GERTC – April 2023 Review Hydraulics – HYDRAULICS

Force against Fixed Flat Plates 𝒗𝟏𝐲 = 𝟎

𝒗𝟐𝐱 = 𝐯𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒗𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒗𝟐𝐲 = 𝐯𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒗𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Drag/Dynamic Force Formula:

𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸′(𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙 )
Drag/Dynamic Force Formula: 𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸′(𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚 )
Where:
𝑭𝑫 = 𝝆𝑨(𝒗𝟏 )𝟐 𝑼 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
Where: 𝒗′ = 𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝝆 = 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 𝐔 = 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗′
𝐐 = 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝑸′ = 𝑨𝑼
𝒗𝟏 = 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝒗𝟏𝐱 = 𝐯𝟏
𝒗𝟏𝐲 = 𝟎
Force against Moving Flat Plates
𝒗𝟐𝐱 = 𝐯 ′ + 𝐔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒗𝟐𝐲 = 𝐔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

HYDRODYNAMICS
Situation 1 – A jet of water 250mm in diameter impinges normally on a
flat steel plate. If the discharge is 0.491m3/s.
1. Find the force exerted by the jet on the stationary plate in kN.
A. 5.23 B. 6.42 C. 4.91 D. 8.65
2. If the flat plate is moving at 2m/s in the same direction as that of the
jet, find the force exerted by the jet on the plate.
A. 7.235 B. 3.142 C. 1.236 D. 2.444
3. If the flat plate moving a 4m/s in the same direction as that of the jet,
find the work done on the plate per second.
A. 7068 B. 6023 C. 5470 D. 4519

Situation 2 – A jet water 25mm in diameter and having a velocity of

7.5m/s strike against a plate at right angles.
4. Determine the force on the plate if the plate is stationary.
A. 27.61kN B. 14.52kN C. 64.92kN D. 9.94kN
Drag/Dynamic Force Formula: 5. Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same
𝑭𝑫 = 𝝆𝑨(𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 )𝟐 direction as the jet at a speed of 3m/s.
Where: A. 64.92kN B. 9.94kN C. 27.61kN D. 14.52kN
𝝆 = 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝 6. Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving towards the
𝐐 = 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 nozzle of a velocity of 4 m/s.
𝒗𝟏 = 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 A. 14.52kN B. 64.92kN C. 14.52kN D. 27.61kN
𝒗𝟐 = 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐭 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞
Situation 3 – A nozzle of 50mm diameter delivers a stream of water at a
velocity of 65m/s perpendicular to fixed plate.
7. Determine the force on the plate in kN.
A. 5.3 B. 4.3 C. 7.3 D. 8.3
8. If the plate moves in the same direction as the jet at a speed of 15m/s,
find the force on the plate in kN.
A. 5.9 B. 4.9 C. 3.9 D. 2.9
9. Find the work done per second if the plate moves in the direction of
the jet a 15m/s.
A. 76613.1 B. 76631.1 C. 86641.3 D. 86614.3

Situation 4 – A jet of water 75mm ϕ and moving to the right impinges on

a flat plate held normal to its axis. If the velocity of the jet is 25m/s.
10. What force will keep the plate in equilibrium?
A. 5107N B. 3235N C. 1131N D. 2761N
11. If the plate were moving to the right with a velocity of 9m/s, what
force would the jet exert on the plate?
A. 5107N B. 3235N C. 1131N D. 2761N
Drag/Dynamic Force Formula: 12. Had the plate been moving to the left at 9m/s, what force would the
𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙 ) jet exert on the plate?
𝑭𝒚 = 𝝆𝑸(𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚 ) A. 5107N B. 3235N C. 1131N D. 2761N
Where:
𝒗𝟏𝐱 = 𝐯𝟏

PREPARED BY: ENGR. CHRYSLER G. DUASO, RMP 1

GERTC – April 2023 Review Hydraulics – HYDRAULICS
Situation 5 – A 100mm diameter orifice discharges 0.0446m3/s under a 30.A small ingot and platform rest on a steady water jet. If the total weight
head of 2.75m. A flat plate held normal to the jet just downstream supported is 825N. What is the jet velocity?
from the vena contracta requires a force of 320N to resist impact of A. 15.2m/s B. 19.5m/s C. 17.1m/s D. 18.6m/s
the jet.
13. Find the value of coefficient of velocity. Situation 10 – A 50mm nozzle is attached to a 300mm pipe by flange
A. 0.957 B. 0.955 C. 0.978 D. 0.976 bolts. The pressure at the base of the nozzle is 517kPa. Assume
14. Find the value of coefficient of contraction. C=Cv=0.96.
A. 0.751 B. 0.741 C. 0.769 D. 0.789 31. Determine the rate of flow in m3/s.
15. Compute the area of the jet at the vena contracta. A. 0.0578 B. 0.0774 C. 0.0235 D. 0.0551
A. 0.1203m2 B. 0.0062m2 C. 0.1062m2 D. 0.0003,m2 32. Determine the head loss of the nozzle.
A. 2.10m B. 4.10m C. 3.10m D. 5.10m
Situation 6 – In an experiment to determine the hydraulic coefficients of 33. What will be the total stress in the bolts?
a 25mm diameter sharp-edge orifice, it was found that the jet issuing A. 44.235kN B. 40.234kN C. 38.235kN D. 34.815kN
horizontally under a head of 1m traveled a horizontal distance of
1.5m from the vena contracta in the course of a vertical drop of Situation 11 – on the right end of a 225mm diameter pipe is a nozzle
612mm from the same point. Further, the impact force on the jet on which discharges 75mm water jet into the air. The pressure in the
a flat plate held normal to it at the vena contracta was measured as pipe is 415kPa and the pipe velocity is 3m/s.
5.5N. Assuming an impact coefficient of unity. 34. Determine the velocity of the water jet in m/s.
16. Determine the coefficient of velocity. A. 24 B. 29 C. 30 D. 27
A. 0.94 B. 0.92 C. 0.96 D. 0.90 35. Determine the axial force on the nozzle due to the effect of the water
17. Determine the coefficient of discharge. jet in kN.
A. 0.632 B. 0.559 C. 0.561 D. 0.662 A. 15.36 B. 14.23 C. 13.64 D. 19.63
18. Determine the coefficient of contraction.
A. 0.71 B. 0.69 C. 0.61 D. 0.59 36. Determine the head loss in the nozzle.
A. 4.23m B. 9.25m C. 5.61m D. 6.32m
Situation 7 – A jet having a diameter of 50mm and a velocity of 15m/s is
deflected through an angle of 60ᵒ by a curve vane. Situation 12 – A 600mm ϕ pipe carrying 800lit/sec of oil having a specific
19. Determine the x-component of the force exerted if the vane is fixed. gravity of 0.85 has a 90ᵒ bend in a horizontal plane. The loss of head
A. 255.3N B. 287.1N C. 299.4N D. 217.5N in the bend is 1 meter of soil and the pressure at the entrance is
20. Determine the y-component of the force exerted if the vane is fixed. 300kPa.
A. 390.27N B. 350.23N C. 376.72N D. 344.97N 37. Determine the horizontal component of the force exerted by the oil
21. Determine the x-component of the force exerted if the vane is moving on the bend.
at a velocity of 6m/s in the same direction as the jet. A. 91.62kN B. 85.63kN C. 78.52kN D. 96.23kN
A. 72N B. 77N C. 81N D. 85N 38. Determine the vertical component of the force exerted by the oil on
the bend.
Situation 8 – A nozzle discharges 50lit/sec with a horizontal velocity of A. 88.55kN B. 78.22kN C. 89.36kN D. 95.23kN
12m/s. The entire jet strikes a series of vanes that are moving in the 39. Determine the resultant force exerted by the oil on the bend.
same direction as the jet with a velocity of 3m/s. Each vane has a A. 127.98kN B. 136.52kN C. 190.23kN D. 150.32kN
deflection angle of 150ᵒ.
22. Determine the absolute velocity of the water as it leaves the vane. Situation 13 – Flow occurs over a spillway whose water us 4m deep at
A. 7.11m/s B. 6.58m/s C. 5.23m/s D. 9.52m/s the downstream before the spillway and 0.60m deep on the upstream
23. Determine the horizontal component of the forces exerted by the after the spillway.
water on the vane. 40. Determine the velocity of the water at the downstream side.
A. 741.23N B. 852.74N C. 963.41N D. 987.12N A. 1.63m/s B. 1.52m/s C. 1.24m/s D. 1.99m/s
24. Determine the work done per second. 41. Determine the discharge per meter of the spill way.
A. 2518.5 B. 2795.5 C. 2586.4 D. 2467.8 A. 5.99m3/s B. 4.96m3/s C. 7.86m3/s D. 8.41m3/s
42. Determine the horizontal force of water on the spillway per meter of
Situation 9 – A jet of water flowing horizontally is deflected by a 90ᵒ curve spillway length.
vane. If the water jet has a diameter of 38mm and a velocity of 7.8m/s. A. 71.52kN B. 41.89kN C. 55.23kN D. 65.23kN
25. Determine the horizontal component of the force required to hold the
vane in place. Situation 14 – A water tower is approximated by a 15m diameter sphere
A. 74.23N B. 69.03N C. 56.23N D. 84.23N mounted on a 1m diameter rod 20m long, supporting the water
26. Determine the vertical component of the force required to hold the tower. Assuming ρair = 1.2255kg/m3 and the hurricane winds of
vane in place. 40m/s.
A. 69.03N B. 74.23N C. 84.23N D. 56.23N 43. What is the force acting on the sphere assuming CD = 0.20?
27. Determine the resultant force required to hold the vane in place. A. 25.6kN B. 34.6kN C. 27.6kN D. 29.6kN
A. 78.52N B. 97.62N C. 99.52N D. 101.23N 44. What is the drag force on the rod assuming CD = 0.30?
A. 7.11kN B. 8.63kN C. 5.88kN D. 4.52kN
28.A vertical jet of water thru a nozzle supports a load of 150N. The 45. What is the bending moment at the base of the rod in kN-m?
velocity and diameter of the jet at the nozzle tip are 17.46m/s and A. 1011.7 B. 1002.6 C. 1200.3 D. 1520.6
3cm. Find the distance of load from the nozzle tip in meters.
A. 5m B. 8m C. 10m D. 3m

29.A vertical jet of water supports a load of 200N at a constant vertical

height of 12m from the tip of the nozzle. The diameter of the jet is
25mm ϕ. Find the velocity of the jet at the nozzle tip.
A. 23.28m/s B. 27.63m/s C. 29.54m/s D. 32.55m/s

PREPARED BY: ENGR. CHRYSLER G. DUASO, RMP 2

GERTC – April 2023 Review Hydraulics – HYDRAULICS

PREPARED BY: ENGR. CHRYSLER G. DUASO, RMP 3