m2 can be represented by the
following equation:

(N1)60 = N60 Cn

Cn=0.77log (2000/p0),

Where, p0 is effective overburden pressure in kN/m2.

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Dilatancy Correction (for fine sand and silts below water table)

IS 2131 (1981): (Method for standard penetration test for soils) suggests that if the stratum
consist of fine sand or silt below water table, (N1)60 is to be corrected for dilatancy.

If, (N1)60≤ 15, then Ncorr= (N1)60

If (N1)60≥ 15, then Ncorr= 15+1/2((N1)60 – 15)

6.2. Allowable Bearing Capacity from Shear Failure Criteria

The bearing capacity analysis has been carried out for foundation soil. The bearing capacity
analysis was carried out based on the results of SPT N-value. The so adopted N-value is the
average value beneath each point between level of the base of the footing and the depth equal
to 2 times the width of the foundation. In computing the average any individual value more than
50 percent greater than the average was neglected, but the values for all loose seams if
encountered was included. (IS 6403:1981) The well-known Indian Standard (IS 6403:1981) has
been used to compute bearing capacity of soil on the basis of shear failure criteria. Different
depths and widths of foundation are used in the analysis.

𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎 = �𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐 + �𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 − 1�𝑠𝑠𝑞𝑞 𝑑𝑑𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞 + 0.5𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑁𝑁𝛾𝛾 𝑠𝑠𝛾𝛾 𝑑𝑑𝛾𝛾 𝑖𝑖𝛾𝛾 𝑊𝑊′�/𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

Where: qa = net allowable bearing pressure, t/m2,

C = cohesion in t/m2

Nc, Nq, NƔ = Bearing capacity factors

sc, sq, sƔ = Shape factors,

dc, dq, dƔ= Depths factors,

ic, iq, iƔ = Inclination factors

q = Effective surcharge at the base level of foundation in t/m2

B = Width of footing in m,

Ɣ = Bulk unit weight of soil sample in t/m3

W’ = Correction factor for location of water table

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The values of Nc, Nq and NƔ may be obtained from the table below:

Table 2: Bearing Capacity Factor

Angle of friction Ø (degree) Nc Nq Nſ
0 5.14 1 0
5 6.49 1.57 0.45
10 8.35 2.47 1.22
15 10.98 3.94 2.65
20 14.83 6.4 5.39
25 20.72 10.66 10.88
30 30.14 18.4 22.4
35 46.12 33.3 48.03
40 75.31 64.2 109.41
45 138.88 134.88 271.76
50 266.89 319.07 762.89
The values of sc, sq, sƔ may be obtained from Table 2.

Table 3: Shape Factors

Shape of Footing Sc Sq SƔ
Square As per IS 6403:1981 recommendation
The depth factors shall be as

dc,= 1+0.2 Df/B√NØ

dq,= dſ = 1 for Ø<10̊

dq,= dƔ= 1+0.1 Df/B√NØ for Ø>10̊

The inclination factor shall be as under

ic =iq = (1-α/90)2

iƔ = (1-α/Ø)2

W’ (effect of water table)

If water table is likely to permanently remains at or below a depth of (Df+B) beneath the ground
level surrounding the footing then W’ = 1.

If the water table is located at depth Dfor likely to rise to the base of the footing or above then
the value of W’ shall be taken as 0.5.

If the water table is likely to permanently got located at depth Df<Dw<(Df+B), then the value
of W’ be obtained by linear interpolation.

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6.3. Allowable Bearing Pressure based on Tolerable Settlement in Granular soils

SPT/DCPT methods proposed by Schmertmann Hartmann and Meyerhof, modified by Bowels
are used.

The semi empirical strain influence factor method proposed by Schmertmann and Hartmann
(1978) is as follows:
𝑧𝑧2
′
𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶1 . 𝐶𝐶2 (𝑞𝑞 − 𝑞𝑞) �(𝐼𝐼𝑧𝑧 /𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 )∆𝑧𝑧
0

Where

Se = Net allowable settlement

C1 = Correction factor for the depth of foundation embedment

= 1-0.5 (q/∆q)

C2 = Correction factor to account for creep in soil

= 1+0.2 log (Time in years/0.1)

q = Effective stress at the base of the foundation

q’ = Gross stress at the level of the foundation

= Applied Gross Load/Foundation Area

∆q = Difference between stress at level of foundation and overburden pressure.

∆z = Thickness of soil layer

Iz = Strain influence line factor at depth z

Es = Modulus of elasticity of soil

= 2.5qc (For square or circular foundation)

=3.5qc (For strip or continuous foundation)

Where qc is CPT cone tip resistance value.

Schmertmann (1970) recommended the following for the relation between CPT cone tip
resistance values and SPT N-values:

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Table 4: Relation between CPT resistance value and SPT N-value, Schmertmann (1970)
Soil Type qc/N
Silts, Sandy silts, slighly cohesive silt- sand mixtures 2.0
Clean, fine to medium sands and slightly silty sand 3.5
Coarse sands and sand with little gravel 5.0
sandy gravels and gravel 8.0

6.4. Allowable Bearing Pressure based on Tolerable Settlement in Cohesive soils

If the clay layer is encountered, the settlement was calculated by:

𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = [𝐻𝐻𝑡𝑡 (1 + 𝑒𝑒𝑜𝑜 )] ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 log10 [(𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑜′ + ∆𝑝𝑝)/𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑜′ ]

Where: 𝑆𝑆t = Consolidation or settlement in m

Ht = Thickness of soil layer in m

eo = Initial void ratio

po’ = Effective stress at mid height of layer in kN/m2

Δp = Pressure increment in kN/m2

The minimum of allowable bearing capacity value obtained from the shear failure criteria and
settlement criteria is adopted as the allowable bearing capacity for the given foundation size at
that depth.

General Assumption

 Each stratum was considered as a combination of different heterogeneous layer, so

maximum thickness considered for unique soil properties was limited to 1.5 m otherwise
as tested.

 In between two tested samples, properties of soil in middle sections were interpolated
as relevancy of data.

Design data were interpolated between semi empirical data form field test and lab test results.
Some of input and output data were refined as per relevancy with correlated data.

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High severity of liquefaction is not to be considered for the depth where there is no liquefaction.

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Allowable Bearing Capacity, kN/m2

Depth of footing,
m
40mm settlement

Area of Square Footing (52*24), m2

1.50 99.78

2.00 100.46

2.50 101.13

3.00 101.81

3.50 105.64

4.00 106.34

4.50 107.03
7. Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the analysis, the following recommendations are made.

 The drilling location lies on stiff sandy silt with clay mix strata followed by sandy strata
at greater depths. Evaluation of the site utilizing N-Value and some preliminary lab test
value shows that the foundation site is susceptible to liquefaction to low liquefaction
around concern depths, the susceptible depth of liquefaction was from 6 – 7.5m for the
value of 0.15 g as the maximum horizontal ground acceleration.

 Allowable bearing capacity of 52x24m foundation for shallow depth near or at

particular boreholes at or below 2.5m depth is nearly equal to 101kN/m2. The
recommended ABC is in safer side.
 Stone column with diameter of stone column, 600-700mm, length 10.0m from the
natural ground surface along 2m maximum spacing in equilateral triangle pattern can
be approached in case stone column is also to be provided. Length of stone column shall
be such that the base of the stone column lies below liquefaction depth which is around
9m. Application of sand blanket or sand pad above the stone column is recommended.
 Subgrade Reaction Modulus (Ks) required for design of foundation at different depths
can be calculated from formula below:

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Subgrade Reaction Modulus in kN/m3= Allowable bearing Capacity at that depth in

kN/m2* Factor of Safety/ Permissible Deflection in meters. In our analysis, 40mm is
taken as permissible deflection.
 The foundation Design Engineer needs not strictly follow the depth and dimension of
foundation selected in the bearing capacity analysis of this report. Designer is free to
select any other foundation dimension and depth depending upon the load of the
structure. Allowable bearing capacity depends on many variables such as adopted
allowable settlement, type of foundation, size and depth of foundation, importance of
structure, cost of the project, topographical, hydrological characteristics of river etc.
Therefore once the size and depth of the foundation is finalized the calculation may need
to be refined during design phase based on the parameters obtained from this
investigation.
Important Notes;
 The recommendations and discussions presented in this report are based on the sub-
surface conditions encountered during the site work at the time of investigation and on
the result of the field and laboratory testing on samples obtained from limited number
of boreholes. There may be, however, conditions pertaining to the site which have not
been into account due to the limited number of boreholes.
 The ground water levels indicated on the logs of borings represents the measured levels
at the time of investigations and immediately 24 hour after completion of drilling works,
which may be permanent water table or seepage water from nearby small pouch of
fractured/weathered strata. It should be noted; however, that ground water levels are
subject to variation caused by flood and weather seasonal variations and by changes of
local drainage and or pumping conditions, and may at the times be significantly different
to those measured during the investigation.
 PGA value used on this analysis report is based on a map prepared by Department of
mines and Geology, Nepal, which was only preliminary indication, due to lack of
sufficient data, which cannot forestall some diverse situation if large earthquake occur
in nearby area.

 If filling ground is observed during the construction, the foundation should be placed
below the filling ground to reduce the uneven settlements.
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 It is recommended that proper and efficient surface drainage be provided at the location
of the structures both during and after construction. Surface water should be directed
away from the edges of the excavation.

REFERENCES AND STANDARDS

1. AASTHO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONs, 4th edition

2. Bowles, J. E. (1988). Foundation Analysis and Design, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1004 P.

3. Canadian FOUNDATION ENGINEERING MANNUAL 4th EDITION, Canadian

Geotechnical Society 2006

4. Design Guide AGMU Memo 10.1 - Liquefaction Analysis

5. IS 2131: 1981 Method for standard penetration test for soils (first revision) 1981 Soil and
foundation engineering

6. IS 2720: Part 2: 1973 Methods of test for soils: Part 2 determination of water content
(Second revision) 1973 Soil and foundation engineering

7. IS 2720: Part 4: 1985 Methods of Test for Soils – Part I: Grain Size Analysis (Second
revision) 1985 Soil and foundation engineering

8. IS 2720: Part 3: Sec 1: 1980 Methods of test for soils: Part 3 Determination of specific
gravity Section fine grained soils (First revision) 1980 Soil and foundation engineering

9. IS 2720: Part 10: 1991 Methods of test for soils: Part 10 Determination of unconfined
compressive strength (Second revision) 1991 Soil and foundation engineering

10. Is 2720: Part 13: 1986 Methods of Test for Soils - Part 13: Direct shear Test (Second
revision) 1986 Soil and foundation engineering

11. IS 6403: 1981 Code of practice for determination of bearing capacity of shallow
foundations

12. IS 8009: Part 1: 1976 Code of Practice for Calculation of Settlements of Foundations - Part
I: Shallow Foundations Subjected to Symmetrical Static Vertical Loads 1976 Soil and
foundation engineering

13. IS 8009: Part I: 1976 Code of Practice for Calculation of Settlements of Foundations - Part

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At Rampur, Banke, Lumbini Province, Nepal

I: Shallow Foundations Subjected to Symmetrical Static Vertical Loads

14. IS 8009: Part II: 1980 Code of Practice for Calculation of Settlement of Foundations - Part
II: Deep Foundations Subjected to Symmetrical Static Vertical Loading

15. IS 2911: Part 1: Sec 2: 1979 Code of practice for design and construction of pile
foundations: Part 1 Concrete piles, Section 2 Bored cast-in-situ piles

16. IS 2950: Part I: 1981 Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Raft Foundations -
Part I: Design

17. Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal -2002, Department of Mines and Geology

18. Terzaghi, K. and Peck R. B. (1967), “Soil Mechanic in Engineering Practice,” John Wiley
and Sons Inc. New York, USA.

19. Youd, T.L. et al. (2001). Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996
NCEER and 1998 NSEER/NSF workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils,
Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Eng. 127 (10), 817-833

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