PART-C Water Master Plan

PART-C Water Master Plan
The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resource Development

in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE OF WATER MASTER PLAN

1.1 Framework of Water M/P
(1) Target Year and Target Area of Plan
The target year of the Water M/P is the year of 2035, 25 years later from 2010. The target areas of the
plan are 3 Regions: Al Baha Region, Asir Region and Jazan Region.
(2) Components of Water M/P
The contents of the Water M/P are as follows:
Water Resources Development Plan
• Conventional Water Resources (Surface Water, Shallow Groundwater and Deep
Fossil Groundwater)
• Non-conventional Water Resources (Desalinated Sea Water and Reclaimed
Sewerage Water)
Water Supply Plan for Municipal Water and Industrial Water
Demand Management (Municipal Water, Industrial Water, Agricultural Water)
Operation & Maintenance and Management Plan
• Total Water Resources Management Plan
• Monitoring Plan
• Water Resources Conservation Plan
• Capacity Building Plan
• Organization and Management System
Basic Design and Cost Estimate
Implementation Schedule
Evaluation of Proposed Water M/P
1.2 Water M/P of Planning Methods

It is decided upon the water M/P based on water policy/ strategy/action plan on water resource
development in the southwest region in Part B of Chapter 5.
(1) Target Water Resources Development
Table C.1-1 shows the target water resources, development methods and users. As the deep fossil
groundwater does not exist in the target area, the conventional water resources are all the renewable
water resources available.
Table C.1-1 Target Water Resources, Development Methods and Users
Water Resources Development Methods Users
• Storage by Dam & Reservoir • Municipal Water
Surface Water • Direct Intake from Reservoir • Industrial Water
Conventional • Recharge Water from Reservoir • Agricultural Water
Water Shallow Groundwater • Pump up from Shallow Well
Resources (Circulation Water)
Deep Fossil • Pump up from Deep Well
Groundwater
Desalinated Sea • Production by Desalinated Plant • Municipal Water
Non- Water • Industrial Water
Conventional • Production by Sewerage Treatment • Part of Municipal Water
Water Reclaimed Plant (Tertiary) (Greening)
Resources Wastewater • Part of Industrial Water
• Agricultural Water
YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

SANYU CONSULTANTS INC.
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＜Conventional Water Resources Development＞

Target
Conventional water resources are classified into i) surface water, ii) shallow groundwater (within
hydrological cycle), iii) and deep fossil groundwater. There is no deep-fossil groundwater in the target
area. Therefore, surface water and shallow groundwater are targeted as new developments in
renewable water resources.
Surface Water Development
The Method of surface water development is proposed, i) by dam reservoirs, ii) by combination of
dam reservoirs and downstream aquifers, iii) and by recharge dams.
Developed surface water is used for both specified and unspecified water use. The specified use is for
new (municipal and industrial) water supply projects and irrigation projects. On the other hand,
unspecified use is for compensation to the users who will be affected by new water resources
development. Generally, the priority of water allocation is given firstly to unspecified use and
secondly (new) to specified use. Then, priority within unspecified use is given firstly to water supply
and the secondly to irrigation use, as a general rule. Considering such situation, safety factor against
drought is set at 97%, of which meaning is as follows:
Planned amount of water with 98% safety factor is defined: under this amount, 30% of water shortage
will happen within 3 to 30 years, for which period water balance was analyzed. This water shortage
will be compensated by a combination use of underground dams and downstream aquifers. At least,
water supply will be secured against drought by the above method. However, it must be confirmed in
the next step (F/S).
Shallow Groundwater Development
Groundwater has already been fully developed, and it is impossible to develop any more for municipal
and irrigation use on a large scale. “Groundwater/surface water development by combination use of
dam reservoir and downstream aquifer” and “groundwater development by recharge dam” is only
options of groundwater development in large scale.
<Non-conventional Water Resources Development>
Non-conventional water resources are classified into desalination and sewage treatment.
Desalination.
According to water demand prediction and potential analysis of renewable water resources, it is
necessary to continue and expand desalination projects to meet the water demand for municipal and
industrial water use. Desalination water is stable and is not affected by annual climate fluctuation.
However, it still costs more than renewable water. Therefore, transmission cost for desalination
projects must be reduced by shortening of transmission routes.
Sewage Treatment
According to “Investigation and Engineering Design for Treated Wastewater Reuse in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia” in 2009, projects for sewage treatment are newly planned in the target areas. Treated
sewage generated by the above project is proposed to reuse for purposes below:
• Municipal and industrial use
• Irrigation use
• Measures against sea water intrusion (artificial recharge by treated sewage)
(2) Water Supply Plan
Based on water demand forecasting (OPTION-1) considered in section B of Chapter 3, planning
examination of the maintenance plan for water supply plants were carried out.
This water demand forecasting (OPTION-1) has the "KSA" country government closed to the value
that the Government considers as the target value (productive capacity including 20% of leakage of

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water) .
However, the amount demanded is deducted in consideration of the use (5% of a city water duty, and
30% of the amount of industrial water) of sewer resurgent water. Furthermore, a water service
diffusion rate in large cities are 100% by 2020, 100% by 2035 in municipal areas (50% in 2010),
100% by 2035 in the district communities (40% in 2010).
Conventional water sources, such as dam, shallow groundwater and deep fossil water (Wajid Aquifer)
are subjected to the main water sources, and water by desalinization of seawater is also subject to the
main water source. The plan water supply of MOWE is used for the plan water supply of conventional
type water sources.
The Red Sea water lifeline (alternative-1) selected in section B of Chapter 5 is considered as a water
transportation route.
(3) Management of Water Demand
Municipal Water
In order to decrease the water consumption of municipal water on the demand side, the measure for
water demand reduction according to the demand characteristic is examined.
Moreover, the economical effect produced by demand fluctuation is examined using the result of the
sensitivity analysis concerning the demand of Municipal water. The evaluation case was carried out as
follows.
- 10% reduction of the water supply source unit
- Demand by the present water supply unit
- A 5% improvement of the leakage-of-water rate.
In any case, the demand in the planned target year (2035) is assumed. Furthermore, the proposal about
future demand management is performed based on these examination results.
Water for Agricultural Use
About the irrigation amount of water, the demand management amount of irrigation water is important.
This is because the present water-resources potential is not enough.
From this viewpoint, in accordance with the plan Decision335 by MOA, crop conversion of fruit trees,
which can be expected to increase in demand in neighboring towns, and vegetables with small unit
water consumption from crops with large unit water consumption (e.g. feed crop, cereals) are
important.
Moreover, irrigation use of sewer resurgent water should also be promoted. Based on these
examinations, agriculture for each state will be proposed.
Management Control of Maintenance
The following matters are examined about the management control of maintenance for the exploitation
of water resources.
Comprehensive water management system (dam, Red Sea water lifeline, and an executive
organization)
The groundwater recharge by using dams (Cooperation with dam and aquifer in the
downstream area, development of the groundwater which cooperated with recharge dam)
Monitoring (rainfall , water level / discharge of Wadi , groundwater level)
Conservation of water resources (surface water, groundwater)
Establishment of organization and, operation and maintenance system
Personnel training, capacity development
The educational campaign for water use

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CHAPTER 2 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Non-Conventional Water Resources Development
In the study area (Al Baha, Asir, and Jazan), though the renewable water resources (surface flow and
groundwater) as conventional water resources exist, non-renewable water resources (fossil aquifer) do
not exist. In the study area, many dams are in construction-completed status, or under construction. It
was determined as construction completed or a promising large discharge dam was already under
construction from the Google photograph interpretation and topographical map (1 / 50,000) survey by
JICA Study Team. The Development of surface flow is carried out by such dams. On the groundwater
aquifer, which can be developed as large municipal water and agriculture water, is already developed
and large groundwater development is impossible using a dam other than groundwater recharge.
2.1.1 Development Methods of Renewable Water Resources
The following development methods of renewable water resources (surface water and shallow
groundwater) are the most appropriate in the Target Area (Al Baha Region, Asir Region and Jazan
Region).
Surface Water Development by Large Dam
For the purpose of water use, surface water is developed by large scaled dams and reservoirs with
double or triple volume of annual discharge volumes. Reservoirs are continuously stored and used
through the year. Developed water is conveyed to the consumer areas.
Urban Use Area
Reservoir Dam
Pipeline
Urban Use Area
Urban Use Area
Figure C.2-1 Surface Water Development by Large Dam
Development of Surface Water and Groundwater by the Combination of Large Dams and
Groundwater Aquifers
In case of small sized dams or limited annual flow regime at dam sites, surface water is recharged and
stored in the groundwater aquifer to increase development volume. To increase recharge volume,
recharge wells and trenches are employed.
Urban Use Area Discharge
Groundwater from Dam Reservoir Dam

Extraction Area
Pipeline
Urban Use Area
Urban Use Area
Discharge
from Dam
Groundwater
Extraction
Groundwater Recharge with
Discharged Water from Dam
Figure C.2-2 Surface Water & Groundwater Development by Combination with Large Dam
and Aquifer

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Groundwater Development by the Recharge Dams

Recharge dams with facilities of natural discharge are constructed to increase recharge volume in the
course of wadi by changing the flow patterns.
Groundwater Recharge Dam

Extraction Area
Discharge
from Dam
Discharge
from Dam
Groundwater
Extraction
Groundwater Recharge with
Discharged Water from Dam
Figure C.2-3 Groundwater Development by the Recharge Dams
2.1.2 Target Development Discharge of Dam of Future Water Supply Plan and Irrigation
Plan
The target dam of the future water supply plan of study areas and irrigation is as shown in Table C.2-1.
Table C.2-1 Target Dam of Future Water Supply Plan and Irrigation Plan Relevant to Three
Regions
Specific
Catchment Annual Reservoir Specific Flow
Stat Name of Location of Reservoir
Region Area Flow Volume *1
us Dam River Volume *2
(km2) (MCM/y) (MCM) (MCM/y/km2)
(y)
Al Baha U/C Aradah East(Desert) 304 15.2 68.0 0.050 4.5
Asir Exi. King Fahd East(Desert) 7,600 69.1 325.0 0.009 4.7
Asir U/C Tabalah East(Desert) 863 12.3 68.4 0.014 5.6
Asir U/C Ranyah East(Desert) 4,375 99.6 219.8 0.023 2.2
Asir U/C Hirjab East(Desert) 788 16.8 4.6 0.021 0.3
Jazan Exi. Jizan West(Redsea) 1,317 78.9 51.0 0.060 0.6
Jazan U/C Baysh West(Redsea) 4,600 104.6 193.6 0.023 1.9
Jazan U/C Damad West(Redsea) 907 61.5 55.5 0.068 0.9
Makkah U/C Hali West(Redsea) 4,843 122.3 249.9 0.025 2.0
Makkah U/C Qanunah West(Redsea) 2,000 21.3 79.2 0.011 3.7
Makkah U/C Yiba West(Redsea) 2,242 81.3 80.9 0.036 1.0
Total 29,839 682.9 1,395.9 0.023 2.0
Total East(Desert) 13,930 213.0 685.8 0.015 3.2
Total West(Redsea) 15,909 469.9 710.1 0.030 1.5
[Note] *1: Specific Flow=Annual Mean Flow / Catchment Area、*2: Specific Reservoir Volume =Reservoir Volume/
Annual Mean Flow
(1) Calculated Method Development Volumes

As shown in TableC.2-1, since the reservoir water volume of some dams has a dam which will be
several times the volume of annual average inflow, development calculation is carried out as over year
storage type dam and reservoir. The development flow (amount of water developed for water supply,
irrigation, and unspecified use) by these dams is calculated in the following step. A Baysh dam and a
Hali dam are shown as a calculation case. (Figure C.2-4 to Figure C.2-8 references)

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Hydrologic Equation of Reservoir

The Hydrologic equation of reservoir is shown with the following method.
ΔV(i) ＝ V(i) － V(i-1)
＝ Qin(i) – Qsp(i) – E(i) – Qdv(i)
Here,
ΔV(i) = The volume of change of the reservoir of Δt hours from time (i) to time
(i-1)
V(i) = Reservoir volume of time (i)
V(i-1) = Reservoir volume of time (i-1)
Qin(i) = The volume of inflow of the reservoir of Δt hours from time (i) to time
(i-1)
Qsp(i) = The volume of discharge of the spillway of Δt hours from time (i) to
time (i-1)
E(i) = The volume of evaporation of the reservoir of Δt hours from time (i) to
time (i-1)
Qdv(i) = The volume of development of Δt hours from time (i) to time (i-1)
Δt = Calculation (unit of account: January)
Reservoir Volume
As effective reservoir volume of each dam is not available, 80% of the total reservoir volume is
assumed.
Volume of Inflow to Reservoir
The calculation uses the monthly discharges that are simulated with daily rainfall data for 30 years
(1975 - 2004)
Flow from Spillways
When the flow over the effective volume of a dam breaks out, the reservoir lower stream is stocked to
spillways. Therefore, this discharge is excepted from the target for development.
Amount of Evaporation from Reservoir
Evaporation from the reservoir is obtained based on the daily evaporation rate (5 mm/day).
Scheme of a Development Flow
The development flow studied by the JICA Study Team shows a volume of specific water utilization,
and a volume of non-specifying water utilization. The volume of specific water utilization is the
volume of irrigation aiming at new water supply and irrigation. The volume of non-specifying water
utilization is the existing groundwater utilization quantity of the dam lower stream. When such
utilization quantity is repaired with new water supply flow or irrigation flow, the volume of
non-specifying utilization serves as zero.
Safety of Development Discharge for Draught
The development volume is the case which some 70 % of the design development volume has
occurred for three years in the calculation period of 30 years. Namely, (3 years x 70%＋27
years)/30years = 97% * (97% of the total expected development volume). In addition, in the same way,
another case: [(3 years x 70%＋27 years)/30years = 97%] is examined. Water shortage breaks out for
three years, Though the amount of water running short by cooperation with the underground dam of
the dam lower stream and groundwater recharge is securable, there is the necessity to check the
detailed analysis.
(2) Calculated Result Development Volumes
The calculated development volumes of the main dams and dams planned for the water supply are
tabulated in Table C.2-2 below. The table reveals as follows:

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Hali Dam, Baysh Dam and King Fahd Dam show large development volumes and high
development ratios.
On the contrary Tabalah Dam and Hirjab Dam show small development volumes and low
development ratios.
Dams having larger reservoir volume compared with annual flow volumes show higher
development ratios. (Development Volume / Annual Flow Volume)
Due to good annual flow regime, dams in the west side (Red Sea side) basins show higher
development volume than dams in the east side basins.
Table C.2-2 Development Discharge of Main Dams for Three Regions
Development Safe 97％*1 Development Safe95％*2
Annual Reservoir
Name of Development Development Development Development
Location of River Flow Volume Development Development
Dam
(MCM/y) (MCM) Discharge Volume
3 Ratio*3 (α)
Discharge Volume
3 Ratio *3 (α)
(MCM/y) (1000m /d) (MCM/y) (1000m /d)
Aradah East(Desert) 15.2 68.0 6.7 18 44% 7.5 21 49%
King Fahd East(Desert) 69.1 325.0 55.3 152 80% 57.3 157 83%
Tabalah East(Desert) 12.3 68.4 3.6 10 29% 3.8 11 31%
Ranyah East(Desert) 99.6 219.8 32.9 90 33% 37.9 104 38%
Hirjab East(Desert) 16.8 4.6 3.4 9 20% 4.4 12 26%
Jazan West(Redsea) 78.9 51.0 23.7 65 30% 25.2 69 32%
Baysh West(Redsea) 104.6 193.6 73.2 201 70% 90.0 247 86%
Damad West(Redsea) 61.5 55.5 24.0 66 39% 25.8 71 42%
Hali West(Redsea) 122.3 249.9 97.8 268 80% 104.0 285 85%
Qanunah West(Redsea) 21.3 79.2 6.4 18 30% 7.4 20 35%
Yiba West(Redsea) 81.3 80.9 24.4 67 30% 26.0 71 32%
Total 682.9 1,395.9 351.4 964 51% 389.3 1,068 57%
Total East(Desert) 213.0 685.8 101.9 279 48% 110.9 305 52%
Total West(Redsea) 469.9 710.1 249.5 685 53% 278.4 763 59%
[Note] *1:Development Safe97%=30% of development volume is insufficient once in 10 years､*2:Development Safe 95%=50% of
development volume is insufficient once in 10 years､*3:Development Rate(α)=Development Volume/Annual Flow
An n u a l I n f lo w t o Da m ( Ba s h Da m )
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
m/a
dy)
3
00
200.0
lume(10
150.0
Vo
100.0
50.0
0.0
1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
A nnua l Inflo w to D a m (H a li D a m )
400.0
350.0
300.0
ay)
250.0
m/d
3
00
200.0
m 0
e(1
150.0
o
Vlu
100.0
50.0
0.0
1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
Figure C.2-4 Annual Inflow to Dam (Baysh Dam and Hali Dam)

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Av e r ag e M on t h ly Inf low t o Da m ( Ba s h Dam )

25.0
20.0
n
o )
th
15.0
m C
e(MMM
/
10.0
o
Vlu
5.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Monthly Discharge Volume at Baysh Dam

50
45
40
Volum e (10 6 m 3 )
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
Month/Year
Figure C.2-5 Monthly Discharge Volume to Dam (Baysh Dam)
Aver age M ont hly Inf low t o Dam ( Hali Dam )

25.0
20.0
onth)
15.0
e(MCM/M
10.0
Volum
5.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Monthly Inflow to Hali Dam

50
45
Volume (106m 3)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
19 5
19 6
77
19 8
79
19 0
19 1
19 2
83
19 4
85
19 6
19 7
88
19 9
90
19 1
19 2
93
19 4
19 5
96
19 7
98
20 9
20 0
01
20 2
20 3
04
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
19
19
19
19
Year
Figure C.2-6 Monthly Discharge Volume to Dam (Hali Dam)

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<Baysh Dam>
Design Actual
Annual Evaporation Water from Spill
Development Development
Inflow Volume Way
Volume Volume
Volume (MCM/Y) 105 73.5 71 13 21
Rate (%) 100% 70% 68% 12% 20%
Annual Water Use = 70% x Annual Flow (73.5) Æ 97% of Expected Volume
7.000
6.000
5.000
Annual Water Use (MCM)
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
1979
1985
1990
1996
2002
1975
1976
1977
1978
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2003
2004
Figure C.2-7 Water Resources Development by Baysh Dam
<Hali Dam>
Design Actual
Annual Evaporation Water from Spill
Development Development
Inflow Volume Way
Volume Volume
Volume (MCM/Y) 122 97.6 95 11 16
Rate (%) 100% 80% 78% 9% 13%
Annual Water Use = 80% x Annual Flow (97.6 MCM) Æ 97% of Expected Volume
9
8
7
Annual Water Use (MCM)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
YEAR
1975
1977
1980
1982
1984
1985
1987
1989
1990
1991
1992
1994
1996
1997
1999
2001
2003
2004
1976
1978
1979
1981
1983
1986
1988
1993
1995
1998
2000
2002
Figure C.2-8 Water Resources Development by Hali Dam
2.2 Non-Conventional Water Resource Development Plan

Desalinated seawater and reclaimed waste water are classified into non-conventional water resources
and used for various purposes. Desalinated seawater is used for municipal water and industrial water,
and reclaimed waste water is used for greening of municipal water, a part of industrial water and some

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of agricultural water. The service coverage of reclaimed waste water for agricultural use is still low.
The desalinated seawater is the aquatic resources, which are the effects of time of water supply to the
urban regions and emergency correspondence at the time of abnormal drought with an aspect of stable
water supply. Desalinated seawater is already supplied within the three regions in the Target Area of
the M/P, and an expansion of the plants is stimulated now by MOWE.
The reclaimed waste water is utilized only in the Asir Region among the three regions at present.
Reclaimed waste water is supplied by truck haul, and it is used for tree planting and agriculture. A plan
to spread the use of the reclaimed waste water is processing for the future.
2.2.1 Desalinated Seawater

(1) Current Situation of Desalinated Seawater in Target Year
The three (3) desalination plants of Al Shuaibah (in Makkah Region), Al Shuqaiq (in Jazan) and
Farasan (at Farasan Island in Jazan Region) are in operation and are supplying desalinated water to
nine (9) governorates in 3 regions. The expansion of production capacity and pipelines are undertaken
at each plant. Current situation and future plan for each plan are as follows:
In the Al Baha Region, desalinated seawater (10,000m3/day) from Shuaiba Plant is
transmitted to 4 municipalities via Taif in Makkah Region. The Al Baha Region is requesting
the expansion of the pipeline (70,000m3/day) to SWCC. But the decision has not been made
yet.
In the Asir Region, desalinated seawater (83,900m3/day) from Shuqaiq Plan is transmitted to
3 municipalities via Ad Darb in Jazan Region. At the year of 2010 or later, the expansion
(196,000m3/day) will be completed.
In the Jazan Region, desalinated seawater (3,000m3/day) from Shuqaiq Plan is transmitted to
Ad Darb in Jazan Region. Also in Farasan Island, the plant (1,000m3/day) is in operation. Up
to the year 2015, desalinated seawater of 72,000m3/day will be delivered to municipalities in
Jazan Region. Also Farasan Plant will be reinforced to the capacity of 9,000m3/day.
(2) Desalinated Seawater as Water Source for Municipal Water and Industrial Water
It is indispensable for desalinated seawater projects to continue and expand in order to suffice the
demand of municipal water and industrial water, judging from the water demand projection and water
resources potential analyzed in this Study. SWCC projects implemented under supervision of MOWE
shall be implemented considering the following matters:
Stable and Reliable Water Source:
Desalinated seawater is a stable and reliable water source to secure the expectations of the water
supply quantity compared with renewable water resources that are affected by annual fluctuations, the
most prominent characteristics in the semi-arid areas.
High Production Cost:
Although the production cost of desalinated seawater falls by technical progress, 3 times - 4 times are
still high (SWCC Annual Report 2008, 2.40SR/m3) in comparison with the renewable water
production cost by dams. An investment capital interest rate of dam construction is assured to be 8% a
year.
Minimum Water Transmission:
As the desalinated seawater is produced near the sea, the cost of water transmission increases because
the place of consuming is far from the sea. For example, according to the same above report,
transmission cost from Shuqaiq Plan to Abha is 5.18 SR/m3. It is self-evident to plan the construction
of new plants as near as possible to consuming areas to reduce transmission costs.

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2.2.2 Reclaimed Waste Water

The reclaimed waste water production volume in the Target Area is planned as shown in Table C.2-3
which is prepared by the Study "Investigation and Engineering Design for Reclaimed waste water
Reuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" in 2009. The plans are as follows with the present situation for
the sewerage treatment and the future plans.
In the Al Baha Region, there are presently no sewerage treatment plants, but plans for treatment
plants in six main cities are planned for construction up to the year of 2020. The capacity at
2020 will meet the capacity and network in 2035.
In the Asir Region, there are three treatment plants in the main cities (Abha, Khamis Mushayt
and Bisha), and reclaimed waste water is to create greenery in the cities. The plant capacity of
Abha is 35,000m3/day and the same amount of reclaimed waste water is utilized. The plant
capacity of Khamis Mushayt is 35,900m3/day and 14,500m3/day (40% of capacity) is currently
operated. The plant capacity of Bisha is 10,000m3/day and only 1,000m3/day is currently
operated due to low levels of networking and negated use of reclaimed wasete water .
In the Jazan Region, there is one treatment plant in Jizan with the capacity of 20,000m3/ day, but
the present throughput (10,000m3/ day) is being drained into the Red Sea with no use at all.
Table C.2-3 Reclaimed Waste Water Generation and Treatment Capacity in 2020
Generation Volume of Reclaimed Waste Water (m³/day) Treatment
Current Projection Capacity
Region Municipality
in 2020
2007 2010 2020 2035
(m³/day)
Al Bahah 0 18,766 18,418 18,766 20,000
Biljurashi 0 7,277 7,142 7,277 8,000
Al Mukhwah 0 3,485 3,421 3,485 4,000
Al Baha Al 'Aqiq 0 2,326 2,283 2,326 3,000
Qilwah 0 2,113 2,074 2,113 3,000
Al Mandaq 0 1,678 1,647 1,678 3,000
Total 0 35,645 34,985 35,645 41,000
Khamis Mushayt 58,189 60,394 92,923 101,847 106,000
Abha 41,991 43,582 50,342 55,177 56,000
Bishah 10,188 10,574 19,523 21,398 22,000
Rifaydah 10,405 11,405 12,000
Muhayil 10,131 11,104 12,000
Al Namas 4,941 5,415 6,000
Zahran al Janub 4,340 4,757 6,000
Al 'Alayah 3,601 3,946
Asir Al Majardah 3,034 3,325 3,000
Tanumah 2,781 3,048
Sarat Abidah 2,511 2,752 3,000
Far'at Turayeb 1,849 2,026
Al Ithnayn 1,476 1,617 3,000
Tathlith 1,367 1,498
Bahr Abu Sakynah 1,069 1,172 3,000
Tibalah 1,054 1,155
Total 110,368 114,550 211,347 231,642 232,000
Jazan Jazan 20,000 23,141 34,790 43,909 48,000
Sabya 0 0 12,434 18,832
Abu 'Arish 0 0 11,379 14,362
Samtah 0 0 6,251 7,889
Baysh 0 0 5,730 7,232 12,000
Damad 0 0 4,281 5,403
Ahad al Musarihah 0 0 4,252 5,366 6,000
Az Zabyah 0 0 2,490 3,142 36,000
Ad Da'ir 0 0 2,490 3,142 3,000
Farasan 0 0 2,965 3,743 6,000
Al Badi' Wa al Qarfi 0 0 1,950 2,461
Al 'Aliyah 0 0 1,805 2,278 3,000
Al juradiyah 0 0 1,716 2,165 12,000
Hakimah 0 0 1,702 2,147

C-2-8
Generation Volume of Reclaimed Waste Water (m³/day) Treatment

Current Projection Capacity
Region Municipality
in 2020
2007 2010 2020 2035
(m³/day)
Al Madaya 0 0 1,669 2,107
Al Shuqayri 0 0 1,669 2,107
Al Mat'an 0 0 1,648 2,080
Al Tuwal 0 0 1,489 1,879
Misliyah 0 0 1,419 1,791
Mizhirah 0 0 1,283 1,619
Abu as Sala' 0 0 1,274 1,607 3,000
Ad Darb 0 0 1,248 1,575 3,000
Al Husayni 0 0 1,240 1,565
Total 20,000 23,141 107,174 138,401 132,000
Source:｢Investigation and Engineering Design for Reclaimed Waste Water Reuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia｣(2009)
The water supplied for municipal and industrial use is drained as sewage. The users of this water
supply and water supply providers are treating sewage from the viewpoint of environmental
safeguards and hygiene while allowing it to operate naturally.
As mentioned above, waste water treatment plants in the main cities are planned to be construct up to
the year of 2020. See Table C.2-4.
Table C.2-4 Use of Reclaimed Waste Water at the Year of 2020
Items Al Baha Asir Jazan
(1) Waste Water Volume (1000m³/day) 35 211 107
(2) Treatment Capacity (1000m³/day) 41 232 132
(3) Municipal Water Demand (1000m³/day) 80 436 325
(4) Industrial Water Demand (1000m³/day) 1 13 3
(5) For Municipal Use (5%) and Industrial Use
4 26 7
(30%) (1000m³/day)
(6) For Agricultural Use (1000m³/day)：(1)-(5) 31 185 100
(7) For Agricultural Use（MCM/year） 11.3 67.5 36.5
(8) Agricultural Demand（MCM/year） 53.9 268.4 1,501.9
(9) Rate of Agricultural Use (7)/(8) 21 % 25 % 2%
As shown in the table above regarding the recycle use of reclaimed waste water, utilization for
municipal water and industrial water is limited and relatively small but for agricultural water is large.
In the Al Baha Region and the Asir Region, the rates of agricultural use (Available Reclaimed Waste
Water for Agricultural Use / Total Agricultural Demand in Region) are 21% in Al Baha and 25% in the
Asir Regions. This means that the reclaimed waste water will become a promising water resource for
agricultural use in the regions of Al Baha and Asir.
<Recycle Use of Reclaimed Waste Water Æ Utilization Merritt for Municipal and Industrial
Uses>
If 5% of the municipal water is replaced with reclaimed waste water, consequently the municipal water
demand will decrease by 5%. According to SWCC Annual Report 2008, the water unit price
(production cost and a transportation cost) of desalinated seawater is 8.0 SR/m3 from 3.5 SR/m3. In
particular, transportation costs increase, and the water supply to the plateau city rises.
For example, the decrease in government subsidies for one year reaches SR67.8 Million if 5%
(25,800m3/day) on city water demand 516,000m3/day at 2020 in Al Baha Region and Asir Region, and
government subsidy supposes with 90% (8.0SR/m3 x 90% = 7.2SR/m3).
<Proposal Æ Recycle Use of Reclaimed Waste Water for Agricultural Use>
As shown in Table -5.6, recycle rate of reclaimed waste water for agricultural use (more than 20%) is
high in the Al Baha and Asir Regions. Therefore, to promote agricultural use of reclaimed waste water,
“Distributed System of Sewage Treatment and Recycle Use“ is recommended than “Intensive System”
in Al Baha Region and Asir Region. See Figure C.2-9.

C-2-9
Sewage Treatment and Recycle Use 【Intensive System】
Sewage Treatment and Recycle Use【Distributed System】

Figure C.2-9 System of Sewage Treatment and Recycle Use

C-2-10
<Reuse of Reclaimed Waste Water → Measures against Seawater Intrusion → Proposal of

Implementation of Artificial Recharge by Treated Sewage>
There are excellent aquifers along the Red Sea, which is composed of sand and gravel in Quaternary
Plains. On the other hand, great amount of groundwater is pumped from the aquifer for agricultural
and domestic use. As a result, the groundwater level is being lowered, and seawater is intruding into
the coastal aquifer. For countermeasures against this, the rising of the groundwater level by artificial
recharge is effective. It is recommended to use reclaimed waste water as an artificial recharge water
resource.
This method can be applied by use of reclaimed waste water discharged from Jizan city. The southern
part of Jizan city, where seawater intrusion is taking place, should be the target of this method.
Existing wells Artificial recharge form under ground pipe

Existing wells
Pumping no
Pumping Seawater
Red Sea Fresh water 淡
Seawater Red Sea 淡水 water
Fresh
淡水/ 海水
Seawater intrusion
Seawater intrusion
Impermeable layer Impermeable layer
(a) Before Artificial Recharge (b) After Artificial Recharge
Figure C.2-10 Measures against Seawater Intrusion by Treated Sewage
There are two methods for artificial recharge. These are, i) Artificial recharge through surface water
(pond and trench) and ii) Artificial recharge though wells.
Measures against seawater intrusion should be implemented in large area along the coast. From
this view point, artificial recharge by wells is not realistic due to the huge cost for drilling many
wells. Furthermore, the target for artificial recharge is unconfined aquifer and artificial recharge
through well drilling is not necessary in case of unconfined aquifer.
It is effective to put underground pipes with holes near the ground surface (around GL-0.5m)
along the coast. Reclaimed waste water should be drained though the underground pipes. This
method has advantages in cost. Underground pipes can be extended from treatment plant along
the Red Sea.
Amount of reclaimed waster water available for artificial recharge is limited. This should be
implemented only for urban areas where the seawater intrusion is serious. Local cities in the
southern part of Jazan Region, where lowering of the groundwater level is serious, should be
targets for this method.
Reclaimed waste water will be purified by natural filtering when it flows though sandy aquifers.
However, underground pipes should be located far from the existing wells (more than 100m
from wells).
Reclaimed waste water from the underground pipes should be used to grow vegetation by
planting vegetation along the pipes.
The feasibility (F/S) study on the use of reclaimed waste water for water source of artificial recharge
shall be recommended.

C-2-11
CHAPTER 3 WATER SUPPLY PLAN

3.1 Basic Condition of Water Supply Planning
3.1.1 Basic Condition for Planning
The basic conditions for formulation of water supply plan in the M/P are as follows,
Types of Water Resources
As the water supply plan of 3 regions, Al Baha, Asir, Jazan, domestic, institutional, commercial and
industry water are to be studied. Water resources are categorized into four (4) categories such as
surface water (Renewable Water), ground water (Renewable Water), ground water (Fossil and
Non-Renewable Water) and Desalinated water.
Since the reclaimed waste water is being pulled from the water demand, it is considered as water
resources.
Integrated Water Supply Plan
Of the agencies in charge of water resources development, there are two in Saudi Arabia. One is the
Ministry of Water Resources, which is responsible for developing natural water resources such as
surface water by dams and groundwater by wells. Another is the SWCC, which is responsible for
developing desalinated seawater. However, the water related agencies are apt to act on their
responsibilities separately. Consequently, no one agency knows when the comprehensive water supply
achievement plan is ineffective.
Recently, MOWE has been constructing many large dams in south-west regions, which will soon be
completed. In addition, SWCC has plans to expand desalination plants and transmission networks.
While, there is a plan that fossil water will be transferred from Wajid Aquifer in Najran Region to the
eastern parts of Asir Region. As stipulated in the JICA M/P Study, the integrated water supply plan
will be proposed based on the ‘Red Sea Life Line’ that was proposed in Chapter 5, Part-B.
Water Demand
Since the future water demand plan is formed based on the water consumption rate and the water
service coverage in accordance with the criteria of MOWE, it shows the larger tendency than the
present water demand.
In implementation of supply facilities planning, the growth of demand needs to be grasped suitable.
Priority Use and Maximum Use of Natural Renewable Water Resources.
Water development costs are identified to be cheaper in order of natural renewable water, fossil water
and then desalinated water. Thus, in this M/P, it is the priority to use water from natural resources.
Since fossil water is non-renewable water, developing it is limited only to interior areas where it is far
from the sea and water resources are scarce.
Natural Water Resources are Prioritized to be Utilized in the Regions where Have Water Source
Facilities are Located, or Basins.
Generally, renewable water can be secured in large wadi basins, which exist in two (2) regions and
intake facilities such as dams exist in multiple regions. However, renewable water should
appropriately be allocated in the region where water sources are located. In the KSA, local residents
have the perception that natural water belongs to the assets of local natives. Therefore, water resource
development should be prioritized in regions and basin where development renewable points are
located.
Building Extensive Water Supply Network among Region’s Independent Water Supply System
There is a possibility that scarcity of water may take place regionally when water demand increases by
season due to the local concentration of people on vacation. As a preparedness mechanism for such
situations and emergency cases, a built-up extensive network of the water supply system is

C-3-1
recommended.
Water Supply Facilities are Recommend to be Developed and be Used as far as Possible Near Site
from Water Demand Places.
The cost of water transmission becomes higher in proportion with the length of pipeline. Therefore, it
is recommended to supply the water demand from nearby facilities to reduce the cost of water use.
Allocation of Water Resource between Sectors
The amount of water production will be applied to each dam according to the supply plans.
3.1.2 Current Water Source and Water Supply Amount

Current water sources and water supply amount in the targeted regions are summarized in Table C.3-1.
Table C.3-1 Amounts of Water Production in the Existing Facilities
Region Resources Name of Facility Volume(1000m3/d) Remarks
Al Baha 1. Renewable Water 19,000
<Dams> 14,000
Aradah Dam (5,000)
Al Aqiq Dam (4,000)
Tharad (5,000)
<Wells> 5,000
Qilwah (2,000)
Mukhwah (1,000)
Al Aqiq (1,000)
Others (1,000) 2 resources
2. Desalinated Seawater 10,000
Shuaiba 10,000
3. Total 29,000
Asir 1. Renewable Water 40,000
<Wells> 40,000
Bisha (15,000) 2 resources
Balqarn (1,000)
Al Majardah (4,000)
An Namas (2,000)
Tathlith (3,000)
Ahad Rifayda (2,000) 2 resources
Sarat Abidah (2,000)
Zahran Al Janub (1,000)
Khamis Mushayt (1,000)
Abha (2,000) 2 resources
Muhayl (6,000) 2 resources
Rijar Almah (1,000)
Al Birk (1,000)
Shuqaiq (82,000)
3. Total 122,000
Jazan 1. Renewable Water 136,000
<Wells> 136,000
Ad Darb (2,000)
Al Rayth (2,000)
Baysh (16,000) 4 resources
Al Idabi (3,000)
Ad Dair (3,000)
Sabya (22,000) 4 resources
Damad (4,000) 2 resources
Al Aridah (2,000)
Jazan (22,000) 3 resources
Abu Arish (17,000) 3 resources
Al Harth (7,000)
Ahad Al Musarihah (21,000)
Al Juradiyah (11,000) 2 resources
Al Tuwal (4,000)
Shuqaiq (3,000)
Farasan (1,000)
3. Total 140,000

C-3-2
The existing pipeline network of water sources, water demand and supplied water are shown as follows:
5
From Al Shuaibah
D Aradah Dam
10
W.D: 3 W.D: 3
Al Qari Gov. Al Aqiq Gov.
5
W Wadi Thrad
4
Al Aqiq Dam D
Al Qari No.7
No.5
2 Al Qari 1
No.3 Al Aqiq
W 1 Al Aqiq
Al Mandaq
W.D: 5 W
5 W.D:21 Al Baha Gov.
Al Mandaq Gov.
10 R
8 Al Baha 1
W.D: 6
2 No.1
Qilwah Gov. Al Baha
W
5
No.6 W.D: 7 1
Qilwah
Biljurashi Gov. W
No.2
Biljurashi
W.D: 6
No.4
Al Mukhwah Gov. 1 Al Mukhwah
W
LEGEND
: Center of Governorate
: City / Town
W : Well (Renewable Water)
D : Dam (Surface Water + Treatment Plant)
: Existing transmission line for supplying Groundwater
: Expanded transmission line for supplying Groundwater
: Existing transmission line for supplying Desalinated Water
: Expanded transmission line for supplying Desalinated Water
: Existing transmission line for supplying Groundwater + Desalinated Water
: Expanded transmission line for supplying Groundwater + Desalinated Water
3
7 : Supply Amount of Groundwater (1,000m /d) Black Letter)
3
5&6 : Supply Amount of Desalinated Water (1,000m /d) (Red Letter or Blue Letter)
3
W.D : Water Demand with exception of landscaping and Industrial Purpose (1,000m /d)
Figure C.3-1 Water Supply Network in Al Baha Region（Current）

C-3-3
No.3
Bishah 2
13 W.D: 5
13 W W Al Bahim
1
Tathlith Gov.
No.15 W.D: 33
W.D: 7 Tabalah (Bishah)
Bishah Gov.
Balqarn Gov. No.11
Balqarn
1 W No.7
Tathlith
4 2 3 W
W.D: 10 W.D: 5
W W
Al Majardah Gov. An Namas Gov.
W.D: 11 Ahad Rifaydah Gov.
No.4 An Namas No.14

No.12 Al Majardah
Turayeb (Ahad Rifaydah)
1 W
No.16 Al Ithnyan (Abha)

1 W
W.D: 105 W.D: 6
Khamis Mushayt Gov. Sarat Abidah Gov.
W.D: 33 No.5 W 1
Muhayl
Muhayl Gov.
W
1 2
5
W No.2 W 2
No.17 Bahr Abu Sakyanh (Muhayl)
Khamis W
29
W Mushayt 1
No.13 1
No.8 W
Al Birk (Abha) Rijar Almah No.6
1 W 9
43
Sarat Abidah
Ahad Rifaydah
1
W.D: 7 Rijar Almah Gov. No.9

W
Abha 1 No.10 Zahran Al Janub
From Al Shuqaiq
No.1
Plant 82
W.D: 67 Abha Gov. W.D: 6 Zahran Al Janub Gov.
LEGEND
: City / Town
W : Renewable Water (Well)
: Existing transmission line for supplying Groundwater + Desalinated Water
: Expanded transmission line for supplying Groundwater + Desalinated Water
3
3
3
Figure C.3-2 Water Supply Network in Asir Region（Current）

C-3-4
2 W.D: 6 W.D: 1
W
Ad Darb Gov. Jazan Gov. 2 W.D: 2
From Al 3 W Ar Rayth Gov.
Shuqaiq Plant
No.14 Ad Darb No.7

No.28 Ar Rayth
Atud (Ad Darb)
No.26
Misliyah (Baysh)
W.D: 7
W.D: 7 W 1
Al Idabi Gov. W.D: 6 Ad Dair Gov.
Baysh Gov. No.8 Baysh 3
W 11 No.10
W 3 Ad Dair
No.27 Al Mat'an (Baysh) W
W 2
W.D: 5 Jazan Gov.
No.17 Al Aliyah (Baysh) No.12
W 2 Al Idabi
No.29
W 3 1 W.D: 7 Fayfa (Jazan)
No.18 Abu as Sala (Sabya) W Damad Gov.
15 Al Aridah Gov.
No.2 Sabya W.D: 7
2 W W
No.19 Al Husayni (Sabya) No.23
Ash Shuquayri 2
2 W No.6 (Damad) W
Damad
No.20 Adh Dhabyah (Sabya)
W 3
W.D: 43
Sabya Gov. 2 No.13
No.25 Al Badi' Wa al Qarfi (Abu Arish) Al Aridah
W
No.1 No.24 Hakimah (Abu Arish) 7

W.D: 35
Wadi Jazan Jazan W.D: 31 W 13 W
Jazan Gov. 20 W
Abu Arishn Gov. No.3 Abu Arish
W 2
No.9 W.D: 6 No.5

W.D: 2
Farasan Al Harth Gov.
From Farasan No.15 Mizhirah (Jazan ) Al Harth
Farasan Gov. No.11
Plant W 1
1 Ahad Al Musarihah W.D: 8
No.16 Al Madayah (Jazan) W 21
Ahad Al
1 W
Musarihah Gov.
No.4 Samtah
W 10
1 W W.D: 27
No.21 Al Juradiyah (Samtah) Samtah Gov.
W 4
No.22 Al Tuwal (Jazan)
W.D: 5 Jazan Gov.
LEGEND
: City / Town
W : Well (Renewable Water)
3
3
3
Figure C.3-3 Water Supply Network in Jazan Region（Current）

C-3-5
3.1.3 Water Production Facilities Required for Water Supply Planning

(1) Water Production Capacity and Planned Amounts of Supply of Dam under
Construction and Planning
The amount of water supplied to dams, which was examined in the planned water production in
Chapter 2, Part-C is shown in Table C.3-2. The planned amounts of supply was planned by MOWE,
but as that of Tabalah and Qanunah Dam is higher than the planned production capacity, planned
amounts of supply will be applied for the planned production capacity.
Table C.3-2 Water Production Capacity and Planned Amounts of Supply of Dam under
Construction and Planning
Planned
PlannedProduction PlannedProduction
AnnualAverage StorageCapacity Rateof Amounts of
Dam Capacity*1 Capacity*1 Remarks
Flow(MCM/y) (MCM) 3 Development*2 Supply *3
(MCM/y) (1000m /d)
(1000m3/d)
Tabalah 12.3 68.4 3.6 10 29% 16 Æ 10
Ranyah 99.6 219.8 32.9 90 33% 68
Hirjab 16.8 4.6 3.4 9 20% 9
Baysh 104.6 193.6 73.2 201 70% 58 = 25+33
Damad 61.5 55.5 24.0 66 39% 36
Hali 122.3 249.9 97.8 268 80% 70 = 35+35
Qanunah 21.3 79.2 6.4 18 30% 30 Æ 18
[Note] *1: Safe rate for development97%= 30% short of planned water production once a year, *2: Rate of development= Planned
water capacity/ annual average flow, *3: Planned amounts of supply= water flow form dam utilized for supply (MOWE plan)
(2) Water Production Facilities and Production Capacity

Water production facilities such as dams, Wajid Aquifer and desalination plants and their production
capacity are shown in Table C.3-3, Figure C.3-4 to C.3-6.
Table C.3-3 Water Production Facilities and Production Capacity
Name of Development Development
Targeted Year Dam/Governorate Remarks
Region Resources Volume (m3/d)
Al Baha 2010-2015 Surface Water Hali Dam 35,000 Makkah Region
Nilah Dam 6,000
Qilwah Dam 5,000
Al Janabin Dam 5,000
Total 51,000
2015-2020 Desalination Plants Dawqah Plant 75,000 New plant
2020-2025 No development
2025-2030 Dawqah Plant 25,000 Extension
Asir 2010-2015 Surface Water Baysh Dam 25,000
Hali Dam 35,000 Makkah Region
Tabalah Dam 10,000
Total 70,000
Desalination Plants Shuqaiq 156,000 Extension
Fossil Water Wajid 29,000
2015-2020 Surface Water Hirjab Dam 9,000
Ranyah Dam 68,000
Qanunah Dam 18,000
Total 95,000
2020-2025 Desalination Plants Shuqaiq Plant 75,000 Extension
Fossil Water Wajid 32,000 Extension 2nd
Jazan 2010-2015 Surface Water Baysh Dam 33,000
Damad Dam 36,000
Total 69,000
Desalination Plants Shuqaiq 72,000 Extension
Farasan 8,000
Total 80,000
2015-2020 Surface Water Qissi Dam 9,000
Desalination Plants Sabya Plant 35,000 New plant planned by the JICA
2020-2025 Desalination Plants Sabya Plant 160,000 Extension 2nd
2030-2035 Desalination Plants Sabya Plant 55,000 Extension 3rd
Note: New desalination plant is planned by the JICA Study Team

C-3-6
3.2 Proposed Water Supply Plan

3.2.1 AL Baha Region
(1) Plan for Water Demand and Water Supply
The water demand and water supply of Al Baha and Asir Regions are shown in Table C.3-4, Table
C.3-5, Figure C.3-4 and Figure C.3-5.
Table C.3-4 Water Production Plan in Al Baha Region
Water Resource -2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2026-2030 2031-2035
1.Existing (m3/day) 29,000 59,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000
1.1 Renewable Water 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000
Aradah Dam (B) 5,000
Al Aqiq Dam (B) 4,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000
Wadi Thrad Dam (B) 5,000
Qilwah Well (B) 2,000
Mukwah Well (B) 1,000
Al Aqiq Well (B) 1,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
Others Wells (B) 1,000
1.2 Desalination 10,000 40,000 0 0 0 0
Shuaiba D.P (M) 10,000 40,000 0 0 0 0
2.New (m3/day) - 51,000 91,000 91,000 116,000 116,000
2.1 Renewable Water 51,000 16,000 16,000 16,000 16,000
Nilah Dam (B) -
11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000
Qilwah Dam (B) -
Al Janabin Dam (B) - 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
Hali Dam (M) - 35,000 0 0 0 0
2.2 Desalination 0 75,000 75,000 100,000 100,000
Dawqah D.P (M) - - 75,000 75,000 100,000 100,000
Total (m3/day) 29,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 135,000 135,000
Water Demand(m3/day) 50,000 64,000 79,000 94,000 111,000 131,000
[Note] (B):Al Baha Region, (M):Makkah Region
Water Demand & Supply Plan (Al Baha Region)
Water Demand Supply Capacity
150
140 131
130
120 Wate r De man d
110
110
Re n e wabl e 3 5
100 Re n e wabl e 7 0
Hali -35
Existing 100
Volume (1000m /day)
Hali 35
90 Nilah & Qiwlah 11
AL janabin 5
3
80 Existing 19
70
60 De sal i n at i o n 9 6
De sal i n at i o n ( Ne w pl an t 2 1 )
50 Ne w Pl an t 7 5
S h u ai bah - 4 0
40
29
30
S h u ai bah
20 Existing19 De sal i n at i o n 4 0
10
10
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Figure C.3-4 Projection of Water Demand and Water Production in Al Baha (2010-2035)

C-3-7
J eddah DP
Mecca
Al Taif
Tur abah
Tur abah
Shuaiba DP Ar adh
N
Al Baha
Al Aqiq Ranyah
Al Lith Thr ad Tabalah
Al Baha Bishah
Qilwah
Legend
: Under Construction Dam Niala Al J anabin
: Existing Dam K ing Fahd
: Planned Dam
: Existing Pipeline Dawqah DP
: On-going planned pipeline
: Planned pipeline
Hirjab
: Existing Desalination
Plant Qanunah
: Planned
Plant
Desalination
Al Qunfudhah Asir
: City Yiba
Hali
0 50km
Figure C.3-5 Dams and Desalination Plants in Al Baha Region Khamis Mush
(2) Production of Plant for the Five Year s

<Plans for the Year of 2011-2015>
The water demand for the year 2015 in the Al Baha Region amounts to 68,000m3/day. Currently, Hali
Dam and Qanunah Dam, located in the areas close to Asir in the Makkah Region, are under
construction and will be completed by 2011. As a principle source, water production in these dams is
utilized for the Makkah and Asir Regions. However it is proposed that the water produced in the dams
will temporarily be utilized for the Al Baha Region by 2020 because there are no intake, or
transmission facilities in the Makkah and Asir Regions. The Al Baha Region seriously faces water a
shortage and is close to the proposed pipeline route.
Table C.3-5 Water Production Plan in Al Baha Region (2011-2015)
Water Production Category Production (m3/day) Rate (%)
Renewable Water 70,000 64
Existing Facilities Existing 19,000
Hali Dam New 35,000
Nilah&Qilwah New 11,000
AL Janabin Dam New 5,000
Desalination 40,000 36
Shuaibah Plant Existing 40,000
Total 110,000 100
Water production of 35,000m3/day from Hali Dam and 30,000m3/day from Qanunah Dam will be
proposed. 35,000m3/day of Hali Dam is supplied to Al Baha Region. In addition, water supply from
Nilah & Qilwah Dams (11, 000m3/day) and Al Janabin Dam (5,000m3/day) will be planned. The total
capacity of water production amounts to about 70,000m3/day.
Moreover, the total amount of 110,000m3/day including water production of 40,000m3/day, which

C-3-8
transferred from Shuaibah Desalination Plant in Makkah, can be supplied to Al Baha Region.
Consequently, total water production will make up 1.7 times the water demand in 2015.
Proportion between renewable and desalination water is 70,000m3/day (64%) versus 40,000m3/day
(36%). The capacity of water production is 42,000m3/day greater than water demand in 2015. This
concludes to be the required amount of water for dwellers.
Facilities plan for water supply from 2011 to 2015 is shown in Table C.3-6.
Table C.3-6 Water Supply Facilities Plan in Al Baha Region (2011-2015)
Facililities Demensions
Pipeline A Section:Dowqa-Al Baha, Length=115Km
Pipeline B Section:Dowqa-Hali, Length=108Km
Note: Location of facilities is shown in Figure C.6-1.

Desalination plant (Dawqah Plant) that is exclusively utilized for Al Baha Region is proposed. After
completion of Dawqah Plant, 35,000 m3/day out of 65,000m3/day transferred from Hali Dam. In
addition, Qanunah Dam is transferred to Asir Region through transmission pipelines between Al Baha
and Al Alayah (Asir Region) and will be newly constructed.
Now that water production by 2016 exceeds water demand, the plant capacity is planned to be
75,000m3/day to store the returned water. Meanwhile, renewable water production decreases to
35,000m3/day. Accordingly, proportion between renewable and desalination water is 35,000m3/day
(32%) versus 75,000m3/day (68%).
Table C.3-7 Water Production Plan in Al Baha Region (2016-2020)
• Existing Facilities Existing 70,000
• Hali Dam New (-35,000)
• Shuaibah Plant Existing 0
• Dawqah Plant New 75,000
Total 110,000 100
Facilities plan for water supply from 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table C.3-8.
Dawqah Desalination Plant Production Volume: 75,000 m3

When the water production in 2021 exceeds water demand of 97,000m3/day for the year 2025,
additional water production will not be required during this period.
<Plans for the year of 2026-2035>
The Water demand for the year 2030 in the Al Baha Region amounts to 115,000m3/day. As
development of renewable water is maximized, extension of desalination plants will be significant
measures to secure water demand after 2031. Additional water production of 25,000m3/day will be
extended in the Dawqah Plant, which amounts to 100,000m3/day totally. Consequently, the total
capacity consequently exceeds water demand of 135,000m3/day in the year of 2035.

C-3-9
Table C.3-9 Water Production Plan in Al Baha Region (2026-2030, 2031-2035)

• Al Janabin dam New 11,000
• Nilah & Qilwah New 5,000
• Dawqah Plant Existing 75,000
• Dawqah Plant Extension 25,000
Total 135,000 100
A breakdown of renewable water in 2035 shows 11,000m3/day at Nilah & Qilwah Dams, and
5,000m3/day at Al Janabin Dam as well as 19,000m3/day (Existing) at Aradah, Aqiq, Thrad Dams and
Wadis. Total water production amounts 135,000m3/day including desalination water production of
100,000m3/day.
Facilities plan for water supply is shown in Table C.3-10.
Dawqah Desalination Plant Extension Production Volume: 25,000 m3
Nilah&Qilwah AL Janabin Existing

[Existing in 2010]
Aradah Dam
Al Aqiq Dam
Tharad Dam
11 5 19
And Wells
Renewable Water 35 Unit : 1000m3/day
AL Baha Water Supply

135
100
P
New Desalination
Plant (Dawqah)
Figure C.3-6 Water Supply Plan and Water Sources in Al Baha Region (2035)
3.2.2 Asir Region

The water demand and water supply in the Asir Region are shown in Table C.3-11 and Figure C.3-7.

C-3-10
Table C.3-11 Water Production Plan in Asir Region

Water Resource 0000-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2026-2030 2031-2035
1.Existing (m3/day) 122,000 122,000 122,000 122,000 122,000 122,000
1.1 Renewable Water 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000
Existing Wells 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000
1.2 Desalination 82,000 82,000 82,000 82,000 82,000 82,000
Shuqaiq D.P (J) 82,000 82,000 82,000 82,000 82,000 82,000
2.New (m3/day) 245,000 375,000 482,000 557,000 557,000
2.1 Renewable Water 70,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000
Bayash Dam (J) - 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000
Hali Dam (M) - 35,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000
Tabalah Dam - 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Hirjab - 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000
Ranya Dam - 68,000 68,000 68,000 68,000
Qanunah Dam (M) - 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000
2.2 Desalination 146,000 146,000 221,000 296,000 296,000
Shuqaiq D.P (J) - 146,000 146,000 221,000 296,000 296,000
2.3 Fossil Water 29,000 29,000 61,000 61,000 61,000
Wajid Fossil Water - 29,000 29,000 61,000 61,000 61,000
3.Total (m3/day) 122,000 367,000 497,000 604,000 679,000 679,000
4.Water Demand(m3/day) 295,000 361,000 432,000 495,000 571,000 648,000
Note) (J):Jazan Region, (M):Makkah Region
Water Demand & Supply Plan (Asir Region)

800
700
679
W at e r De m an d
600 604
R enew a bl e 240
500 497
Volume (1000m3/day)
R enew a bl e 240
R e n e wable 2 4 0 F os s i l w a ter 61
Exsiting 40 Wajid -2 61
400 Baysh 25
367 Hali 70
R e n e wable 1 1 0 Tabalah 10 F os s i l w ater 61
Existing 40 Hirjab 9 Wajid -2 61
Ranya 68
300 Baysh 25
Hali 35
Al Bah a 6 5
Qanuah 18
Tabalah 10
Fo ssi l wat e r 2 9
wajid -1 29
200
122 D es al i na ti on 378
De sali n at io n 2 2 8 D es a l i na ti on 303
Sh o qu iq Exp
100 Existing 40
Desalination 82
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Figure C.3-7 Projection of Water Demand and Water Production in Asir (2011-2035)

C-3-11
Shuaiba DP Ar adh
Al Baha
Al Aqiq Ranyah
Al Lith Thr ad Tabalah
Al Baha Bishah
Qilwah
Niala Al J anabin
King Fahd
Tathlit h
Dawq ah DP
Hirjab
Qanunah
Tarj as
Al Qunfudhah Asir
Yiba
Hali
Najr an
Khamis Mushayt
Abha
Maraba
It awad
Shuqaiq DP Baysh
Najr an
Najran Qissi
Figure C.3-8 Dams and Desalination Plants in Asir Region
(2) Production of Plant for the Five Year s

The Water demand for the year 2015 in the Asir Region amounts to 361,000m3/day. Renewable water
of 25,000m3/day is provided from Baysh Dam in the Jazan Region, 35,000m3/day from Hali Dam in
the Makkah Region, and 10,000m3/day in the Tabalah Dam under construction in the Asir Region
accounts for the total water production of about 70,000m3/day.
Table C.3-12 Water Production Plan in Asir Region (2011-2015)
Existing Facilities Existing 40,000
Baysh Dam New 25,000
Hali Dam New 35,000
Tabalah Dam New 10,000
Shuqaiq Plant Existing 82,000
Shuqaiq Plant Expansion 146,000
Fossil 29,000 8
Wajid Aquifer New 29,000
Total 367,000 100
Accordingly, the total amount of renewable water production 110,000m3/day including the existing
water production is 40,000m3/day.
Meanwhile, as for desalination, the capacity of Shuqaiq desalination plant will be expand to
228,00m3/day by 2015 from 82,000m3/day as of 2011.
Wajid fossil water of about 29,000m3/day, which is under construction in the Najran Region, is
planned to be transferred to the internal land of the Asir Region
All of water production of renewable, desalination and fossil water by 2015 will be 367,000m3/day,
which results in 30%, 62% and 8% of total water production for renewable, desalination and fossil
water respectively.

C-3-12
Table C.3-13 Water Supply Facilities Plan in Asir Region (2011-2015)

Pipeline D Section:Shuqaiq-ABha, Length=124Km
Shuqaiq Desalination Plant Production Volume: 228,000 m3
Wajid Aquifer Facilities Section: Wajid- Tath Lith, Length=150 Km
Note: Location of facilities is shown in Figure C.3-8 and C.6-1.

Water demand for the year 2016 in the Asir Region amounts to 432,000m3/day. Hirjab and Ranyah
Dam are proposed to be constructed by 2020. Water production of 9,000m3/day provided from Hirjab
Dam and 68,000m3/day from Ranyah Dam are prospected, which amounts to a total water production
of 77,000m3/day. Water of 53,000m3/day produced at Hali and Qanunah Dams, which is provided to
the Al Baha Region is planned to be returned to the Asir Region.
Accordingly, total renewable water production amounts 240,000m3/day which is maximized at this
period including additional renewable water of 130,000m3/day.
Desalination and fossil water will not be developed because water production of 29,000m3/day (fossil)
and 228,000m3/day (desalination) developed by 2016 can be sustained. Total water production
amounts 497,000m3/day.
Proportion between renewable, desalination and fossil water is 51%, 44% and 5% respectively.
• Hirjab Dam New 9,000
• Ranyah Dam New 68,000
• Hali Dam Expansion 35,000
• Qanunah Dam Expansion 18,000
• Shuqaiq Plant Existing 228,000
Fossil 29,000 6
• Wajid Aquifer Existing 29,000
Total 497,000 100

Pipeline E Section:Shuqaiq-Ar Birk, Length=96Km
Pipeline H Section:Abha-Al Janoub, Length=148Km
Pipeline G Section:Abha-Al Alayan, Length=216Km

After 2025, since natural renewable water cannot be expected due to total exploitation of the area,
increases in water demand will be accommodated by fossil water and desalination water development.
Fossil water development of 32,000m3/day as secondary expansion is accounted. Desalination water of
75,000m3/day which is supplied to Jazan Region will be changed to transfer to Asir Region by 2025.
Total desalination water in the Asir Region will be 303,000m3/day. These amounts of water are equal
to the maximum capacity of Shuqaiq desalination plant. Total water production will be 604,000m3/day.
Proportion between renewable, desalination and fossil water is 40%, 50% and 10% respectively.

C-3-13

● Existing Facilities Existing 240,000
• Shuqaiq Plant Expansion 75,000
Fossil 61,000 10
• Wajid Aquifer New 32,000
Total 604,000 100

Pipeline C Section: Al Baha-Al Alaya, Length=105Km
Pipeline I Section: Al Alayan -Bisha, Length= 96Km
Wajid Aqufer(Stage II) Section: Tathlith – Bisha, Length=96Km

Breakdown of renewable water by 2035 shows 133,000m3/day provided from Ranyah Dam, Hirjab
Dam and Qanunah Dam in the Asir Region and 75,000m3/day from Hali Dam in the Makkah Region
as well as 133,000m3/day (Existing). Total renewable water production amounts to 240,000m3/day. In
addition, desalination water of 378,0000m3/day provided from Shuqaiq plant and fossil water of
61,000m3/day from Wajid Aquifer also are available as water production capacity. Total water
production amounts 679,000m3/day, which results in excess water demand of 648,000m3/day for the
year 2035.
Fossil 61,000 9
• Wajid Aquifer New 679,000 100
Total 240,000 35

C-3-14
Ranyah Hirjab Qannunah Existing

Total: 75
Existing Wells (40)
Baysh Dam (25)
Tabalah Dam (10)
9 18
68
Makkah
70
Hali
Renewable Water 240 Unit : 1000m3/day
Asir Water Supply

679
Fossil water Desalination Water

Wajid 61 Shuqaiq 378
Figure C.3-9 Water Supply Plan and Water Sources in Asir Region (2035)
3.2.3 Jazan Region

The Water demand and water supply of Jazan Region is shown in Table C.3-19 and Figure C.3-10.
Table C.3-19 Water Production Plan in Jazan Region
Water Resource -2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2026-2030 2031-2035
1.Existing (m3/day) 140,000 140,000 140,000 137,000 137,000 137,000
1.1 Renewable Water 136,000 136,000 136,000 136,000 136,000 136,000
Existing Wells 136,000 136,000 136,000 136,000 136,000 136,000
1.2 Desalination 4,000 4,000 4,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Shuqaiq D.P 3,000 3,000 3,000 0 0 0
Farasan D.P 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
2.New (m3/day) - 149,000 193,000 246,000 246,000 301,000
2.1 Renewable Water - 69,000 78,000 78,000 78,000 78,000
Baysh Dam - 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 33,000
Damad Dam - 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000
Qissi Dam - - 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000
2.2 Desalination - 80,000 115,000 168,000 168,000 223,000
Shuqaiq D.P - 72,000 72,000 0 0 0
Farasan D.P - 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000
Sabya D.P - - 35,000 160,000 160,000 215,000
3.Total (m3/day) 140,000 289,000 333,000 383,000 383,000 438,000
4.Water Demand(m3/day) 203,000 238,000 286,000 329,000 379,000 436,000
[Note)] (J):Jazan Region, (M):Makkah Region, (N): Najran Region

C-3-15
Water Demand & Supply Plan (Jazan Region)

500
450
438
400
Water Demand
383
350 Renewable 214

333 Baysh 33
Qissi 36
300
Volume (1000m3/day)
Damad 9
289 Renewable 214 Existing 136
Baysh 33
Qissi 36
250 Renewable 214 Damad 9
Baysh 33 Existing 136
Qissi 9
Damad 36
200 Renewable 205 Existing 136
Baysh 33
Qissi
150
140
Desalination Desalination
100 169 224
Renewable 136
Desalination
50 Desalination 119
84
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Figure C.3-10 Projection of Water Demand and Water Production in Jazan (2011-2035)
Khamis Mushayt
Abha
Maraba
N
Itawad
Shuqaiq DP Baysh
Legend
Najran
: Under Construction Dam
: Existing Dam Qissi Najran
: Planned Dam Damad
:
:
Existing Pipeline
On-going planned pipeline Sabya DP Sabya
: Planned pipeline Jizan
: Existing Desalination
Abu Arish
Plant
: Planned
Plant
Desalination JazanJizan
: City
Samtah
0 50km
Figure C.3-11 Dams and Desalination Plants in Jazan region

C-3-16
(2) Production of Plant for the Five Years

Water demand for the year 2015 in Jazan Region amounts to 238,000m3/day. As new development of
renewable water resources, Baysh Dam and Damad Dam are under construction as of 2010, which will
be completed by 2011. Water production is expected to be 33,000m3/day from Baysh Dam and
36,000m3/day from Damad Dam. The development of water from the Baysh Dam will be integrated in
the network system of water supply. While water developed by Damad Dam will be applied for local
use, Renewable water, which enables supply to the Jazan Region, will be 205,000m3/day to include
existing water.
Desalination water of 75,000m3/day will be supplied from Shuqaiq plant including the current
desalination water of 3,000m3/day. While, Farasan desalination plant will be extended to be
9,000m3/day.
Accordingly, the total production of renewable and desalination water amounts to 289,000m3/day for
the year 2015. Renewable water and desalination make up about 71% and 29% of total water
production respectively.
Table C.3-20 Water Production Plan in Jazan Region (2011-2015)
• Baysh Dam New 33,000
• Damad Dam New 36,000
• Farasan Plant Existing 1,000
• Farasan Plant Expansion 8,000
Total 289,000 100

Table C.3-21 Water Supply Facilities Plan in Jazan Region (2011-2015)
Pipeline F Section: Shuqaiq-Samta, Length=151Km

Water demand for the year of 2020 in the Jazan Region amounts to 286,000m3/day. Qissi Dam with
capacity of 9,000m3/day will be completed. After completion of this dam, there are no dam
construction plan and few possibilities to develop renewable water. Renewable water amounts
214,000m3/day. Even if Qissi Dam is completed, water demand cannot be covered by water production
for the year 2020. Therefore, 75,000m3/day of desalination water is supplied by Shuqaiq desalination
plant, the remaining water is supplied by the newly constructed desalination plant in Jazan (tentatively
named Sabya Plant) about 35,000m3/day. Total desalination water production amounts to
119,000m3/day including 9,000m3/day provide from Farasan plant.
All of the water production of renewable and desalination water by 2020 will be 333,000m3/day,
which results in 64% and 36% of the total water production for renewable, desalination water
respectively.

C-3-17

• Qissi Dam New 9,000
• Sabya Plant New 35,000
Total 333,000 100

Sabya Desalination Plant Production Volume: 35,000 m3
<Plans for the Year of 2021-2025-2030>

Water demand for the year 2025 in the Jazan Region amounts to 329,000m3/day. The potential of
renewable water is insufficient for covering the water demand. Therefore, a desalination plant with the
capacity of 160,000m3/day is required to be extended. Total water production amounts 383,000m3/day
including renewable water of 214,000m3/day (by 2025).
Water transmission from Shuqaiq desalination plant to the Jazan Region will be suspended. The total
capacity of Sabya plant amounts to 160,000m3/day extending 125,000m3/day, which is a substitute for
water production of 75,000m3/day provide from Shuqaiq desalination plant. Water demand of
379,000m3/day for the year 2030 can be covered by total capacity of 383,000m3/day.
Proportion of renewable water and desalination is 56% and 44% of total water production respectively.
Table C.3-16 Water Production Plan in Jazan Region (2021-2025-2030)
• Shuqaiq Plant Existing 0
• Sabya Plant Expansion 160,000
Total 383,000 100

Table C.3-25 Water Supply Facilities Plan in Jazan Region (2021-2025-2030)
Sabya Desalination Plant Extension Production Volume: 160,000 m3

The Water demand for the year 2035 in the Jazan Region amounts to 436,000m3/day. Water demand
will be covered by the extended water production of 55,000m3/day in Sabya Plant. Consequently, the
total water production amounts 438,000m3/day, which is composed of desalination water of
224,000m3/day (51%) and renewable water of 214,000m3/day (49%).

C-3-18

• Sabya Plant Existing 160,000
• Sabya Plant New 55,000
Total 438,000 100
Renewable water in 2035 amounts to 214,000m3/day including water production of 78,000m3/day

provided from Baysh, Qissi and Damad Dam, and 136,000m3/day from wells. While, desalination
water production amounts to 224,000m3/day provided from Farasan and Sabya plants. The total water
production amounts to 438,000m3/day, which meets water demand of 436,000m3/day for the year
2035.
Sabya Desalination Plant Extension Production Volume: 55,000 m3
Baysh Qissi Damad Existing

Total 136
Asir Existing 26 wells
25
9 36
33
Unit : 1000m3/day
Renewable Water 214
Jazan Water Supply

438
Existing
Shuqaiq 1 Desalination 224
Farasan 8 Sabya 215
Figure C.3-12 Water Supply Plan and Water Sources in Jazan Region (2035)

C-3-19
CHAPTER 4 MANAGEMENT OF WATER DEMAND

4.1 Municipal Water
4.1.1 Measures for Demand Management
In order to decrease water consumption on the demand side, it is necessary to work on the measures
according to the above-mentioned characteristic, so the following proposals are performed.
(1) The Measure of "3-R Movement of Water"
In the area where the coverage rate of public water service is low, per capita water consumption is
generally low. As well, it is suggested that water is carefully used without waste in such areas. Since
such recognition is implemented in the usual study, it is recognized that "water is a precious resources"
in this study.
Concerning wasted resources known as conventional garbage, the "3R" measure is taken (Reduce the
amount of resources used, Reuse and Recycle), and the results are from the viewpoint of the effective
use of resources now. This measure is also applicable to water, which is a precious and limited
resource.
The methods here raise concern about the rule of water saving and preservation of precious water
resources, so the "3R" campaign (Reduce of water consumption, Reuse of the water used once, and
Recycle by which the water used once are processed appropriately and reused)" is proposed.
R
Drainage
R R
Figure C.4-1 Image Map of Water Saving Activities(3-R) of Municipal Water
The first pillar (Reduce) focuses on "reduction of the amount used", and the second pillar (Reuse) is
reuse of water that was once used. For example, in the KSA before the five times a day prayer in
mosque and in order to purify the body, there is the custom to use water. It seems that such water is
collected and used for surrounding tree planting city water etc. The third pillar (Recycle) is recycling
of water. This collects water used in factories, for example, and after it is purified, it is used for rinsing
water or other uses in factories again.
Table C.4-1 Example of Water Saving Activities
Reduce • Saving water consumption (a toilet, wash, a bath, cook, etc)
• Preventive measures of leakage of water
Reuse • Collect used water in Mosque. And use it for greening etc
Recycle • Reclaimed waste water ⇒ fruit tree, roadside trees, etc
• Reuse purification water and cooling water in a factory after processing the water.

C-4-1
(2) Water-saving Activities in School Life

The effects are large especially when studying the activities taken place in school life. Children
transmit at school what one learns at home from parents. Moreover, even if the child once mastered
good water use custom at an earlier age, the possibilities of becoming an adult with the same customs
are not high. Moreover, since worshiping in mosques has become a daily part of life in the KSA, it is
thought that the promotion of a water educational campaign needs further examination.
(3) Encouragement of Using Water Saving Type Apparatus
Water saving by water use apparatus has the feature that the fixed water-saving effect will be
automatically acquired irrespective of a user's consciousness if apparatus is introduced, it continues
and the effect of introduction is large.
In the field of municipal water, circulation use in an air conditioner is performed, and also exploitation,
such as a water-saved type flush toilet bowl of water, is progressing.
In the field of water for domestic use, the amount of water used by apparatus in relation to water use is
very large. For this reason, the improvement of main flush toilet bowl, washing machine, showers, etc.
which are apparatus in relation to water use is effective for reduction of the amount of the water for
domestic use. In the KSA, a living standard will also improve increasingly from now on, and it will be
expected that introduction of the apparatus for water supplies is promoted.
As an triggar which advances 3R, the law which promotes the apparatus introduction for water
supplies of a saved-water type flush toilet bowl, a washing machine, etc., and a system, for example,
the government, pay a subsidy as the government from now on, and the measure depended without
carrying out purchase motivation to citizens etc. can be considered.
With an industrial water sector, it is a section where tackling of water saving is easy to start in
circulation use of cooling water and temperature control water, etc. Furthermore, in order to raise a
recycle ratio, maintenance of the saved-water type apparatus in a manufacturing process is needed.
(4) Water Demand Management by Water Supply Charge
The amount of the domestic water used occupies the greatest proportion of municipal water. The main
factors influencing water use volume for indoor domestic water are the number of family members
(coverage of family baths, washing machines, flush toilets, automatic dishwashers, etc; width of house,
and a domestic income) etc. The factors related to the amount of outdoor domestic water use are the
width of the yard, the amount of watering in for gardens, the number of cars possessed including
washing them), etc. In addition, a water charge is also one of the important factors.
In the results of an investigation of Japan (National Land Agency), it was found that 24% of
amount-of-water change is explained by consumer spending and the water supply price, and 47% is
explained by the spread gap of main water use apparatus, such as flushed toilets. Because the living
environments are different between the KSA and Japan, although it is not necessarily the tendency for
an example of Japan to be the same also in the KSA, it is thought that the spread of consumer
spending, a water supply price, and water use apparatus is important as main factors.
Research at John Hopkins University in the USA reports that if the water supply price is doubled,
indoor domestic water use will decrease by 20%. Although it was concluded that reform through
increasing the price of water service is difficult, it can be said by adding a water supply charge we can
significantly control the amount of water used to some extent.
(5) Proper Water Charge and its Collection
About water charge, the fee structure of the block progressive charge system is taken. However, in the
example of Riyadh, as shown in the following Figure C.4-2, almost all water users are included in the
cheapest charge classification. Furthermore, flux meter is not installed in each user's place in many
cases, and the point that organization which collects a meter-rate based charge as the actual condition
is not made is also pointed out.
In the area currently supplied with the pipeline network even in the research zone, similarly, meter is

C-4-2
not installed and grasp of the amount used and collection of the charge based on it are not performed
as a matter of fact. For a setup of suitable water charge, recovery of the cost by it, and reduction of
water consumption, it is required to perform meter installation in a research zone.
7.00
6.00
Consumption
5.00
W ater Tariff (S R/m 3)
Tariff
Charge
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1 50 2 100 3 150 4 200 5 250 6 300 7 350 8
Water Consumed in One Month (m3)
Figure C.4-2 Amount of the Water Use and Water Charge in Riyadh (Accommodation Area)
4.1.2 Curtailment Effect in Financial Aspect by Decrease of Demand

Here, the economical effect produced by changes of demand is examined using the result of sensitivity
analysis about the demand of municipal water described in 3.1.7, Chapter 3.
Based on a sensitivity-analysis result, economical evaluation is tried for 10% reduction of a LCD, 5%
improvement of leakage ratio and continuation the demand by the present water supply unit in the
future. In any case, the demand in a planned target year (2035) was assumed.
(1) The Effect in the Financial Aspect by 10% of LCD Reduction
The standard of LCD for water supply plan by deliberations with MOWE is a larger water supply
standard physical unit as compared with the neighboring countries in an arid region. Here, the
economical effect over the amount demanded reduced when the present actual condition is referred to
and is reduced 10% is examined.
Table C.4-2 The Effect in the Financial Aspect by 10% of LCD Reduction
Makkah Region Al Baha Region Asir Region Jazan Region Najran Region
Municipal Water Demand 2,278 135 648 436 178
(Standard) (1000m3/day)
Demand at the 10% of LCD 2,065 118 585 389 160
Reduction (1000m3/day)
The amount of demand 213 17 63 47 18
retrenchment (1000m3/day)
Government assistance 279.9 44.7 165.6 61.8 23.7 (*2)
equivalent to reduction of
water (*1) (million SR/year) Total 575.7
(Reference) Rabigh (44) Nilah (11) Ranya (68) Baysh (33)
The newly developed Maruwani (36) Al Janabin (5) Hirjab (9) Qissi (9)
amount of water by dam Al Lith (16) (Total 16) Tabalah (16) Damad (36)
Baysh (25)
Name of dam (Development Yiba (38) Qanunah (30) (Total 78)
of water: 1000m3/day) (Total 144) Hali (70)
(Total 218)
*1) Calculation of the government assistance equivalent to reduction amount of water referred to the method of examination of the use merit of
"report 3.2 sewer reuse of reclaimed waste water." As for Al Baha and Asir, 7.2SR/m3 (8.0 SR/m3x 90%=7.2 SR/m3), Makkah, Jazan, and
Najran assumed the water unit price of desalinization-of-seawater water to be 3.6SR/m3 (4.0 SR/m3 x 90%=3.6 SR/m3).
*2) Najran region assumed as evaluation that it was desalinization-of-seawater water here, although desalinization-of-seawater water was not
supplied.

C-4-3
The amount of reduction of the demand at the time of 10% of LCD reduction is as being shown in
Table C.4-2 in amount of money. In the five regions, the sum total of 575,700,000 SR can save in one
year.
When the newly developed amount of water by dam construction estimates this again, it becomes
larger than the development amount of water by the dam under present plan in Makkah region and Al
Baha region, and also even other states are equivalent to the development amount of water by two or
more dams.
Since the unit cost of developing water by a dam is cheaper than desalinization of seawater, if priority
is given to dam development, curtailment of the quantity of production of desalinization of seawater
will turn into mitigation of a fiscal burden after all.
(2) The Effect in the Financial Aspects in the Case of Continuing the Present LCD Level
Level of LCD tends to increase by change of a lifestyle, or improvement in economic strength.
However, the fixed water-saving effect is expectable with the measure of various water saving
including 3-R movement. Here, economical evaluation was performed about assumption that the
present water supply level is maintained as is by water-saving efforts of citizens.
Table C.4-3 The Effect in the Financial Aspect in the Case of Continuing the Present LCD
Level
（Standard）
(1000m3/day)
Demand at the present 2,066 122 583 392 160
LCD level (*1)
(1000m3/day)
retrenchment(1000m3/day)
water (*2)
(million SR/year) Total 565.1
Name of dam Yiba (38) Baysh (25) (Total 78)
(Development of water: (Total144) Qanunah (30)
1000m3/day) Hali (70)
(Total 218)
*1) It presumed from the demand of Option4 and Option5 of sensitivity analyses.
*2) Calculation of the government assistance equivalent to reduction amount of water referred to the method of examination of the use merit
of "report 3.2 Reuse of reclaimed waste water."
As for Al Baha and Asir, 7.2SR/m3 (8.0 SR/m3x 90%=7.2 SR/m3), Makkah, Jazan, and Najran assumed the water unit price of
desalinization-of-seawater water to be 3.6SR/m3 (4.0 SR/m3 x 90%=3.6 SR/m3).
supplied.
The amount of reduction of the demand in the premise of supplying the present water supply level
over the future is as being shown in Table C4-3 in amount of money. In the five regions, the sum total
of 565,100,000 SR can save in one year.
If the newly developed amount of water by dam construction estimates this, it will become larger than
the development amount of water by the dam under present plan in Makkah region again, and also it is
equivalent to two or more dams in other states.
Since the newly developed water value by a dam is cheaper than desalinization of seawater, if priority
is given to dam development, curtailment of the quantity of production of desalinization-of-seawater
water will turn into mitigation of a fiscal burden after all.

C-4-4
(3) The Effect in the Financial Aspects by 5% of Leakage Reduction

Since there was no data of the actual condition of the pipeline network leakage and a leakage-of-water
rate improvement plan, etc. demand forecasting of main enumeration was performed with the
application of 20% contained in the basic scenario of MOWE. It presumed how much economical
effect there is if a national target which considers as 15% is attained.
Table C.4-4 The Effect in the Financial Aspects by 5% of Leakage Reduction
（Standard）
(1000m3/day)
Demand at the 5% of 2,171 124 616 411 169
leakage Reduction
(1000m3/day)
retrenchment(1000m3/day)
water (*1)
(million SR/year) Total 298.3
Name of dam Yiba (38) Baysh (25) (Total 78)
(Development of water: (Total144) Qanunah (30)
1000m3/day) Hali (70)
(Total 218)
*1) Calculation of the government assistance equivalent to reduction amount of water referred to the method of examination of the use merit
of "report 3.2 sewer reuse of reclaimed waste water." As for Al Baha and Asir, 7.2SR/m3 (8.0 SR/m3x 90%=7.2 SR/m3), Makkah, Jazan, and
Najran assumed the water unit price of desalinization-of-seawater water to be 3.6SR/m3 (4.0 SR/m3 x 90%=3.6 SR/m3).
supplied.
The amount of reduction of the demand in the premise of supplying the present water supply level
over the future is as being shown in Table C.4-4 in amount of money. In the five regions, the sum total
of 298,300,000 SR can save in one year.
When the newly developed amount of water by dam construction estimates this, it is equivalent to the
development amount of water by two or more dams in each state again.
Since the newly developed water value by a dam is cheaper than desalinization of seawater, if priority
is given to dam development, curtailment of the quantity of production of desalinization-of-seawater
water will turn into mitigation of a fiscal burden after all.
4.1.3 Proposal of Demand Management

In a survey area, municipal water demand cannot be supplied only by renewable water resources. And
it is necessary to compensate an insufficiency with desalinated seawater or fossil groundwater. Since
cost of producing unit water by desalinated seawater is expensive compared with renewable water
resources, desalinated seawater gives priority to and uses renewable water resources, and it becomes
water supplies economical as a whole to adjust the quantity of production of desalinated seawater.
For this reason, if water saving is improved and reclaimed waste water can be used as a part of
municipal water, finally the quantity of production of desalinated seawater is reducible, and the
financial expenditure to produce and supply desalinated seawater which the government of KSA
subsidizes can be reduced.
It is important from the field of mitigation of the fiscal burden of a government to manage the demand
of municipal water as a result.
Here, it is based also on the result of 4.1.2 and the proposal about future demand management is
performed.

C-4-5
(1) The Proposal Concerning Reduction of LCD

z Promote introduction of the water saving type apparatus in household (a washing machine,
a dishwasher, a flush lavatory, etc.).
The capability of the water saving type apparatus is released, the support system for people
according to the grade of water saving is prepared, and promotion of introduction of the saved
type apparatus of water is aimed at. In construction of a public facility, a commercial use building
and a residence, a rule should be established for introduction of the water saving type apparatus.
Reduction of the amount of the municipal water will be achieved by performing continuous
publicity work and tackling with a long-term water-saving target and plan.
z Promotion of renewal of an institution for the improvement in a recycling rate of the water
in a factory
The demand of industrial water hardly occurs for the time being other than Makkah region, and
Asir region.
Since an industrial expansion is expected, a measure is required in Makkah region, or Asir region.
The system which serves as advantageous conditions by loan etc. in introduction of the water
saving type apparatus is founded, and promoting water saving by introduction of saved-water
type apparatus, and recycling of water etc. when the factory need renewal of institution or factory
is newly constructed. The recycling rate of the water for every factory etc. is released, and a
manager is also made to recognize the importance of water saving.
Moreover, since it leads also to reduction of the amount of water used by tightening up drainage
regulation of a factory, legal revision etc. is performed.
z Water rates and the water-saving motivation
Present water rates are very cheap, in view of a global level. Water saving is promoted by setting
up water rates appropriately. Moreover, since it leads to reduction of the amount of drainage and
thus lead to reduction of municipal water use, the fee structure of the present sewer use is
improved to collect appropriate sewer usage charge.
It is necessary to put into practice the installation of flow meter so that the amount used can grasp
correctly.
z Promoting recognition of importance of water saving by education and enlightenment.
It can lead to reduction of water consumption by improvement of water-saving consciousness by
enlightenment through expanding the measure of free distribution of water saving kit by MOWE
and 3-R activity in schools and public opportunity.
(2) The Proposal Concerning Improvement of Leakage Ratio
z Planned renewal of a decrepit pipeline
The largest factor of leakage of water is the leakage of water by degradation of a pipeline. In the
O&M stage, a system for suitable control of maintenance of a pipeline with a long-term view is
strengthened.
Moreover, although extension is also long and the water pipe of an end also requires time and
effort, since the leakage of water in the end supplied to each house cannot be disregarded, either,
incorporating in an updating plan is important.
Also in order to obtain the fund which updates intentionally, it is important to maintain a suitable
water charge level.
z Checking and verifying the amount of supply by a flow meter and actual amount of water
supply to users
Grasp the area which leakage of water has produced by checking and verifying the amount of supply

C-4-6
by a flow instrument and the actual amount of water supply, and it becomes possible to focus on areas
effectively where improvement of a leakage-of-water rate should be carried out.
z Introduction of leakage-of-water diagnostic technology
Apparatus and diagnostic technology for leakage-of-water discovery are introduced, and the early
detection organization of leakage of water is built.
In Japan, since the Tokyo Waterworks Bureau has attained the top-level low leakage-of-water rate
also in the world of around 3% and leakage-of-water diagnostic technology is excellent. This kind
of technology should be master by training etc. is desired.
Although promotion of demand management needs many costs, as already seen, there is an effect to
the extent that the riverhead development by many dams becomes unnecessary only by a unit of LCD
becoming small 10%. It is important to examine the cost which can apply a water-saving target to
demand management supposing a financial burden reducibility.
4.2 Management of Agricultural Water Demand

4.2.1 Future Planting Plan for Water Demand Control
The water development of surface water for agriculture use is not expectable except new water
development at the Baysh dam and Damad dam under construction in Jazan region. The water
resource development in the future can be considered about reuse of reclaimed waste water, and the
groundwater development by the well group with a central focus on the underground dam.
Although the reuse rate of reclaimed waste water with 2% of agricultural demand in Jazan region as of
2020 is too small, but in the Al Baha region and Asir region, 20% or more is used and these are
promising water resources. On the other hand, the development of the groundwater by an underground
dam is planned in Jazan region, it does not serve as promising water resources judging from the
present condition of a lowering groundwater level, and a viewpoint of the water-resources potential.
Therefore, in future the water development for agriculture use is considered that reuse of a reclaimed
waste water will become main measures.
Since water development can not be expected, the demand management plays important roles in the
future. The issues on the water management are summarized as follows.
z Popularization of modern irrigation system is behind.
z Since measurement of irrigation water is inaccurate, superfluous irrigation has occurred.
z The technical assistance on water management to the farmers is insufficient.
z Farmer's water-saving awareness is too low.
Specially, support of the water management technology to the farmers is required by popularizing
water-saving irrigation method and the water-saving awareness to the farmers needs to be popularized.
Furthermore, from a viewpoint of demand management, crop conversion to vegetables with small
water requirement and fruit tree which can expect increased demand from a fodder crop and other
crops with large water requirement is considered to be the most realistic measure according to
Decision 335 by MOA.
As mentioned above, regarding the water resources for agriculture, reuse of a reclaimed waste water
and groundwater development by a renewable well group shall be performed, and crop conversion
consisting mainly of vegetables and fruit trees from cereals and fodder crop is proposed judging from
a viewpoint of demand management.
The water balance simulation at the time of enforcing the water-saving irrigation as demand
management and reuse of the reclaimed waste water as new water resources, and conversion of the
planted area as agricultural policy, etc. are examined, and the result of the possible planted area
according to the region in 2035.
(1) Preconditions in Examination
In the estimate for agricultural water use and demand prediction, as information is insufficient and

C-4-7
examination of long-term water demand and supply balance are not completed, data and the plan for
water supplies which are collected in the statistical yearbook prepared by MOA and the MOA regional
office are adopted as assumption conditions. The main things are as follows;
The amount of the present water use for agriculture
z Based on the data such as the planted area, a crop coefficient and etc., the net water
requirement is computed and then the gross water requirement is computed in consideration
of the conveyance loss and the irrigation application loss.
The prediction conditions for future agricultural water demand
z Planted area is constant from 2007 to 2035.
z Since the planted area is constant, the planted area according to region and the period of the
above are constant.
z Although irrigation efficiency is set up for every crop, the above-mentioned period is
constant.
The setting conditions of estimate for the agricultural water use in the water demand-and-supply
balance simulation of a sensitivity analysis etc.
z The target water resource is renewable water, and the result of the water resources potential
calculation by SWAT model is used as basic data.
z Surface water in the water demand-and-supply balance simulation gives priority to the water
supply to a city, and supplies 30% of total water, and then assigns the remaining of 70% to
water use in the down stream and agricultural water use.
z Irrigation efficiency is set 85% in target year from 70% of present condition, supposing a
sprinkler, drip irrigation and etc. popularizing further in the future, and irrigation efficiency
increasing about vegetables and fruit trees.
z The reuse of the sewage water for every region sets up based on the data prepared by Ital
Consult.
z Regarding the planting crops, the demand of fruit and vegetable will be increased in the
future, and these planting are performed in the farming land outside a city focusing on
vegetables with less water requirement and fruit trees, and assign renewal water with the
priority to these crops.
z Since it is water balance simulation in case the absolute quantity of water resources is
insufficient, all the amounts of losses assume that repetitive use is carried out in order to
understand a sever water shortage condition.
Although the demand for agricultural water use is calculated based on many assumptions explained in
the above, many problems in each region such as water level decline and dry up of the well for
agriculture use are occurring. Since the phenomena such as salty water intrusion are also seen in the
observation wells along the coastal line of Jazan region, accordingly it is obvious that the potential of
the water resources for agricultural use is limited.
(2) Calculation Examination
The calculation examination are 3 region as follows.
<Al Baha Region>
Comparison of the agricultural water demand and the renewable water resources in 2007 will generate
a water shortage in Al Baha, Al Mandaq, and Al Qari governorate.
The planted area of the 2007 level is securable in gross by the reuse of reclaimed waste water and the
water-saving irrigation in the planned target 2035 year.
Regarding Mandaq governorate, 250ha of planted area needs to be reduced in 2035. (250ha reduction
of the planted area of cereals/fodder crops will be carried out from the 2007 level)

C-4-8
Table C.4-5 Water Balance Simulation and Planted Area in Al Baha Region
Governorate
No Items Total
Albaha Biljurashi Almandaq Almukwah Alaqiq Qilwah Alqari
(1) PlantedAreain2007(ha) 563 490 589 209 1019 21 1560 4450
(2) PlantedAreain2035(ha) 563 490 564 209 1019 21 1560 4425
(3) AgriculturalWaterDemandin2007(MCM) 6.8 5.9 7.1 2.5 12.3 0.3 18.9 53.9
(5) WaterSupplyDemand(MCM) 1.4 0.7 0.4 5.7 3.0 4.9 0.3 16.4
(6) Water-resourcesPotential(MCM) 2.6 10.0 3.5 14.4 35.4 21.9 11.6 99.4
(7) Water-resourcesafterwatersupply(MCM) 1.2 9.3 3.1 8.7 32.4 17.0 11.3 83.0
(8) WaterBalancein2035(MCM)(7)-(4) -5.6 3.4 -3.7 6.2 20.0 16.7 -7.6 29.4
(9) WaterSaving(MCM) 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.4 1.9 0.0 2.9 8.4
(10) WasteWaterRe-use(MCM) 2.2 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 4.2
(11) ReturnFlow(MCM) 2.7 2.4 2.7 1.0 4.9 0.1 7.6 21.4
(12) WaterBalance(MCM)(8)+(9)+(10)+(11) 0.4 7.5 0.1 8.0 27.2 17.1 3.1 63.4
(13) Changeofcultivationarea(ha)in2035 0 0 -250 00 00 00 00 -250
(14) Changeofirrigationwater(MCM)in2035 0.0 0.0 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.3
[Note] (9): Development of Modern irrigation system, (10): Waste water re-use (Data source: By ITAL CONSULT)
(11): Return flow (Irrigation losses) = Demand*(1-1/1.67) = Demand*0.4
<Asir Region>
Comparison of the agricultural water demanded and the renewable water resources in 2007 will
generate a water shortage in Khamis Mushayt, Bisha, An Namas, Ahad Rifaydah, Zahran Aljanub, and
Balqarn governorate.
By the reuse of reclaimed waste water and the water-saving irrigation in the planned target 2035 year,
the planted area of the 2007 level is securable in gross except for two governorates.
Regarding An Namas and Ahad Rifaydah governorate, the planted area of 255ha and 40ha still need to
be reduced respectively.
Table C.4-6 Water Balance Simulation and Planted Area in Asir Region
Governorate
No Items Khamis Sarat Rijal
Abha Bishah Annamas Muhayil Tathlith
Mushayt Abidah Alma
(1) PlantedAreain2007(ha) 3,591 1,947 6,554 965 1,366 521 661 435
(2) PlantedAreain2035(ha) 3,591 1,947 6,554 710 1,366 521 661 435
(7) Water-resourcesafterwatersupply(MCM) 61.6 6.9 42.1 2.2 37.1 92.0 55.3 15.7
(8) WaterBalancein2035(MCM)(7)-(4) 15.8 -17.9 -41.4 -6.3 19.7 85.4 46.9 10.2
(9) WaterSaving(MCM) 5.1 2.8 9.3 1.4 1.9 0.7 0.9 0.6
(11) ReturnFlow(MCM) 18.3 9.9 33.4 3.4 7.0 2.7 3.4 2.2
(13) Changeofcultivationarea(ha)in2035 0 0 0 -255 0 0 0 0
(14) Changeofirrigationwater(MCM)in2035 0.0 0.0 0.0 -3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Governorate
No Items Ahad Zahran Almajar Total
Balqarn
Rifaydah Aljanub dah
(1) PlantedAreain2007(ha) 1,441 539 2,303 741 21,054
(2) PlantedAreain2035(ha) 1400 530 2,303 741 20,759
(3) AgriculturalWaterDemandin2007(MCM) 18.4 6.8 29.4 9.4 268.4
(4) AgriculturalWaterDemandin2035(MCM) 16.7 6.8 29.4 9.4 262.8
(5) WaterSupplyDemand(MCM) 1.7 0.4 0.2 0.8 20.4
(6) Water-resourcesPotential(MCM) 5.6 5.4 18.1 21.2 380.5
(7) Water-resourcesafterwatersupply(MCM) 3.9 5.0 17.9 20.4 360.1
(8) WaterBalancein2035(MCM)(7)-(4) -12.7 -1.8 -11.5 11.0 97.3
(9) WaterSaving(MCM) 2.0 0.7 3.3 1.0 29.8
(10) WasteWaterRe-use(MCM) 4.0 1.3 1.6 0.9 62.1

C-4-9
Governorate
No Items Ahad Zahran Almajar Total
Balqarn
Rifaydah Aljanub dah
(11) ReturnFlow(MCM) 6.7 2.7 11.7 3.8 105.1
(12) WaterBalance(MCM)(8)+(9)+(10)+(11) 0.0 3.0 5.1 16.7 294.3
(13) Changeofcultivationarea(ha)in2035 -40 0 0 0 -295
(14) Changeofirrigationwater(MCM)in2035 -1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 -5.6
(11): Return flow (Irrigation losses) = Demand*(1-1/1.67)=Demand*0.4
<Jazan Region>
A water shortage occurs in almost all the governorate, and the water balance simulation serves as
1,200 MCM minus.
Although the amount of water resources newly securable by the reuse of sewage water and the
water-saving irrigation by the planned target 2035 year serves as about 44MCM, when this is
converted into vegetable cultivation, it is only about 6,200ha.
Table C.4-7 Water Balance Simulation and Planed Area in Jazan Region
Governorate
No Items Abu
Jazan Sabya Samtah Alharth Damad Arrayth Baysh
Arish
(1) PlantedAreain2007(ha) 3,589 22,785 9,395 28,175 8,452 3,797 5,839 584
(2) PlantedAreain2035(ha) 902 5,726 2,361 7,080 2,124 954 1,468 147
(7) Water-resourcesafterwatersupply(MCM) 33.2 35.3 10.5 -2.7 -1.9 7.7 27.3 19.6
(8) WaterBalancein2035(MCM)(7)-(4) -14.2 -42.3 -17.3 -14.6 -2.3 -10.5 -20.7 11.9
(9) WaterSaving(MCM) 0.9 5.7 2.4 7.1 2.1 1.0 1.5 0.1
(11) ReturnFlow(MCM) 19.0 31.1 11.1 4.8 0.1 7.3 19.2 3.1
(13) Changeofcultivationarea(ha)in2035 -2,687 -17,058 -7,034 -21,094 -6,328 -2,843 -4,372 -437
(14) Changeofirrigationwater(MCM)in2035 0.0 -223.7 -96.5 -360.7 -111.4 -32.1 -29.2 0.0
Governorate
No Items Ahad Total
Farasan Addair Almusar Alidabi Alaridah Addarb
ihah
(1) PlantedAreain2007(ha) 718 406 22,540 812 4,290 2,176 113,558
(2) PlantedAreain2035(ha) 180 102 5665 204 1,078 547 28,539
(3) AgriculturalWaterDemandin2007(MCM) 9.5 5.4 298.1 10.7 56.7 28.8 1501.9
(4) AgriculturalWaterDemandin2035(MCM) 9.5 5.4 28.4 10.7 31.2 25.1 349.3
(5) WaterSupplyDemand(MCM) 0.0 4.9 9.0 5.3 6.2 2.3 106.9
(6) Water-resourcesPotential(MCM) 26.9 19.1 28.4 23.8 16.4 322.9
(7) Water-resourcesafterwatersupply(MCM) 22.0 10.1 23.1 17.6 14.1 216.0
(8) WaterBalancein2035(MCM)(7)-(4) 16.6 -18.2 12.3 -13.6 -11.0 -123.8
(9) WaterSaving(MCM) 0.1 5.7 0.2 1.1 0.5 24.0
(10) WasteWaterRe-use(MCM) 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 20.3
(11) ReturnFlow(MCM) 2.1 11.3 4.3 12.5 10.0 135.9
(12) WaterBalance(MCM)(8)+(9)+(10)+(11) 19.2 0.0 16.8 0.0 0.0 60.7
(13) Changeofcultivationarea(ha)in2035 -304 -16,875 -608 -3,212 -1,629 -84,481
(14) Changeofirrigationwater(MCM)in2035 0.0 -269.7 0.0 -25.6 -3.7 -1152.6
(11): Return flow (Irrigation losses) = Demand*(1-1/1.67)=Demand*0.4
Based on the result of water balance simulation with the 3 regions mentioned above, in Al Baha region
and Asir region, it is possible to maintain agriculture by the crop conversion. However, in Jazan region
the water demand for agricultural use is large, and the shortage of water resources is inevitable. As a
measure against future, a method only has reducing the planted area until it balances renewable
water-resources potential. Accordingly, following agricultural measures are proposed in order to

C-4-10
reduce the planted area.

z From a viewpoint of fresh-vegetables self-supply, vegetable cultivation will be promoted and the
planted area in the planned target 2035 year will set to 7,164 ha of the twice in 2007 (3,582ha).
z Regarding fruit trees, Jazan region has Tropical Fruit Research Center (Jazan Agriculture
Research Center) of MOA, moreover, since the fruit trees which mainly continue to be concerned
with the mango has consumption in the region, reduction shall not be performed but 5,525ha of
the 2007 level shall be maintained.
z According to Decision No.335, planting of a fodder crop with much water consumption does not
carry out.
z The amount of water resources produced by reducing the planted area of cereals and fodder crops
are preferentially converted to vegetables and fruit farming, and the remainder is taken as a plan
to assign the sorghum cultivation which is typical crops of Jazan region.
The planted area and the water demand at the time of implementing the above-mentioned measures
become as follows, the fruit tree can maintain the 2007 level, and the vegetable can secure the planted
area of the twice in 2007.
Table C.4-8 Reduction Plan of Planted Area in Jazan Region
Current Status(2007) Target Year（2035）
Crops Water Demand Water Demand Compared to 2007
Planted Area (ha) Planted Area (ha)
(MCM) (MCM)
Cereal 92,200 1,030 15,900 190 93% Reduction
Fodder 12,200 340 0 0 Stop
Fruit 5,500 110 5,500 110 2007 Maintain
Vegetable 3,600 30 7,100 50 2007 Doubling
Total 113,600 1,510 28,500 350 75% Reduction
4.2.2 Proposal to Future Agriculture Development

The proposal to the agricultural development in each region is summarized as follows based on the
plan of the above-mentioned planting conversion, a reduction plan and etc.
<Al Baha Region>
Although in Al Baha region, small-scale wheat cultivation has been maintained by the traditional
agricultural technique using the climate blessed till the first half of the 1980s, by having developed the
large machinery agriculture using fossil water in Riyadh and Qassim (Buraydah) regions with many
flatlands by the free distribution policy of farmland which aims at 100% of a grain self-sufficiency rate,
the subsidy policy on well drilling and etc., cereals cultivation in the hilly and mountainous area where
is small farmland and where a production cost is high was obliged to decline. As the result, 70% of
farmland is converted into the fruit tree now. In the case of Al Baha region, since the renewable water
resources which covers the planted area of the 2007 level are secured, it is possible to develop the
agriculture consisting mainly of fresh vegetables and fruit cultivation also in the future taking
advantage of high elevation.
<Asir Region>
Asir region is divided roughly into the hilly and mountainous agricultural area centering on Abha
Governorate, and the flat-ground agriculture area centering on Bisha Governorate. Since it is expected
that the outskirts of Abha are blessed with water resources, fruit growing consisting mainly of the
vegetables centering on a open field cultivated tomato and a grape cultivation are prosperous, and
consumption of vegetables and fruit trees increases in connection with population increase, the
agriculture consisting mainly of vegetables and fruit trees can be continued in the future.
The water resources around Bisha which locates in the North of the region are not enough. It is
necessary to perform the planting conversion in future, and the water-saving irrigation needs to
perform reuse of reclaimed waste water etc.
Moreover, the diligent farmer who is practicing the organic farming is located in Abha Governorate
and the organic farming is getting popularity from the safety of a food in Saudi Arabia. Accordingly by
popularizing the organic farming through this farmer, differentiation with other regions is attained, and

C-4-11
the policy which promotes the agriculture of Asir region can be considered.
<Jazan Region>
Although the planted area aiming at 2035 can secure planting of the scale in 2007 about fruit trees and
vegetables, it stops planting of fodder crop, and 93% reduction of planted area about cereals is
required.
The agriculture in the region will cooperate with "Jazan Agriculture Research Center" which FAO is
carrying out technical assistance in the region. If the fruit tree which suited the climate of the region,
and the agriculture in suburban areas which specialized in vegetables are promoted and water
resources have a margin, it is possible to survive in the intensive agriculture of performing cash crop
cultivation such as maize, millet, sesame and etc.
According to a hearing at the MOA regional office, it is pointed out that a farmer's aging and luck of
successor are becoming big issues in the region. It is also a problem that the Agriculture of Saudi
Arabia is performed by Saudi peoples as a manager and foreigner as a farmer, therefore MOA does not
like to advice to foreigners positively.
If the present condition mentioned above and insufficient water resources are taken into consideration,
it will be judged that the agriculture in Jazan region is obliged to a decline. Therefore, other industries
which accept agricultural population need to be introduced.
Fortunately, the Jazan Economic City project is progressing near Sabya which locates in 60km
northwest of Jazan, and the number of the labor force of this project will be needed about 300,000. On
the other hand, the number of the agricultural labor force in Jazan is about 30,000; accordingly
acceptance by this project is possible enough.
Therefore, if the issues mentioned above are not solved, industrial structure should be transformed and
the surplus farmer should be assigned to the labor force of Jazan Economic City. In addition, when
carrying out industrial structure conversion, necessity has the political to the small-scale farmer which
has made its living by traditional agriculture.
The total amount of groundwater extraction of Jazan province is (740 MCM/year), which is as twice
as large as groundwater development potential (402 MCM/year). It will result in future draw down of
groundwater level, which was analyzed by computer simulation on condition that the current pumping
is continued in the future. The result is shown in Figure C.4-3. It was expected that groundwater level
will be under sea level in large area of the central and southern part of Jazan Region by the year of
2035 and 2060. Then, seawater will intrude into aquifers along the coast in large scale. On the other
hand, groundwater level will recover by reducing pumping rate. As shown in Figure C.4-4, draw down
of groundwater level will stop by 70% reduction of the pumping amount, and furthermore,
groundwater level will go up by 90% reduction of pumping amount.
60
Groundwater Groundwater 50
level level
Groundwater level(GLm)
40
Area of groundwater 30
level is below sea level 90%reductio
20
70% reduction
10 50% reduction
0 30% reduction
-10 10% reduction
-20 0% reduction
A A
2010 2030 2050
(2035) (2060) Year
Figure C 4-3 Predicted Draw Down of Groundwater Level Figure C 4-4 Recovery of Groundwater
under Current Pumping Rate Level by Redaction of Pumping Rate

C-4-12
CHAPTER 5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, AND

MANAGEMENT PLANS
5.1 Integrated Water Management System
(1) The Range and Object Facilities of Management
The object facilities of control of water management system shall be as follows.
The renewable water development facilities planned by this M/P of Al Baha Region, Asir
Region and Jazan Region
The pipeline facilities which connects main facilities, and pump stations.
(2) The Organization Related to Management
In a M/P, the system which manages renewable water (surface water, groundwater) positively and
intentionally is proposed. Renewable water resources had not almost been the targets of intentional
management until now by the public organizations. Most of surface water and groundwater have been
managed and used individually, especially by the agriculture sector. An exception is the renewable
water from dams and wells which the MOWE and its Directorate Offices have managed for domestic
water supply. For this reason, only the MOWE and its Directorate Offices are the existing public
organization which is executing management and supply of renewable water.
In this M/P, an Integrated Water Resources Management plan which covers across the Regions is
proposed. Establishment of RWPC (Renewable Water Production Corporation) is proposed as an
organization which becomes a core for using especially renewable water intentionally. Moreover, the
Water Authority is proposed as a committee which performs coordination between the MOWE and the
MOA. The relation of the organizations in connection with Integrated Water Resources Management
for wide area water supply system is later mentioned as an improvement proposal of water
administrative organization, and is shown in Figure C.5-15. The action proposal that each related
organization is expected to execute is as being shown in the following table.
Table C.5-1 Action Performed to Candidate Organization
Organization Action
Water Authority To adjust about the matter about the object for water supplies and management which are related
among two or more ministries and government offices is performed. For example, there is a
matter concerning MOWE and MOA like water for agricultural use.
Ministry of Water and To execute necessary investigations, preparation of plans, implementation of projects and
Electricity (MOWE) monitoring etc. in order to supervise development of the water resources of the region,
management, and conservation
To talk with the RWPC and decide water allocation of the renewable water for domestic and
industrial water sectors
To talk with the MOA and the RWPC and decide water allocation of the renewable water for the
agriculture sector
To supply domestic water, carry out treatment of sewage and supply reclaimed sewage water to
the area where NWC does not cover (Directorate Offices)
To supervise organization and activities of SWCC and RWPC, and give guidance to them
To give instructions about proper use of agricultural water in the agricultural water sector in
collaboration with the MOA
Ministry of Agriculture To check practice of the agriculture plan in the regions
(MOA) To calculates required water for agriculture based on the agriculture plan in collaboration with
agricultural water sector and RWPC
To promote setting up water use organizations by farmers
To give guidance for managing farm to save water and to promote improvement and updating of
irrigation facilities to save water
To give instructions about proper use of agricultural water in the agricultural water sector in
collaboration with the MOWE
Renewable Water To develop renewable water resources to utilize and prepare detail water supply plan based on
Production Corporation the decided renewable water allocation to each water use sector by the MOWE, and execute the
(RWPC) plan
To grasp usable quantity of renewable water based on the monitoring data of reservoirs and wells
To execute discussion/request about use and supply of renewable water with related

C-5-1
Organization Action
organizations under the instruction and help of the MOWE and the MOA
To discuss with the MOWE and adjust deliberations of the quantity of production of the
desalinated seawater by SWCC and the amount of supply of the renewable water to NWC by
RWPC
To discuss with the MOWE and MOA and adjust deliberations of the quantity of renewable
water to the agricultural water sector
To execute supply of renewable water to each water use sector in a neutral and a fair position
Water-for-agricultural-use To prepare a farming program and the plan for water use under instruction of the MOA
sector To manage demand of agricultural water sector and target allocation of renewable water decided
by the MOWE based on the farming program and the plan for water use under instruction of the
MOA
To promote setting up water use group in the agricultural sector, which is organized at proper
area by farmers
Saline Water Conversion To take measures to the stable supply of desalinated seawater in cooperation with MOWE and
Corporation (SWCC) NWC
National Water Company To supply municipal water stably to water users
(NWC)
(3) Basic Policy of Water Supply Management

Basic of water service management are carried out as follows.
Efficient and economical water management is performed combining different water
resources, such as renewable water, desalinated seawater, reclaimed waste water and fossile
groundwater.
Usually, in principle, the water resources developed in each region are used in each region
where it is developed.
The water resources shall be used flexibly and inter-regionally when severe drought might
occur in any region because of maldistribution and yearly or seasonal fluctuation of rainfall.
(4) Layout Planning of the Management Office for Water Supply Management
In order to carry out above-mentioned management, a management office is to be placed in each
region and a comprehensive management office which watches and controls regional water
management. Moreover, an operation office is installed at main facilities.
The place where a management office is installed is determined with careful attention to the following
point so that the activities of a management office can be carried out smoothly.
Attachment of a Management Office to a Operation Office of an Important Facility
The dams and wells which develop large water resources should be placed as the important facilities,
and need to be taken as manned management facility.
Efficient management is performed by putting a management office side by side to such a facility's
operation office.
Selection of a Place of the Management Office for Broader-based Water Supply System
Center of a broader-based water supply system should be placed where it is convenient to water
management and O&M of facilities for efficient performance, considering arrangement of the facilities
and traffic conditions etc..
Social Environment Coonditions
The place of management office is to be selected where it is convenient to have meetings with
organizations and water users related to water management so that communication and adjustment for
water management are performed closely. Living environment of the personnel of a management
office is also to be considered.
Economic and Safe Conditions
A management office is to be placed where acquisition of land is easy, and its geology and
geographical conditions are good so that disasters are hard to occur. The image figure of the water

C-5-2
resources management for carrying out above-mentioned management is shown below. A "RWPC
water management office" shall be arranged in the Al Baha region and the Asir region, and the "RWPC
comprehensive management office" which watches and controls regional offices shall be placed in the
Jazan region.
Unit: 1000m3/day
Image of
Transmission pipeline
Dam
Report, Instruction Management
Existing desalination plant Information Sharing
O&M System of Water
New Desalination Plant Office
O&M O&M O&M
O&M O&M O&M Fossil Water 61
O&M O&M Office Office Office
Office Office Office O&M O&M O&M
Office Office Existing Existing
Office Office Office Existing
AL Janabin Ranyah Hirjab Tabala
Thrud
Baysh Qiss Dama
Renewable Water 31 Renewable Water 139.5
Renewable Water 214
AL Baha Management Office Asir Management

of RWPC Office of RWPC
Jazan Management Office of
RWPC
O&M O&M O&M
Office Office Office RWPC Head
Qanunah Yiba Hali
Office
Makkah
Desalination Desalination
Desalination
Dawqah 100 Sabya 215
Shuqaiq 378
(Construction 2015) (Construction 2025)
Figure C.5-1 Image Figure of Water Resources Management
5.2 Groundwater Recharge by Dams

5.2.1 Surface Water Development in Combination with Dam and Groundwater Aquifer
As shown in Table C.5-2, the development volume and development volume of each dam is decided
relating to the annual flow regime and scale of reservoir volume. Therefore the surface water
development in combination with dam and groundwater aquifer is examined as follows.

C-5-3
P la n n e d D a m
W e ll F ie ld s
R ech arge P r o d u cin g
R e c h ar g e a b le Tr e n c h
R e c h a r g e in W a d i
W e ll F ie ld s
Evaporation
Dam
Groundwater
Infiltration
Well from Wadi
Infiltration from dam

Evaporation
Water supply
Aquifers
Red sea
Seawater intrusion
Figure C.5-2 Recharge of Water from Dam into Aquifer
(1) Examination of Development Volume

It is checked that a promising aquifer is downstream from each dam now. Though about the details of
the hydraulic geology condition, it is unknown. Though the model used by development volume
calculation of the above dam is used, and the validity of the water resources development by
cooperation with a dam and a downstream underground aquifer is survey.

C-5-4
Each dam of reservoirs volume (multiple of the effective volume of a dam), and development volume
and a development rate is adopted for index and these indexes are examined. Where, the calculation
conditions of the above and different conditions are as follows.
• Reservoirs volume is considered as the sum total of the volume of a dam, and reservoirs
volume (void volume) of an underground aquifer.
• When there is a flow over effective volume, this flow becomes invalid discharge and is
excepted from the object for development.
• The osmosis losses (loss by evaporation etc.) to the amount of evaporation and aquifer from
the reservoir surface of a lake were assumed to be daily evaporation of about 5mm.
• It was considered as the flow which can develop 97% at the time of the ability to develop that
there is no shortage for 30 years as examination of the development volume of a dam as a
planned development flow.
(2) Result of Development Volume
Table C.5-2 shows the relationship between the development volume and total volume (Reservoir
Volume + Aquifer Volume). As a result, the larger volume is the higher rate of development such as
King Fahd Dam, Baysh Dam and Hali Dam, except for Aradah Dam and Ranyah Dam.
These preliminary calculation, 1) Storage volume is made into zero as an initial condition of an aquifer,
2) The percolation loss to an aquifer is considered as an equivalent for surface-of-a-lake evaporation of
a reservoir, 3) The percolation well or percolation canal for promoting recharge artificially are not
taken into consideration. A result of the safe side is brought for the reason. Anyway, since it turned out
that the water resources development of the wadi by cooperation with a dam and a downstream aquifer
is effective, it is the next steps and recommends a detailed examination.
Table C.5-2 Development Volume of Dam in Combination with Aquifer
V1 V2 V3=V2 V3=2xV2 V3=3xV2 V3=5xV2
Dam Reservoir Average Deve. Deve. Deve. Deve.
Deve. Deve. Deve. Deve.
Volume Flow Volume Volume Volume Volume
Rate Rate Rate Rate
(MCM) (MCM/y) (MCM/y) (MCM/y) (MCM/y) (MCM/y)
Aradah 68.0 15.2 5.3 35% 6.7 44% 6.7 44% 6.7 44%
King Fahd 325.0 69.1 34.5 50% 44.9 65% 51.1 74% 57.3 83%
Tabalah 68.4 12.3 1.8 15% 2.5 20% 3.1 25% 3.7 30%
Ranyah 219.8 99.6 26.9 27% 32.9 33% 32.9 33% 32.9 33%
Hirjab 4.6 16.8 8.4 50% 10.9 65% 12.2 73% 13.8 82%
Jazan 51.0 78.9 24.1 31% 26.0 33% 27.6 35% 30.0 38%
Baysh 193.6 104.6 71.2 68% 83.7 80% 93.1 89% 95.2 91%
Damad 55.5 61.5 24.6 40% 25.2 41% 26.5 43% 28.3 46%
Hali 249.9 122.3 79.5 65% 100.3 82% 105.2 86% 106.4 87%
Qanunah 79.2 21.3 3.0 14% 4.9 23% 6.4 30% 10.0 47%
Yiba 80.9 81.3 24.8 31% 26.0 32% 27.6 34% 30.1 37%

C-5-5
100%
90%
Development Ratio (Dev. Volume / Annual Inflow) Aradah
80% King Fahd
Tabalah
70% Ranyah
60% Hirjab
Jazan
50% Baysh
Damad
40%
Hali
30% Qanuna
Yiba
20%
10%
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Volume (Dam+Aquifer): Multiples of Effective Volume of Dam

No joint operation (Dam + Aquifer): Volume (Dam + Aquifer -= 1)
Figure C.5-3 Variation of Dam Development Volume in Combination with Aquifer
5.2.2 Increase of Groundwater Recharge by Facilities

Generally, groundwater is recharged by surface water through wadi bed in the Study Area. To increase
groundwater recharge from surface water, construction of groundwater recharge dam along wadi is
effective. It is possible to increase groundwater recharge by controlling discharge from recharge dam.
In planning of recharge dam, characteristics of groundwater recharge from wadi should be examined
as explained below:
Wadi Flow and Flow Distance
How much groundwater can be recharged depends on scale of wadi discharge (see Figure C.5-4).
Large discharge will flow passing though target area for water use, and finally discharge into Red Sea
in the western part of the Shield area. Such discharge can be called ineffective discharge in view point
of groundwater use.
Interval of Discharge
Part of transmission loss of wadi will not become groundwater recharge. If soil between wadi bed and
groundwater table is dry, water infiltrating from wadi will be absorbed by the soil and will not reach
groundwater table (see Figure C.5-5). On the other hand, if the soil is wet, water will readily reach
groundwater table. Dry/wet condition of the soil depends on interval of water discharge from dams.
Discharge of shorter interval will make the soil wetter, and amount of groundwater recharge will be
increased.
As mentioned above, to increase groundwater recharge, ineffective discharge should be prevented, and
adequate discharge should be kept with short interval or continuously.

C-5-6
Maximum transmission
loss related to
Effective Discharge
Discharge of wadi infiltration capacity of
Ineffective Discharge
wadi bed
Initial point ・Coastal line

・Downstream limit of area for water use
Figure C.5-4 Wadi flow and Flow Distance
Dry soil
Wet soil
Groundwater infiltration
Water absorbed by soil
can not reach
groundwater table
Wadi flow→ Wadi flow→ Wadi flow→ Wadi flow→ Wadi flow→
Groundwater table
Groundwater
recharge begins
after soil became
wet
Figure C.5-5 Groundwater Recharge and Soil Moisture
Adequate Discharge
Discharge from recharge dam must be controlled to prevent ineffective discharge that will finally flow
into Red Sea, considering size of alluvial plain along Red Sea. Size of alluvial Plain is shown in Table
C.5-3. On the other hand, in the area of west side of Shield, amount of discharge from recharge dam
should be decided considering distance between the dam to the target area for water use.
Table C.5-3 Size of Alluvial Plain along Red Sea
Width of alluvial plain Average gradient of wadi bed
Region
（Distance form mountain to sea） along alluvial plain
North to Central
30-40km 0.003-0.005
(Makkah and Asir Region)
South (Jazan Region) 10-50km 0.001-0.0045
To decide adequate rate of discharge from dam, relation between discharge and flowing distance must
be examined. For this purpose, the equation below is proposed in Study Area.
Vx=Vo×(1-a)x (Wheater, 1993)
-0.71
a=118.8×(Vo)
Vo : Discharge from recharge dam (m3/day)
Vx : flow rate at X (km) downstream from recharge dam (m3/day)

C-5-7
Relation between flow distance and transmission loss by drawing off is shown in Figure -5.24.
100%
loss/Accumulated discharge from
　　　　Legend
Accumulated transmission
Discharge from dam

80% 10,000m3/day
60% 50,000m3/day
dam(%)
40% 100,000m3/day
Width of alluvial
20% plain 500,000m3/day
(along Red Sea）
1,000,000m3/day
0%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from Dam(km)
Figure C.5-6 Example of Transmission Losses and Flow Distance (by Wheater Equation)
According to the example in Figure C.5-6, flow rate of 500,000m3/day from recharge dam can fully
become transmission loss within alluvial plain before reaching Red Sea. However, this flow rate
depends on parameter of Wheater equation.
Interval of Discharge
Transmission loss can be efficiently changed into ground water recharge by controlling interval of
discharge. Relation between transmission loss and groundwater recharge of the Study Area is proposed
as below:
Groundwater Recharge(m)=0.0567+0.556×TL-0.099 ×ANTEC (A.U.Sorman and M.J.Abdulrazzak,
1993)
TL : Transmission loss (×106m3/day)
ANTEC : Parameter relating discharge interval (day). ANTEC=1-0.9T
T : Interval after the previous discharge (day)
As shown in Figure C.5-7, the more frequently water discharged, the more groundwater can be
recharged. According to the existing Study in Wadi Tabalah, 75% of transmission loss will become
groundwater recharge under the natural condition. Remaining 25% will become groundwater recharge
under permanent flow condition.
Groundwater recharge/transmission
100%
90%
80%
Average=75% in
70% natural condition
60%
loss (%)
50%
Discharge from dam
40%
30% 100,000m3/day
250,000m3/day
20%
500,000m3/day
10%
1,000,000m3/day
0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Discharge Interval (days)
Figure C.5-7 Relation between Interval of Discharge and Groundwater Recharge

C-5-8
5.2.3 Groundwater Recharge in Wadi

Based on result of water balance analysis of this Study, transmission loss and ineffective discharge in
the natural condition (without dams) is shown in Table C.5-4. Transmission loss of the Study Area is
67% as a whole in the natural condition. The remaining 33% of ineffective discharge will be improved
by recharge dam. Except Jazan Region, transmission loss is 4% ~ 22%. Transmission loss of Jazan
Region are 85%, and remaining 15% of ineffective discharge to Red Sea will be reduced by recharge
dam.
Table C.5-4 Transmission Loss and Ineffective Discharge of Wadi in Natural Condition
Ineffective
Wadi flow from
discharge Transmission Ineffective
mountain to
Basin Discharge into Discharge to loss discharge
plain
(MCM) Red Sea inland basin
(MCM) (MCM)
―
West side of Makkah/ Asir 613 480 22% 78%
Shield
Jazan 299 44 ― 85% 15%
East side of Makkah/ Asir/
281 ― 271 4% 96%
Shield Jazan/ Najran
Total 1,193 795 68% 32%
5.2.4 Increase of Transmission Loss by Recharge Dam

Increase of transmission loss depends on improvement of flow regime by recharge dam (see Figure
C.5-8). Several representing dams in the Study Area were selected, and increase of transmission by
those dams was calculated.
＜Flow regime＞
Without dam
With dam
Ineffective
discharge
Discharge from dam
Max. Transmission loss
Difference between and can

increase transmission loss
Days
Figure C.5-8 Improvement of flow Regime and Increase of Transmission Losses
<Method for calculation>

Increase of transmission loss by improvement of flow regime through recharge dam was calculated.
The result of the calculation is shown in Table C.2-8. Transmission loss will increase by 17 to 40% as
shown in Table C.2-8. Method of this calculation is explained below:
• Daily discharge at each dam site was calculated by SWAT Model. This result was defined as
“Daily discharge at each dam site (m3/day)”. This calculation was conducted for 46 years from
1960 to 2006.
• Discharge to be infiltrate into river bed between dam site and the Red Sea was calculated (river
basin in West of shield). On the other hand, discharge to be infiltrate into river bed between dam
site and the lower most reaches of the area where water is used was calculated (inland basin in
east of shield). These results were defined as “Maximum transmission loss (m3/day)”. (see Table
C.2-7)
• Responding to above calculation, discharge when it reaches Red Sea was calculated (river basin

C-5-9
in west of shield). On the other hand, discharge when it reaches the lower most reaches of the
area where water is used was calculated (inland basin in east of shield). As seen in Table C.2-7,
this discharge was analyzed using Wheaters equation explained in the previous section. The
discharge was defined as “Discharge at lower most reaches (m3/day)”.
• Transmission loss was obtained as below:
- Transmission loss (m3/day) = Discharge at dam site – Discharge at lower most reaches
However, in case that transmission loss is lager than maximum transmission loss, transmission
loss was set the same as maximum transmission loss (m3/day).
• Calculation above was conducted for two cases, (i)case with dam, (ii)case without dam，each for
46 years from 1960 to 2006 in daily base. Total amount of transmission loss for 46 years was
calculated for above two cases.
• Total amount of transmission loss for 46 years in case with dam was calculated changing
discharge rate from the dam as 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,
80%, 90%. Maximum transmission loss of different discharge rate above was defined as
“transmission loss (m3)”.
• Increase of transmission loss by improvement of flow regime was finally calculated as shown
below:
Increase of transmission loss (%)
= (Amount of transmission loss for 46 years in case with dam – Amount of transmission loss
for 46 years in case with dam)÷Amount of transmission loss for 46 years without dam)
Table C.5-5 Estimated Maximum Transmission Loss Corresponding to each Dam

Maximum Transmission Loss (see Figure-5)
Infiltration West of East of
Maximum
Width of capacity of Shield Shield
transmission Increase in
wadi (m) wadi bed Distance to Distance to
Dam loss transmission
(mm/hour) sea area of water
(×1,000m3/day) loss (%)
(km) use(km)
(W) (C) (K1) (K2) W×C×(K1 or
K2)
Turbah 100 - 30 3,600 32%
Marwani 100 59 - 7,080 38%
Aqiq 50 - 17 1,020 25%
Aradah 50 - 7 420 34%
Tanduhah 50 - 20 1,200 20%
King Fahd 150 50 - 42 7,560 27%
Tabalah 100 - 66 7,920 17%
Jisan 100 45 - 5,400 23%
Baysh 150 73 - 13,140 16%
Najran 50 - 66 3,960 40%
Detail analysis to find the optimum relationship between discharge from dam and ground water recharge
will be done in the next study such as the feasibility study.
5.3 Monitoring Plan

5.3.1 Observation of Rainfall
There are 115 rainfall monitoring precipitation stations (MOWE: 105, PME:10) in the Study Area.
(Refer to Figure B.1-10 in Chapter 1, Part B). Comments on current status on rainfall monitoring
stations are summarized as follows.
z Monitoring network
The density of a monitoring is one rainfall station in 3,000km2 to 4,000km2 simply. Although it is
hard to say that it is enough as the number of rainfall stations, it is mostly arranged in suitable in
the area of the Hijaz Asir highland area. On the other hand, it is in a situation with little number of
rainfall stations in semi-arid and the desert area located in eastern area of the Study Area.

C-5-10
As these reasons, since the monitoring in Hijaz Asir highland area has good access to monitoring
station, it is easy to manage every day. On the other hand, at the station in a desert area, it thinks
because access is difficult and daily control of maintenance is also difficult. Due to density of
monitoring stations, compared with the western area of the Study Area, accuracy of aerial rainfall
in the eastern area serves as an inaccurate situation.
z Data collection for monitoring data
Although monitoring using a telemetry and transmission are also carried out partly in KSA, the
current condition is that monitoring usually using a rain gauge is common, and has transmitted to
MOWE headquarters by fax.
On the other hand, if there are no people for monitoring, there is information that the theft of
monitoring equipment, breakage, etc. increase, and it is in the current condition that labor-saving
and introduction of telemetry system do not progress.
z Data analysis and apply for runoff and water resources development
Collection of rainfall data is a main purpose in daily hydrological activities in MOWE, and
practical use to analysis or water resources development plan is seldom carried out.
As mentioned above, the proposal for the maintenance plan on rainfall monitoring and a monitoring
plan is shown as follows.
z There is tendency on rainfall characteristics that the central part from Taif to Yemen border in
Hijaz Asir highland area has much rain, and the desert area in an eastern part of the Study Area
has little rain. Taking into account the quantitative characteristics in rainfall, it will be thought that
it is necessary to add rainfall stations to Hijaz Asir highland area and its neighborhood
preferentially from now on. Moreover, since there are only three rainfall stations located in
Najran Region and also centers in the western part of region altogether, it is needed to be located
additionally in the central part and the eastern part of the region.
z The Study Team proposes introduction of telemetry system, from the view point of advancing
management, in the regional office and water supply facilities consisting of dams and well fields
in future.
z The Study Team also proposes positive utilization on rainfall data based on the monitoring for the
water resources development of water supply by grasping and arranging the rainfall characteristic
(geographical distribution, annual quantitative change on rainfall, and aerial quantitative
differences).
5.3.2 Monitoring on Water Level and Discharge in Wadi

The monitoring for discharge in Wadi (the management was transferred to MOWE in 2009) shall be
performed by monitoring of the water level in Wadi, and water velocity using current meter. Three
monitoring stations were constructed and monitored by the JICA Study Team from May, 2008 to May
2009. Specifications on monitoring and method of monitoring are shown Table C.5-6 and Table C.5-7.
Table C.5-6 Specifications on Monitoring Station in Wadi
Items Wadi Hirjab Wadi Tabalah Wadi Habaｗnah
Location 42 50 02 E 42 13 47.7E 43 53 45.76E
19 19 59 N 20 00 24.3N 17 46 09.59N
Region Asir Asir Najran
Width of Wadi 80m (monitoring site) 290 m (at Bridge) 84 m (at Bridge)
Catchment Area(Km2) 778 (at Dam Site) 1,900 4,930
Town/Village Samakh Bisha Habawnah
Remarks Located Hirjab Dam site Tabalah Dam -

C-5-11
Table C.5-7 Monitoring for Discharge in Wadi

Monitoring Method Instruments Remarks
Water level Water level recording Automatic water level
recorder
Reading of water level Staff gauge
Flow Monitoring of flow Current meter Monitoring shall be made at bridge in
Velocity velocity (at bridge) Wadi Tabalah and Habawnah.
(by cable-way) Monitoring in Wadi Hirjab shall be made
by cable-way method.
Location for each monitoring station is shown in Figure C.5-9.
Figure C.5-9 Location of Monitoring Stations for Water Level and Discharge

C-5-12
Since there is no bridge for monitoring of the discharge at the dam site in Wadi Hirjab, the flow
velocity monitoring with a propeller type is impossible, and the cable type current meter which
stretching a cable-way between both bank of Wadi, hanging a current meter on the cable, and
measuring the flow velocity was installed.(Refer to Figure C.5-10)
It is impossible to continuously observe flow amount for 24 hours over 365 days by the present
condition of the skills, and thus it is required to make a stage-flow amount curve showing the
correlation between flow amount and water level and convert the water level into flow amount without
actually measuring the flow amount continuously. Based on the monitoring records between flow
depth and discharge, stage-flow amount curve should be made up at each water level station.
Figure C.5-10 Current Meter Measuring at Bridge (Left) and Cable-way Type Current Meter
(Right)
As mentioned above, the proposal of the monitoring plan for water level and flow velocity becomes as
follows.
z Since it is important to record a water level, maintenance and operation on automatic water level
recorder shall be fully performed and the checking in operation shall be needed periodically.
z In an occurrence of floods, the flow velocity shall be monitored by the district water office in
Bisha and Najran.
z By accumulating and analyzing data on relationship between rainfall and discharge in Wadi, this
data shall be used for the planning and design for water supply and water development plan
positively.
5.3.3 Groundwater Level

Lowering of groundwater level is evident in the Study Area. It is more serious in the southern part of
Jazan Region.
Lowering of groundwater level will cause both drying-up of wells and reduction of yield form wells.
Moreover, it will cause seawater intrusion and rising of salty groundwater from deep aquifer.
Especially, seawater intrusion will give serious impact to groundwater use. It is expected that seawater
intrusion will proceed further if the current water use continues (see Figure C.5-11).
Therefore, seawater intrusion must be prevented for sustainable groundwater use in Jazan Region. For
this purpose, reduction of groundwater extraction is most effective.

C-5-13
km
180000
＜Legend＞
Current toe
160000
Toe of year 2035
Toe of year 2060
140000
120000
100000
80000 Toe of Interface
60000
40000
20000
0 km
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
Figure C.5-11 Predicted Seawater Intrusion by Current Water Extraction (by Study Team)
In groundwater management, two points below are important.

1) Groundwater Level Should be kept Above Sea Level
If groundwater level becomes lower than sea level, seawater intrusion will occur in large scale. Salt
injury will happen in area of seawater intrusion, and it will take long time to recover polluted aquifer.
To prevent such disaster, groundwater level must be kept higher than sea level.
2) Reduction of Groundwater Extraction in Southern part of Jazan
Over-extraction of groundwater is taking place in the central to southern part of Jazan, in 4
governorates of Samtah, Ahad al Musarihah, Sabya and Jazan. Groundwater extraction of those 4
governorates occupies almost 70% of total extraction of Jazan Region. Groundwater extraction should
be reduced in above 4 governorates.
According to result of numerical simulation, as shown in Figure C.5-12, the area of groundwater level
below sea level will occupy most of Jazan Region in case that reduction of groundwater extraction is
around 10-50%. However, such area will disappear from the entire Jazan Region in case that reduction
of groundwater extraction is more than 60%.

C-5-14
10% reduction
50%
reduction
60%
reduction
Figure C.5-12 Reduction of Groundwater Extraction and Area of Groundwater Level below
0m (JICA Study Team)
Simulation result should be examined by monitoring result. If there is considerable difference between
them, its reason must be made clear and simulation result must be modified. Groundwater monitoring
plan was proposed in Table C.5-8, and monitoring points were proposed in Figure C.5-13.
Table C.5-8 Groundwater Monitoring Plan
Frequency of
Item Purpose of monitoring
monitoring
Groundwater level Groundwater level should be observed in main observation wells.

Water quality （Electric Once/month Salt concentration of groundwater should be observed in area where
conductivity） simulation result indicated deep sea intrusion/
＜Legend＞
Monitoring well
Monitoring line
0km 25km 50km
Figure C.5-13 Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Location (Jazan Region)

C-5-15
5.4 Conservation of Water Resources

5.4.1 Surface Water
It seems that the injection of garbage and waste may be performed in the wadi although the number on
statistics is not clear. A wadi serves as a river at the time of rain, and exhibits the function of a
groundwater occurrence. The garbage and waste which were abandoned to the wadi become a cause
which flows out downstream at the time of rain, and worsens environment. Moreover, a possibility
that a contaminant may charged into groundwater which is precious water resources at the time of the
groundwater occurrence from a wadi is also large. Once groundwater is polluted, recovery of water
quality is very difficult.
A contaminant and sediment discharge cause reduction of the declining water quality of a reservoir, or
the volume of a reservoir from the circumference and the upper region of a reservoir.
It is supposed that the following measures are effective because of conservation of the surface water
by such a cause.
• Real dispensation and disorderly dumping are stopped for the policy for the improvement in
a recovery rate of household-garbage collection.
• The recovery rate of each household effluent by the maintenance and spread of sewerage
facilities etc. is raised.
• The capability to recommend maintenance of sewage treatment equipment and to process the
collected drainage appropriately is raised.
• The circumference of a reservoir is specified as a conservation zone, and a house, a factory,
agriculture, stock raising, etc. are restricted.
• The educational campaign for losing illegal disposal of waste is carried out.
About sewage disposal, since neither natural dilution in a wadi nor water quality improvement in
downstream appearance can be performed, it is required to take the measure in which the treatment
situation before sewage disposal water is discharged is checked, and treated water does not serve as a
pollution source.
When continuous monitoring is carried out about a reservoir and contamination is discovered, it is
required to carry the specification and the plan against a pollution source.
5.4.2 Groundwater
For conservation of groundwater resources, sound water balance must be maintained to keep normal
groundwater environment. On the other hand, over-extraction of groundwater will break water balance
and make groundwater environment deteriorated, which will lead to consumption of groundwater
resources rapidly. Over-extraction of groundwater will give impact as listed below:
Lowering of groundwater level.
Seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer due to lowering of groundwater level.
Rising of salty groundwater from deep aquifer due to lowering of groundwater level
Methods shown in Figure C.5-14 are effective to prevent or mitigate impact above.

C-5-16
a) Extraction regulation
Recharge dams
b) Increase of groundwater recharge
Recharge Wells
c) Increase of Groundwater storage by under ground dam
d) Prevention of seawater intrusion by underground dam

Figure C.5-14 Method for Groundwater Conservation
Above b) and c) methods have been already implemented or planned in the Study Area. Above a)
method is most effective, if alternative water sources for groundwater users are prepared before its
implementation. Above d) method can be applicable in coastal plain, such as in southern part of Jazan
Region.
In addition to above methods, continuous groundwater monitoring (groundwater level and salt
concentration) is indispensable to know groundwater environment and result of above measures.
5.5 Organization Structure and Management System

(1) The Problem of the Present Organization
The relation of the present water administrative organization and the flow of supply and use of
desalination water and renewable water are shown in Figure C.5-15 and Figure C.5-16, and the
following subjects occur.
z The cooperation and adjustment function between MOWE, which manages and supplies drinking
and domestic water, and MOA, which manages agricultural water, are scarce. Though the both
organizations mutually recognize water shortage, their intake or withdrawal is performed
uniquely in each organization without restriction and connection.
z Although the situation of renewable water use for drinking and domestic water supplied by
MOWE can be controlled with certain degree by monitoring of water quantity and quality, the
situation of renewable water use for irrigation is not managed because that the intake and
withdrawal for agricultural water use is individually performed in every area and each facility.
For such occasions, it must be said that the synthetic water management is not carried out.
z The Directorate Office of MOWE is to execute collection and report of data about individual dam
management in each region. However, neither the case where the report of the data from an
individual dam follows a rule, nor information sharing with MOWE may be performed smoothly.
Efficient management, and suitable information control and facility management are performed
by SWCC which is currently managed in the public corporation. This case should be considered
as reference in construction of an organization.
z The water distribution rule concerning the renewable water developed by a dam or a groundwater
recharge is not defined. Therefore, intentional renewable water use has not been performed.
z The framework of organizations for the synthetic management and implementation of water
demand, supply and allocation over between each province is not clarified. Therefore the
integrative management and effective use of surface water and groundwater are difficult.

C-5-17
MOWE
( Mi ni s try of Wa ter & E nerg y )
Water governance, Planning, Project

Execution, Management of region Ge neral Direc torate of
Sale of Desalination
Water Water in Re gion
SWCC Water Supply, Sewage, Water resources

NWC
（Sa l i ne Wa ter Conv ers i on （ Nat io n al W at e r management in the region
Corpora ti on） C o m pan y）
Sale of Desalination Water
Desalination, Main pipeline Large city water supply & sewage
conveyance & Power enterprise, Water resources
generation enterprise development
Wate r User
Large City Other Regional Area
Figure C.5-15 Water Management Organizations (Present)
Surface water &

Groundwater Desalination Water
Supply Supply
Supply Desalination
Water
Supply
Supply
Intake/ Supply
Withdrawal Supply
Surface
water &
Groundwater Desalination
Water
Intake/
Withdrawal
Figure C.5-16 Flow of Water Supply and Related Organizations (Present)
(2) Proposal of Organization Improvement

Since the monitoring and the function of regulation on superfluous use of agricultural water using
most renewable water are insufficient in the present organization system from a viewpoint of
renewable water use, the management of the water resources currently used for agricultural water is
not performed enough. Moreover, the regulating function in a watershed or among watersheds for
using renewable water efficiently according to the hydrological change or demand among water
sectors is thought to be insufficient. In order to strengthen these organizations and to perform
integrated management of renewable water resources, the improvement of organization which shows
in Figure C.5-17 is proposed.

C-5-18
Supervising duty Water Authority Integrated Water Management Organization

of Farmers
MOA + Electricity
Coordination of MOWE
MOA Central Management
Water Allocation
MOWE Central
MOA Regional
MOWE Regional
Natural Water Resources
Management Enterprise Desalination + Power
Enterprise Generation
RWPC
SWCC
Renewable Water
Saline Water Conversion
Production Corporation
Corporation
Selling
Selling Natural Desalination
Agriculture NWC
Water Water
Sector Resources
National Water
Coordinating Company
Agriculture Water Supply
Water Use Company
Buying/ Selling Drinking/
Domestic/ Industrial Water
Farmers Water Service for User (City) Water Service for User (Rural)
Figure C.5-17 Improvement Proposal of Water Administrative Organizations
The role of the present organization is arranged and the new organizations are added according to
following directions.
z In the improvement of organizations including new organizations, the division of roles such as
policy decision, regulation and supervision, and project implementation is reconsidered.
z On the level of policy decision, the function of agreement formation for the direction of water
resources development and management, and for the required development administrative plan
etc. is given to MOWE as a center organization and other all related ministries and agencies.
z On the level of project enforcement, according to the development administrative plan which is
agreed based on the policy of the government for the water resources development and
management, the organization for undertaking main projects in response to the commission from
the government is established, and the function to make projects undertake efficiently is given to
the organization.
z On the level of the supervision of project implementation and the operation and maintenance after
project completion, The function to supervise that projects enforcement situation attain the policy
objective and regulation for environmental preservation before project commencement, the
conservation of water resources or the reduction of influence on environment, etc. are protected
while performing execution management of projects during projects implementation, and the
sustainable water management is conducted in alignment with the policy objective is given the
organization.
z By clarifying the division of function, roles of the policy board, the projects enforcement
organization, and the supervisor and a regulatory agency are clarified, and clarification of
responsibility is attained to related organizations.
It proposes newly establishing the following organizations for achievement of the above-mentioned
purpose.
Water Authority and Water Council
This organization is established for strengthening of a policy decision level. Water authority is
constituted by the minister and secretary of each ministry and agency related to water, and the director
general, and perform determination of national water policy and basic strategy of water, and
adjustment between relevant ministries and agencies.
Moreover, it agrees on the water resources development and management plan of broad-based area

C-5-19
like two or more provinces are related or important state capital by this water authority and a water
council.
Especially, the future water utility of the agricultural water sector which is the largest user of
renewable water resources is not only a subject of water resources but a subject interlocked with a
food policy and agricultural policy. To decide a direction to the future, the argument and adjustment in
which it crosses ministries and government offices are needed. Therefore, it is assumed as one of the
important subjects treated by this water authority and the water council.
Water council is constituted by the deputy minister, vice-president official, and academic expert of
relevant ministries and agencies as a consultative body of water policy, is deliberated to consultation
of water authority, and proposes a draft doctrine etc.
Renewable Water Production Corporation (RWPC)
This organization is established for the project enforcement concerning development and management
of renewable water and for assuring neutral and fair water supply. Based on the broad-based and
important water development administrative plan on which it has agreed by the national policy, water
authority, and water council, required projects are undertaken by the commission from the ministries
and agencies to supervise.
This public corporation makes MOWE relevant authorities, and undertakes projects on the basis of
supervisor instruction of MOWE.
The operation and maintenance of dams for integrated control and other large-scale important dams,
the operation and maintenance of main groundwater basins which perform joint operations, the control
of intake or withdrawal of main natural water resources and water supply networks are managed
specially.
RWPC performs the management and maintenance of main dams which performs joint operations, and
management and maintenance of main groundwater basins. And RWPC shall manage intake of main
renewable water resources, and a water supply network, and shall supply renewable water. This public
corporation achieves the following functions and roles.
1) Supply of renewable water to a water service enterprise etc. as raw water.
2) Operation of facilities for groundwater recharge
3) Control and maintenance of large-scale dams and middle-scale dams (flood control, intake
control, control and maintenance of facilities)
4) Monitoring of main aquifers (for controlling yeild and water quality) and operation and
maintenance of facilities (observation wells, production wells, pumping up facilities)
5) Main pipeline transportation (transportation control, control and maintenance of facilities) and
sale of the producing water
6) The planning, investigation, design, and construction management of large-scale dams and
middle-scale dams, and groundwater withdrawal facilities by commission from MOWE
7) Promotion of dissemination of rain water harvesting facilities
RWPC is a corporation which competes with SWCC, which is undertaking production and supply
enterprise of desalinization water under the supervisor of MOWE, in the water production and supply
enterprise field of renewable water. SWCC is accepted that efficient management is performed as a
public corporation organization. It is recommended that RWPC also should be established as public
corporation so that it runs efficiently.
Now, SWCC is in the state which is undertaking desalination water supply enterprise also foreseeing
privatization with role as a center of water supply, and in which the competitor of water supply is not.
When RWPC performs development and supply of renewable water intentionally, by extension,
SWCC is expected to become an organization which supplies cheaper water with more efficient
management

C-5-20
(3) The Proposal for the System Improvement of Existing Organizations

The establishment of new organization is proposed by reorganizing the role and function of the
existing organizations as shown below.
< MOWE Head Office >
MOWE head office, based on the broad direction of the water policy by the water authority and the
water council, carries out planning of water management, management of subordinate organizations,
instruction of waterworks and sewage enterprises enforcement, and planning to construction
management of large-scale facilities. Moreover, adjustment between organizations related the
broad-based and important projects over provinces concerning the exploitation of water resources shall
be performed. The following roles are performed.
1) Setup and management of planning of the overall plan of the water administration organizations
based on the water policy and strategy and activity target of subordinate organizations.
(Including decision of allocation of water resources for each water sector)
2) Planning, investigation, design and construction management of large-scale facility construction
project
3) Control of the network for collection of basic data, and management of central database such as
rainfall, river discharge, water level of dam reservoir, storage volume, intake volume, water
quality of surface water resources, groundwater level of main aquifer and groundwater basin,
groundwater storage volume, withdrawal volume, water quality of groundwater, etc.
4) Instruction of watershed conservation and management
5) Instruction of public relations and dissemination for water policy, water management plan,
present condition of water supply and predicting future situation, and enforcement management
6) Introduction and management of personnel training and capacity building for related
organizations
7) Management of research and technical knowledge
< General Directorate of Water in Region >
Each general directorate of water in region carries out operation and maintenance of intake facilities,
water transfer and water supply network in jurisdiction territory except the big cities managed by
RWPC and facilities controlled by NWC, execution of water supply and sewage enterprise of province
except big cities, planning /investigation /design and construction management of small- scale
facilities. Moreover, adjustment concerning the project in the province about the exploitation of water
resources shall be performed. The following roles are completed.
1) Decision of the project execution plan under instruction of MOWE
2) Control of maintenance of facilities of the jurisdiction area,
3) Plan, investigation, design and construction management of small-scale facilities
4) Collection of the basic data of jurisdiction area, and information data input to network
5) Execution of water withdrawal restriction and actual crackdown in jurisdiction area
6) Implementation of the educational campaign for water supply (public relations, dissemination
and education)
< Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) >
SWCC is a corporation which is undertaking the desalination water production and supply enterprise
and the power generation enterprise under the supervisor of MOWE. SWCC continues succeedingly
these enterprises and makes them develop. The main roles of the organization are as follows.
z Execution of desalination enterprise
z Execution of main pipeline transportation enterprise of the desalination water containing intake
water from related dam group
z Execution of control and maintenance of possession facilities and plan, investigation, design and
construction management of new facilities

C-5-21
< National Water Company (NWC) >

NWC is execution organization of the water supply enterprise and sewer enterprise of the waterworks
of the big city which operated since 2008. For the moment, NWC conducts enterprise of the city zone
of Makkah and Jeddah. Although it seems that the management of the water supply enterprise
undertaking by the local office of MOWE is transferred to NWC even in the other major cities in the
future, at present, the concrete plan in the target region of this M/P project is not released.
Although the water resources development enterprise mainly concerned with groundwater is also
included, it is proposed that the part of management of water resources development enterprise is
transferred to RWPC, and NWC is conducted as a specialty company of water supply enterprise and
sewage enterprise in large cities. The main roles are as follows.
z Execution of water supply enterprise and sale of drinking and domestic water by purchase
desalination water from SWCC and natural water from RWPC
z Control and maintenance of water purification facilities, water supply facilities, and water supply
network, and design to construction management of new facilities
z Execution of a sewage enterprise, control and maintenance of sewage facilities, and design to
construction management of new facilities
z Supply and sale of recycle water
z Promotion of reuse of water and recycle use of sewage
(4) Foundation of Agricultural Water Management Division and Agricultural Cooperative
Association
In 3 regions which are target areas of the proposed M/P, owing to surplus withdrawal of agricultural
water, there is much information that withdrawal of drinking and domestic water is suppressed. Due to
no performance for effective restriction, withdrawal of drinking and domestic water not only becomes
difficult, but also agricultural farms come under influence of exceed withdrawal and become severe to
take agricultural water mutually. That kind of water shortage situation goes from bad to worse
gradually and rapidly at part like Jazan region.
Although it is expected that the water demand for agricultural use is controlled by Decision335 of
MOA, probably, water for agricultural use is the greatest user of renewable water succeedingly.
For this reason, for efficient and fair exploitation of the water resources in the region, management of
resources also including water for agricultural use is indispensable.
Although the farmhouse is using the private well individually until now, the time and the labor for
negotiation and adjustment for water supply condition become huge in case of selection of individual
farmhouse as target for adjustment, and it is not realistic from individual request being various.
Therefore, adjustment and the regulating function as an agricultural sector is given to the new
organization representing farmhouse.
In order to use sustainable agricultural water and develop continuous farming, the foundation of the
following organizations is proposed. The improvement diagram of an agricultural organization is
shown in Figure C.5-18.
This organization carries out necessary service under the supervision of MOA (the Ministry and its
local offices) as a coordinator of agricultural water use and supply for the agriculture sector. In
addition, it is expected that the MOA formulates an agricultural policy to control agricultural water
demand in cooperation with MOWE.

C-5-22
MOA
Ministry of Agriculture
Agricultural Cooperative
General Dairectorate of Central Union
Agriculture in Region
Agricultural
農業生産指導部他 production Agricultural Water
農業用水管理部
Management Division Management Division
De ve lope d fr om e xist e n c e organ ization
Agricultural
市場農産物販売組織production Agricultural Cooperative
sales organization Association
＜Joint Management＞
　Sale
　Distribution
　Production (Techni cal devel opment)
　Agricultural Water
Wi thdrawal , Water di s tri buti on, drai nag e f aci l i ty
Water-s av i ng i rri g a ti on, wa ter-s avi ng crop
R ecog ni ti on of water s ources condi ti on & mana g ement
Figure C.5-18 Proposal of Improved Agricultural Organization
<Agricultural Water Management Division (Inner Organization in General Directorate of

Agriculture in Region)>
The agricultural water management division is the organization for execution of agricultural water use
management and adjustment between the farmers and other water basin users, and has the following
functions.
z Management for agricultural water, and instruction
z Conservation of environment in the place of agricultural water use and management for operation
and maintenance of intake and withdrawal facilities
z Grasp of the actual agricultural water use condition and the problem
z Water-saving technology, the reuse technology of irrigation water, instruction of recycle water use
and dissemination
< Agricultural Cooperative Association >
This agricultural cooperative association is an enterprise enforcement organization of agricultural
sector. The enterprise for water production and supply for agricultural use is carried out under the
supervisor of MOA (Head office and local office).
The organization is established for the purpose of a farmhouse performing production of agricultural
products, sale, circulation, development of agricultural technology, and introduction together. The
main function is as follows.
z Execution of joint management of production of agricultural products, sale, and distribution.
z Execution of joint control of withdrawal and water supply /drainage facilities maintenance, and
voluntary management for agricultural water use.
z Performance of joint development of agricultural technology, and joint introduction of
technological know-how.
z Performance of joint practical study, dissemination, and educational activity for performing
continuous agricultural activity together.
<Government Support System>
As governmental support, the system where government organization carries out the priority grant of
support and the government subsidy preferentially is introduced into the joint enterprise and joint

C-5-23
activity by farmer, and promoting the following enterprises is proposed.

z The joint enterprise for promoting agricultural activity activation (Establishment of the
Agricultural Cooperative Association is included)
z The enterprise of decrease water use (the conversion enterprise to water-saving crops, the
water-saving facilities construction enterprise, etc.)
z The enterprise for shift to joint agricultural water management
(5) Drought Adjustment
At the time of drought, the pipeline connected by network shall be utilized based on the situation of
reservoir and ground water in the target whole provinces, and re-distribution of renewable water shall
be performed across watersheds and provinces.
Drought adjustment is decided at the place where every representative concerned the problem is
present. Since the problem is straddled across provinces, MOWE head office shall adjust
countermeasure with a fair position.
The representative of the agriculture sector which proposed previously shall participate in the whole
adjustment meeting after adjusting the inside of own agriculture organization, and also makes the
determination matter carry out in the member inside with responsibility.
The legal force of enforcement of a drought adjustment result is exercised by MOA, and when not
following, the system where required penalty can be performed is introduced.
Water service sectors carry out water supply under the supervisor of MOWE according to a plan to
have been re-distributed as a result of adjustment of RWPC and SWCC.
(6) Groundwater Management
Since the range of the management of groundwater in the rejoin, in case of consideration of an aquifer,
does not correspond with an administration region, MOWE head office manages it, and exercises
required regulation.
The local office of MOWE has jurisdiction over permission for each water user, monitoring water use
and reporting to the head office. The system which reports those information to MOWE and shares
together is established.
RWPC manages utilization of a groundwater occurrence or its groundwater to control of a dam.
RWPC conducts monitoring and survey of groundwater required in order to implement this service.
Information sharing of monitoring and results of survey of RWPC shall be reported and done to
MOWE, and it shall be referred to in decision of the water distribution which is each water sector
which MOWE implements, or the plan for water supplies.
In management of this groundwater, a model for simulation is built, verification by an actual
monitoring result and model is carried out in parallel, and formulation of simulation system which can
examine required regulation and re-distribution of renewable water is desired.
5.6 Personnel Training and Capacity Development

MOWE head office and general directorates of water in region are necessary to demonstrate an
initiative as the management and regulatory organization of water, and to attain improvement and
strengthening of the personnel's temperament, to master external organizations such as consultants and
contractors as hand and foot, and to raise engineers and administrators who can do supervision and
instruction of subsidiary organizations. The work field and class classification of engineer and
administrator are shown in Figure C.5-19.

C-5-24
Management & Information Project Facility

Administration
Engineering Level management Management Management
Sector
Classification Sector Sector Sector
Integrated Whole Management
Introduction of Qualification & AuthorizationSystem

manager
Upper grade Division Management External

manager & Organization
engineer
Training in
System Facility University or
Section Project Section
Middle grade Section Section
management Management
Administrator & Management Management
(Single or (Single or
engineer (Single or (Single or Training Center
Combination) Combination)
Combination) Combination) Education
Stuff In-charge of
In-charge of In-charge of Work Site Training
administrator, part of In-charge of
part of Terminal (On the job training)
Stuff Engineer & Information part of Project
Administration Equipment
skilled worker System
Figure C.5-19 Diagram of Education System by Sector and Work Level Classification
In order to make bottom-up of skill and technical level of workers or managers concerning terminal
equipment, and in order to raise human resources who can control combined several facilities, who
can manage each division of higher rank, and furthermore who can manage synthetically the whole of
the organization, the improvement of the following organizations and systems are proposed.
z Establishment of a training center: In order to raise the skill and the technical level of the capable
persons concerning terminal equipment and each facility, long-term and planned function training
and technical education are carried out. As an organization for this, a training center is founded
and instructors are stationed.
z Strengthening of on the job training: In order to apply and reflect the results of education received
in the training center to each worksite, and fix it as an absolute technique, repeating site work
education (on the job training) and training center education are carried out. For this reason, at
each work site the system that a higher rank leader guides group constituents by making-up team
organization is proposed.
z University and research institution training: The training for middle-level manager and engineer is
carried out according to utilization of the university and the research institution, and more
advanced management ability and technical capabilities are mastered. The creation of training
program and teaching materials are requested to a university and a research institution.
z Other external training: In order that upper position manager and engineer master a broad view
and make it reflected in the management work, overseas trainings and temporary transfers to
external organization (for example, temporary transfer to a consultant with technical high-level
capabilities, etc.) are carried out.
z Introduction of qualification and authorization system: In order to encourage the personnel's
spontaneous capacity building, the qualification system for every member is introduced.
Moreover, an acquisition of qualification or authorization of an external authority is also
encouraged. The system that the acquisition of qualification contributes to the status promotion is
required.

C-5-25
5.7 Promotion of Educational Campaign for Water Use

About the educational campaign for water use, the sections in charge of MOWE head office and each
general directorates of water in region in its duty take out a booth in each office, and is developing
water-saving campaign activity. Moreover, a water-saving campaign week (1 time and about one week
per year) is set up, and televising of the TV commercial for water-saving encouragement and printing
of the newspaper advertisement are performed.
Moreover, in the office of general directorate of water in Abha, the water-saving campaign room for
woman is prepared with the different entrance against usual entrance.
However, the present campaign has performed only about the dissemination of water saving (the
promotion of use of the water-saving instruments attached to a water facet or a toilet tank), and the
object has mainly performed only for visitor of MOWE head office and general directorate offices in
region except the water-saving campaign week.
In order to expand and promote the educational campaign which improves and raises the resident
consciousness, performance of following activities is proposed.
The diagram of the educational campaign for water supplies is shown in Figure C.5-20.
z Activity which perform public relations of the present condition of water shortage and future
situation, and recognizes strongly the necessity of water saving
z Activity which disseminate and take hold 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) of water use
z Activity which promotes rain water storage (water harvesting) and use the water at each home
and public lands
z Performance of the education for fixing the action pattern for saving water use
z Development of public relations activity through media and in Mosque
Improvement of consciousness for water use Education
Water-saving campaign (Present) School, University, Open class, TV program & Mosque
＋
Promotion of reuse & recycle of water ①Present & future condition of precious water
＋　　Renewable water resources (Maximum use)
public relations of the present water Fossil groundwater resouces (Negative legacy to posterity)
shortage and future situation 　　Reuse, Recycle of water Promotion of use)
　　Desalination water (High cost but necessary)
②Water cost
Water-rate system, Production and supply cost,
Government assistance, Water cost of foreign countries
Figure C.5-20 Diagram of Campaign Activity of Water Use

C-5-26
The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development
CHAPTER 6 COST ESTIMATE AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

6.1 Dimension for Water Supply Facilities
Based on the water supply plan as shown in Chapter 3, the facility plan for the municipal water supply
system was conducted. Dimensions of water facilities are shown in Table C.6-1.
TableC.6-1 Dimension of Water Supply Facilities
Region Facilities Facilities/Quantity Dimensions (Quantity)
Section A Desalination
(Dawqah ～Al Baha) Supply:70,000 m3/day
Transmission Pipeline
Section B Renewable
(Hali ～Dawqah) :70,000 m3/day
Capacity: 2.7 Kw (1),
Booster Pump 4 Units 6.9 Kw (1)
Al Baha 6.0 Kw (2)
Reservoir Volume: 400,000 m3 (1)
5 Reservoirs
Volume: 100,000 m3 (4)
Shuaibah (Existing) Production:40,000 m3/day
Desalination Plants Dawqah Plant (Stage 1) :75,000
(Stage 2) :25,000
Section D
(Shuqaiq～Abha) Supply:146,000 m3/day
Section E
(Shuqaiq～AL Birk) 10,000
Section H
(Abha ～AL Janabin) 19,000
Transmission Pipeline
Section G
(Abha ～ AL Alayah) 40,000
Section C
(AL Baha - AL Alayah) 65,000
Asir
Section I
(AL Alayah – Bisha) 65,000
Shuqaiq Extension Production:
Desalination Plant (Stage 2) 238,000 m3/day
Section J
Stage 1 Pipeline Supply:29,000
Wells Fossil Water from Well Production :29,000 m3/day
Wajid Aqufer, Najran Stage 2
Well Production :32,000
Section F
Transmission Pipelines Shuqaiq(UKAD)～Samta(Jizan) Production:160,000 m3/day
Jazan Sabya (new) stage 1 35,000
Desalination Plants (New) Stage 2 160,000
Stage 3 55,000
Note).Section “A～Ｉ” shows section (A) –(I) in Figure C.6-1.
Dimensions of dams including under construction are also shown in Table C.6-2.
Table C.6-2 Dimensions for Dams
Catchment Development
Length Height Capacity
Region Name of Dam Area Water
(km2) (m) (m) (1000m3) (m3/day)
Makkah Hali 4,843 384 95 249.6 35,000
Qanunah 2,310 385 50 79.2 30,000
Yiba 2,242 284 64 80.9 38,000
Al Baha Al Janabin - 592 55 55.5 5,000
Nilah-Qiwlah - - - - 11,000
Tabalah 863 396 40 68,410.0 16,000
Asir Hirjab 600 - - - 9,000
Ranyah 4,375 - - - 68,000
Jazan Baysh 7,600 340 106 193.6 58,000
Damad 1,000 154 28 55.5 36,000
Qissi 272 1044 25 151.0 9,000
Water facility plan and locations for proposed facilities is shown in Figure C.6-1.

C-6-1
Legend
: Under Construction Dam by
MOWE
: Existing Dam
: Planned Dam by MOWE
: Existing Pipeline
: On-going by MOWE
: Planned pipeline by MOWE
Rabigh : Planned pipeline by JICA
Rabigh
Study Team
Rabigh DP : Existing Desalination Plant
: Planned Desalination Plant

Al Qaor by JICA Study Team
Maruwani
: Pumping Station by JICA
Study Team
Al Khurmah : City
Fatimah
Makkah N
Jeddah
Jeddah DP
Mecca
Al Taif
Turabah
Turabah
Shuaiba DP
Aradah
Al Baha
Al Aqiq
Al Lith Thrad Ranyah
A Tabalah Bishah
Al Baha
Qilwah
Nilah Al Janabin King Fahd

Tathlith
Dawqah DP
Hirjab
I
C
Qanunah
Tarjas
Al Qunfudhah Asir
Yiba
B
G Fossil Water from
Hali Wajid Aqufer
Length Najran
Region Item Name of facility H
(km) Khamis Mushayt
Al Birk DP
1.Tranmission
pipeline D Abha
Section A Dawqah ～Al 115
Baha(Φ1500mm) E
(1) AL Section B Hali ～ 108 Maraba
Baha Dawqah(Φ1500mm) Itawad
2.Pumping station 21.6 KW
3.Reservoir 400,000 Baysh
4.Desalination Plant Dawqah(Stage 1) 75,000 Shuqaiq DP
Dawqah (Stage 2) 21,000
1.Transmission Najran
pipeline
Section D Shuqaiq～ 124 Qissi
Abha(Φ1500mm) Damad Najran
Section E Shuqaiq～AL Birk 96
Sabya
(Φ600mm) Sabya DP Jizan
Section H Abha ～AL Janabin 148
(Φ800mm) Abu Arish
(2) Asir Section G Abha ～ AL Alayah 216 Jazan F Jizan
(Φ1100mm)
Section C AL Baha - AL Alayah 105
(Φ800mm) Samtah
Section I AL Alayah - Bisha 96
(Φ800mm)
2.Desalination Plant Shuqaiq Increase 230,000
3. Fossil Water from Stage 1 Well (Φ1100mm) 150
Wajid Aqufer Stage 2 Well
1.Transmission pipe
line
Section F Shuqaiq ～ Samta 151
(3) Jazan (Φ1500mm)
2.Desalination Plant Sabya (Stage 1) 35,000
Sabya (Stage 2) 125,000 0 50 100km
Sabya (Stage 3) 81,000
Figure C.6-1 Water Supply Facility Plan in Al Baha, Asir and Jazan

C-6-2
6.2 Cost Estimate for Water Supply Facilities

6.2.1 Unit Cost for Cost Estimate
Unit cost is applied based on the water supply project under executing projects and design reports of
MOWE. Table C.6-3 shows unit cost for cost estimates and annual operation and maintenance cost to
the construction cost. Unit cost for dams as shown in Table C.6-4 is set up based on the unit cost per
dam volume from the dam which has obtained by calculation between dam volume and contract price
of MOWE.
Table C.6-3 Unit Cost for Cost Estimate and Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost
Annual Operation &
Unit
Item Unit Maintenance Cost
Cost/Price
(% of Const. Cost)
Expansion of Desalination Plant SR/m3 1,400 25.0
3
Dam Treatment Plant(80,000m /day) SR/m3 630 25.0
Transmission pipeline (1500 mm) MSR/km 4.7 1.5
Transmission pipeline ( 550 mm) MSR/km 1.6 3.0
Transmission pipeline ( less than 550 mm) MSR/km 1.2 3.0
Pumping stations SR/Kw 5,100 0.5
Reservoirs SR/m3 280 1.0
3
Drilling wells (12,000m /day) SR/m3 330 1.0
Drilling wells (6,000m3/day) SR/m3 520 1.0
3
3
3
Construction of groundwater chlorination plant
SR/m3 460 30.0
（12,000m3/day）
SR/m3 520 30.0
（6,000m3/day）
SR/m3 600 27.0
（3,000m3/day）
SR/m3 650 25.0
（2,000m3/day）
Chlorination units SR/m3 480 15.0
Concrete Gravity Dam SR/m3 350 10.0
Rockfill Dam SR/m3 50 10.0
Sources：Design report and project Reports executed by MOWE
Table C.6-4 Unit Cost per Dam Volume (Concrete Gravity Dam, Rock-fill Dam)
Dam
Ragions Name of dam Type Purpose Length Height Storing C. (1000M3) Contaract C.(1000 SR) Unit Cost(m3/SR)
Volume(1,000m3
Makkah Hali Concrete Control 384 95 651.92 249,560 226,620 347.6
Rabig Concrete Control 380 80.5 555 220,350 168,900 304.3
Jazan Baysh Concrete Control 340 106 680 193,644 213,186 313.5
Damad Concrete Flood,irrigati 154 28 375 55,500 147,281 392.7
Average 339.6
Makkah Al Marwani Rockfill Control 580 101 6,000 183,600 262,321 43.7
Al Lith Rockfill Control 420 79.5 2,486.00 88,570 124,296 50.0
Average 46.9
Source) Progress report for each dam
6.2.2 Construction Cost and Operation and Maintenance Cost

As for the facilities proposed in the M/P, construction costs were calculated based on the construction
quantity and a unit cost. Regarding construction cost for dams, except for Ranyah and Hirjab Dam,
cost estimate were excluded from construction cost. Table C.6-5 shows construction cost for each
implementation period.

C-6-3
Table C.6-5(1) Construction Cost for Major Supply Facilities (2011-2015)

Water Length Construction O&M Cost
Unit
Region Item Name of facility volume Dimension Unit Cost (Annual)
Cost
(m3/day) (km) MSR MSR
1.Tranmission
pipeline
Section A Dawqah ～ Al 70,000 115 Φ1500mm
4.50 MSR/km 518 7.8
Baha(renewable)
(1) AL Baha
Section B Hali ～ 70,000 108 Φ1500mm 508
4.70 MSR/km 7.6
Dawqah(renewable)
2.Booster pump 21.6 KW 5,100.00 SR/KW 110 0.6
3.Reservoir 400,000 280.00 SR/m3 112 1.1
Total 1,247 17.0
1.Transmission
pipeline
Section D Shuqaiq～Abha 110,000 124 Φ1500mm 4.70 MSR/km 583 8.7
(2) Asir 2.Desalination Plant Shuqaiq Increase 230,000 1,400.00 SR/m3 322 80.5
3. Fossil Water from Stage 1 150 Φ1100mm 4.00 MSR/km
600 12.0
Wajid Aqufer
Well 29,000 785.00 SR/m3 23 0.2
Total 1,528 101.5
Transmission pipe
0.0
line
(3) Jazan
Section F Shuqaiq(UKAD) ～ 150,000 151 Φ1500mm 4.70 MSR/km 710 10.6
Samta(Jizan)
Total Cost 710 10.6
Ground Total 2010-2015 3,485 129.2

Unit
Cost
(1) AL Baha 1.Desalination Plant Dawqah 75,000 1,400.00 SR/m3 105 26.3
Total 105 26.3
1.Transmission pipeline
Section E Shuqaiq～AL Birk 10,000 96 Φ600mm 1.60 MSR/km 154 4.6
Section H Abha ～ AL 19,000 148 Φ800mm 1.80 MSR/km 266
(2) Asir 8.0
Janabin
Section G Abha ～ AL 40,000 216 Φ1100mm 4.00 MSR/km 864
25.9
Alayah
Total 1,284 38.5
(3) Jizan 1.Desalination Plant Sabya 35,000 1,400.00 SR/m3 49 12.3
Total Cost 49 12.3
Ground
2015-2020 1,438 77.0
Total

Unit
Cost
(1) AL Baha 0 0.0
Total 0 0.0
1.Transmission pipeline
Section C AL Baha - AL 65,000 105 Φ８00mm 1.80 MSR/km 189
5.7
Alayah
(2) Asir Section I AL Alayan - Bisha 96 Φ８00mm 1.80 MSR/km 173 5.2
2. Fossil Water from Stage 2
Wajid Aquifer
Well 32,000 785.00 SR/m3 25 0.3
Total 387 11.1
(3) Jizan 1.Desalination Plant Sabya 125,000 1,400.00 SR/m3 175 43.8
Total Cost 175 43.8
Ground
2020-2025 562 54.9
Total
Table C.6-5(4) Construction Cost for Major Supply Facilities (2026-2031-2035)

Unit
Cost
(1) AL Baha
1.Desalination Dawqah (Stage 2) 21,000 1,400.00 SR/m3 29
7.4
Plant
Total 29 7.4
(2) Asir
Total 0 0.0

C-6-4

Unit
Cost
(3) Jizan 1.Desalination Sabya Stage 3 81,000 1,400.00 SR/m3 113
28.4
Plant
Total Cost 113 28.4
Ground Total 2020-2025 143 35.7
Construction cost is summarized as follows.

Table C.6-6 Construction Cost for each Implementation Period (Million SR)
Region 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2026-2030 2031-2035 Total
Al Baha 1,247 105 0 29 0 1,381
Asir 1,528 1,284 387 0 0 3,199
Jazan 710 49 175 113 0 1,048
Total 3,485 1,438 562 143 0 5,628
The Construction Cost implementation period from 2010 to 2015 shows the highest cost with SR
3,485 Million (US$ 929million), followed by period 2015 to 2020 with SR1,438 Million
(US$ 383million), and period 2020 to 2035 (SR 562 Million, US$ 150 Million) and then period 2025
to 2025 with SR143 Million (US$ 38 Million).
Construction Cost for Master Plan
6,000
Construction Cost（million SR)
5,000
4,000 AL Baha
Assir
3,000
Jazan
2,000 Total
1,000
0
2011- 2016- 2021- 2026- 2031- Total
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Construction Schedule
Figure C.6-2 Construction Cost for every Five Years Implementation Period
Table C.6-7 shows operation and maintenance cost from Year of 2010 to Year of 2035. The operation
and maintenance cost by 2015 serves as SR130Million per every year, hereafter, increases every year
and serves as per every year and SR298Milion for the targeted Year of 2035.
Table C.6-7 Operation and Maintenance Cost (Million SR/Year)
Region 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 2026-2030 2031-2035
Al Baha 17 43 43 43 43
Asir 81 120 131 138 138
Jazan 102 114 158 187 187
Total 130 207 262 298 298
6.3 Implementation Program of the M/P

Implementation Plan for every five years on major facilities in the water M/P is shown in Table C.6-8.

C-6-5
Table C.6-8 Implementation Plan for the Major Facilities in the Water M/P
Construction Period
Region Facility Section or Location Name (Water volume 2006-10 2011-15 2016-20 2021-25 2026-30 2031-35 Remarks
103m3 )
Dawqah - Albaha 2016-2030 (135) 70 135 135 135
Transmission line Hali-Dawqah 2016-2015 (75) 75
AL Baha - AL Alayah 2016-2020 (65) 65
Return to
Shuaibah 2006-2010 (40) 40 0
Desalination Makkah
Dawqah Plant 2021-2030 (96) 75 75 100
Existing 2011-2015 (19) 19
AL Baha Return to
Hali Dam 2011-2015 (35) 35 0
Makkah
Return to
Qanunah Dma 2011-2015 (30) 30 0
Renewable Water Makkah
Return to
Yiba Dam 2016-2020 (38-0) 38 0
Makkah
Al Janabin Dam 2011-2015 (5) 5
Nilah& Qilwah Dam 2011-2015 (11) 11
Shuqaiq - Abha 2006-2025 (313) 82 238 238 313
Shuqaiq - AL Birk 2016-2020 (10) 10
Abha -Al Alayan 2016-2020 (40) 40
Transmission line
Abha -Al Janoub 2021-2025 (19) 19
AL Baha - AL Alayan 2021-2025 (65) 65
AL Alayan - Bisha 2006-2025 (65) 65
Desalination Shuqaiq 2011-2025 (313) 82 238 238 313
Asir
Fossil water 2011-2025 (32) 29 29 61
Existing 2006-2010 (57) 57
Baysh 2011-2015 (25) 25
Hali 2011-2015 (35) 35
Dam
Tabalah 2011-2015 (16) 16
Hirjab 2016-2020 (9) 9
Ranyah 2016-2020 (68) 68
Transmission line UKAD-Samtah 2011-2015 (75) 75
Baysh 2011-2015 (33) 33
Dam Damad 2011-2015 (36) 36
Jizan Qissi 2011-2015 (9) 9
No use in
Shuqaiq 2006-2025 (75) 3 75 75 0
Desalination 2025
Sabya 2016-2030 (206) 35 160 215
Note) 1.Implementation period is shown by pattern coloring.
2. Number in a pattern shows the sum total water supply (quantity of production) for the target within the
implementation period..

C-6-6
CHAPTER 7 EVALUATION FOR WATER MASTER PLAN (M/P)

7.1 Technical Evaluation
The water M/P of three regions proposed by the Study Team is drawn up according to technical data,
standards and judgments, and suitable decision procedures which are described below. Therefore, this
M/P can be technically evaluated as feasible.
(1) Standards and Criteria for Planning and Design
On the basis of data and information gathered from government and regions, the Study Team carefully
examined pertinent information used for planning, such as social and economical conditions, natural
conditions, an environmental condition and conditions for water supplies. Furthermore, in the targeted
regions, the Study Team held stakeholder meetings to grasp the water issues. Opinions from
stakeholders were collected and reflected on for the formulation of the M/P. The standard or criterion,
which the government defined, was also used for planning, designing and cost estimating for the M/P.
(2) Projection of Population
For the projection of population in the targeted year for water demand in 3 regions, it was estimated by
using the ratio of the rate of increase of each region to the annual average population growth rate
(2.6%) of KSA.
(3) Demand Projection for Municipal Water
Basic scenario for water demand projection as shown in Chapter 3 in part B, is a planning value of
MOEP applying in the project currently carried out by MOWE. Since the water supply service ratio
varies high ratio to low ratio depending on the scale of cities and towns, it was classified and set as
large scale urban area showing more than 85,000 in population, urban area showing from 5,000 to
85,000 in population, and rural community area showing less than 5,000 in population
(4) Agricultural Sector
In agricultural sector, since renewable water was quantitatively insufficient, the Study Team proposed
effective use of reclaimed sewage water which categorized non-conventional water and introduction of
demand management by applying modern irrigation system with saving water. By introduction of
these measures, planting in the 2007 year level in targeted 2035 year became possible in Al Baha
Region and Asir Region.
In Jazan Region, to the current planted area, renewable water ran short and reduction of the planted
area until it balances renewable water resources potential was recommend. The amount of water
resources produced by reduction of cereals and the planting stop of the feed crop was preferentially
distributed to vegetables and fruit planting, and the remainder was taken as a plan to assign the
sorghum cultivation which is typical crops in Jazan Region. As a result, a fruit tree will maintain the
2007 level and plant area for vegetables can secure redoubling in 2007.
(5) Connecting Pipeline System
In order to conquer the quantitative imbalance of renewable water depending on seasonal fluctuation
and area for water supply of municipal water and secure of water resources, it was considered as the
supply system which combined the development of renewable water by the dams and wells, and the
desalinated seawater by plants. For mutual watering system to which among main demands places,
connecting pipeline system including existing pipelines was adopted.
(6) Extension of Desalinated Seawater
Extension of the desalination water is planned in all regions, the ratio of desalination water for
municipal water supply to the planned target in 2035 reaches as 70% in Al Baha Region, 50% in Asir
Region and Jazan Region. As for a desalination plant, although a detailed examination will be required,
it is advantageous to locate along the Red Sea nearest demand place from a viewpoint of the
economical efficiency.

C-7-1
(7) Recycle Use of Reclaimed Waste Water

Although recycle use for reclaimed waste water is limited for municipal water and industrial water, it
is a stage in which the reproduction processing with efficient reuse ratio as about 80% or more is
possible as water for agricultural use, and positive use shall be adopted.
In particular, in the Al Baha and Abha located in plateau area, reuse efficiency shall be raised and
introduction of a distributed type local sewage disposal system shall be enabled it to use effectively. In
Jazan Region, since the present reuse efficiency is low, the plan of the sewage disposal system which
shall be raised the efficiency in urban areas, and planning and design shall be required.
(8) Management of Water
As an executive organization, establishment of the Renewable Water Production Corporation (RWPC)
which becomes a center of comprehensive water management is proposed. Comprehensive water
management shall be performed efficiently and economically combining different water resources,
such as renewable water resources, desalinated seawater, reclaimed waster, and fossil aquifer.
In addition, each region shall manage the water resources in region. In case of supply and demand
shall be tight, this organization shall carry out water management beyond region.
(9) Demand Management of Water
As demand management, "3 R" campaign activity of saving (Reduce), reproduction use (Reuse),
circulation use (Recycle), etc., introduction of proper water tariffs, introduction of water saving
apparatus, the training plan for carrying campaign activities, organizational reform, etc. shall be
required. Through the educational campaign and consciousness improvement activities, it is required
to decrease per capita water supply consumption.
The proposed M/P for three Regions will be drawn up by the basis of the above technical bases for the
purpose of 2035 based on future prediction of population and economic growth. The water M/P should
be reexamined according to the actual condition of society and economy, or accumulation of
hydrological information, and it should be reformulated if needed.
7.2 Economic and Financial Evaluation

7.2.1 General
Economic and financial analyses were carried out to the overall water supply plan in housing and
industry in the Water M/P, which utilizes desalination plants, wells and dams. These analyses include
new, planed and constructing facilities, which are necessary for the procurement of the planned water
quantity. The economic/financial feasibility of the water supply plan was considered through the
comparison of the benefit and the cost.
7.2.2 Basic Conditions of the Analyses

Basic conditions of the economic and financial analyses are shown in the next table.
Table C.7-1 Basic Conditions of the Economic and Financial Analyses
Items Conditions
1. Prices The prices as of January 2010
2. Exchange rate SAR 1 = USD 0.2673
3. Standard conversion factor 120 %
4. Opportunity cost of capital 6.5 %
5. Evaluation period 30 years
6. Period of durability
1) Desalination plant 25 years
2) Water transmission facility 25 years
3) Deep well 25 years
4) Dam 80 years

C-7-2
(1) Adjustment of the Inflation

The increase of the inflation rate during the last decade is about 21%. The cost of living declined up to
2001 and after that it rose up. The standard year of the economic/financial analysis was set in 2009 (=
project starting year). The desalination costs in the past were to be converted into the current prices in
2009 by the conversion coefficient of each year.
(2) Standard Conversion Factor
International price of fuel was considered in the conversion from the financial cost of the project to the
economic cost because a lot of subsidy was introduced for the restraint of oil price in the KSA. It was
estimated that the fuel cost was restrained one third of the international price by the subsidy,
considering the retail price of gasoline as an index. Assuming that 10% of the project cost is occupied
by the fuel cost, the conversion factor from the market price to the economic price is set at 120% since
the 10% of the fuel cost is tripled. (10% x 3 + 90%)
As for the subsidy of the gasoline, it was estimated double of the market price. The international price
was set at 0.37$/lit, deducting 29%1 of tax from 0.52$/lit2 of the prince in the second quarter of 2009
in USA, which was utilized as the world index of gasoline price. The retail price at the same time in
Riyadh, 0.12$/lit was applied to the market price in KSA. Therefore, it was estimated that the fuel cost
in the KSA was restrained one third by the subsidy of two thirds of the international price.
(3) Opportunity Cost of Capital
The opportunity cost of capital was set at 6.5%, which was the intermediate value between 5% and 8%,
because the reference standard of SWCC was 5 - 7% and NWC was 6 - 8%. The setting between 6 and
7% is considered to be appropriate since the average interest rate of the central bank in 2004 - 2008 is
4.0%, and the maximum is 5.3% in 2006.
(4) Periods of Durability of the Planned Facilities
The planned facilities in the target three districts are categorized into four types; desalination plants,
water transmission facilities, deep wells for fossil water, and dams. The water volume in the future is
assumed to be kept getting the planned volume up to the end of the service lives of each facility, which
were shown in the above table. The service life of the desalination plants, 25 years is shown in 2008
Annual Report for Operation & Maintenance3 of SWCC. And the same period was applied to the
service lives of the water transmission facilities and the deep wells. Regarding the service life of dams,
the standard period of 50 years for fill dams and 80 years for concrete dams are decided in Japan. And
80 years was applied to the life of all proposed dams since almost all the dams were considered to be
constructed by concrete.
7.2.3 Water Value of the Water Supply Plan

(1) The Financial Value of Water
The financial value of water in housing and industry is the tariff of water, which is decided in the
National Water Strategy and confirmed through NWC in January 2010. It is recognized that actual
tariff is about SR 0.10 – 0.15/m3 since the volume of most water users are less than 100 m3/month.
However, the weighted mean of water tariff will be applied in the financial analysis as we can grasp
the proportion of the water consumption amount in each band of the water tariff structure from the
report of the WB. The next table shows the weighted mean of water tariff is SR0.40/m3, using the
proportion of each tariff band. This water price is applied to the financial water value, which can be
obtained through the implementation of the water supply plan.
1 23.2% (individual indirect tax) + 5.7% (retail sales tax) = 29% The retail sales tax is determined in each
state. 5.7% is the mean value between the maximum value of 8.5% and the minimum value of 2.9%.
2 Source: Energy Prices and Tax, IEA
3 Table of Remaining Life Time for SWCC Plants

C-7-3
Table C.7-2 Estimation of Weighted Mean of Water Tariff

3 (SR/m3)
Price 1) Proportion 2) (%) Partial price (SR/m3)
m /month Band
A b a*b
< 50 A 0.10 60 0.06
50 – 100 B 0.15 25 0.04
100 – 200 C 2.00 15 0.30
200 – 300 D 4.00 - -
> 300 E 6.00 - -
Weighted mean of water tariff (Financial water price) 0.40
1) NWC, 2010
2) Estimation from Fig. Riyadh Residential Water Consumption and Tariff, Proposal for a National Water Strategy, June 2009, WB
(2) The Economic Value of Water

On the other hand, if the water development plan is not implemented, the most economical and
realistic alternative way of developing water is the usage of desalination plants. The cost of
desalinated water was estimated, using the practical data of SWCC and the conversion coefficient of
inflation. The water production costs in the next table are the average of all SWCC plants in each year.
In the annual report of SWCC, water transmission costs are indicated by the east coast, the west coast
and the total, hence the data of the west coast were applied to the estimation.
The total cost of the desalinated water is considered the social cost of water because desalination is the
most economical way to develop water in the target regions, where the usage of ground water should
be limited basically though the cost is higher than that of wells. Therefore, the water price of 4.16
SR/m3 is multiplied by 120% of the conversion factor to the economic price, and applied to the
economic value of water in the economic analysis.
Table C.7-3 Cost Estimation of Desalinated Water
Conversion Water production cost Water transmission cost Total
Year coefficient - SWCC plants (SR/CM) - West coast (SR/CM) (SR/CM)
a b c=a*b D e=a*d f=c+e
2004 1.220 2.25 2.75 1.20 1.46 4.21
2005 1.212 2.35 2.85 1.19 1.44 4.29
2006 1.186 2.23 2.64 1.18 1.40 4.04
2007 1.139 2.27 2.58 1.33 1.51 4.10
2008 1.036 2.38 2.47 1.61 1.67 4.13
Average 2.30 2.66 1.30 1.50 4.16
Source: 2008 Annual Report for Operation & Maintenance, SWCC
The grounds for the calculation of the project benefit are summarized in the next table.
Table C.7-4 Grounds for the Calculation of the Project Benefit
Project Benefit Unit Benefit Remark Source
Municipal water SR 0.40 /m3 Financial value of water Water tariff
Economic value of water, estimated by Operation and maintenance report
Municipal water SR 4.99 /m3
the cost of desalination of SWCC
7.2.4 Cost of the Water Supply Plan

(1) Summary of the Project Cost
Necessary facility plan for the water supply was formulated and the project cost including the
disbursement plan was proposed. The construction costs and the annual operation and maintenance
costs of each facility are summarized in the next table. More than 60% of the construction cost is
occupied by the water transmission facility. Adding the construction cost of desalination plant to the
cost of transmission facility, the proportion exceeds 75%. As for the operation and maintenance cost,
the desalination plant occupies more than 60% of the total cost. Adding the cost of transmission
facility to the cost of the desalination plant, it exceeds 92% of the total annual cost.

C-7-4
Table C.7-5 Summary of the Project Cost

Proposed Al Baha Asir Jazan Three Regions Proportion
Facilities (MSR) (MSR) (MSR) (MSR) (%)
Construction Cost
Desalination plant 134.4 322.0 337.4 793.8 12.0
Transmission facility 1,247.3 2,228.6 709.7 4,185.6 63.2
Deep well - 648 - 647.9 9.8
Dam 456 151.9 381.9 989.9 15.0
Total 1,837.8 3,350.4 1,429.0 6,617.1 100.0
Annual O&M Cost
Desalination plant 33.6 80.5 84.4 198.5 66.4
Transmission facility 17.0 49.5 10.6 77.2 25.8
Deep well - 18.5 - 18.5 6.2
Dam 2.3 0.8 1.9 4.9 1.6
Total 52.9 149.2 96.9 299.0 100.0
The financial and economic costs are summarized in the next table.
Table C.7-6 Financial and Economic Project Cost（MSR）
Construction Cost Annual O&M Cost
Project Cost
Al Baha Asir Jazan Total Al Baha Asir Jazan Total
Financial Cost 1,838 3,350 1,429 6,617 52.9 149.2 96.9 299.0
Economic Cost 2,205 4,020 1,715 7,941 63.5 179.0 116.3 358.8
(2) Disbursement Plan of the Project Cost

The construction period of proposed facilities was uniformly assumed to be five years before the
commencement of the use because most existing facilities in the water development field were
constructed about five years. Then one fifth of the construction cost was appropriated equally for each
year of the construction period. Annual operation and maintenance cost was estimated by the types of
facilities, using the experimental ratio to the construction cost, and appropriated equally for each year
in the periods of the service lives.
7.2.5 Results of the Financial and Economic Analysis

(1) Result of the Financial Analysis
The financial analysis was carried out, applying the financial value of water to the benefit of the water
supply plan. The B/C ratio discounted by 6.5% is 0.10. This result is caused by the low establishment
of the water tariff as a matter of course. The water tariff should be raised about ten times of the current
price level if it covers the whole cost in the current tariff structure.
(2) Result of the Economic Analysis
Table C.7-7 Result of the Economic Analysis
Indicators Values
EIRR 6.8 %
B/C 1.02
Net Present Value 158 MSR
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was calculated at 6.8%. The standard of the discount rate in the
sector of water development is considered between 6 and 7%, approximately. Hence the proposed
water supply plan could be evaluated feasible from the economic aspect. This result means that the
proposed water supply plan is one of the mixed models of desalinated, surface and ground water,
which can be feasible even if the standard discount ratio is applied to them.

C-7-5
7.3 Evaluation from Socio-Environmental Aspect

1) Contribution to the Socio-Economic Activity
The objectives of the M/P is to secure the sufficient amount of water supply in correspond to the
increase water demand in the future in the south-west region of the Kingdom. For this purpose, the
M/P includes the activities of sustainable and integrated development of renewable water resources as
well as its maintenance and operation plans.
Implementation of M/P will directly contribute to sufficient supply of portable, industrial and other
water, and establishment of appropriate water right. Through such direct contribution, the M/P also
positively leads to improvement of regional health and hygiene condition and regional economic
growth.
2) Location of the Natural Conservation Areas and the Facilities Planned Areas
Figure C.7-1 shows the location of the natural conservation areas and the facilities planned to
construct under this M/P. As shown in the same figure, there are Jabar Shada conservation area and
Raydah conservation areas located in the study area near Al Baha and Abha, respectively.
However, the main facilities such as dams, pipelines and desalination plants are not designed to locate
in such natural conservation areas. Therefore, significant effects on the natural conservation are not
foreseen.
Figure C.7-1 Locations of the Facilities and Natural Conservation Areas.

C-7-6
3) Impact on the Natural Environment and Mitigation Programme

Integrated water resources development and maintenance in the M/P is based on the utilization of
those facilities (dams, pipelines, etc) which have been already constructed, or currently under-planning
or under-construction by MOWE. Yet, the Study Team additionally proposed construction of some
facilities including dams, pipelines and desalination plants. Under this Study, the socio-environmental
consideration survey was conducted at the magnitude of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).
There are several uncertainties embraced in this socio-environmental consideration survey since the
precise locations, layout and capacity have not been defined. However, it is anticipated that the newly
proposed facilities including dams, pipelines and desalination plants, potentially cause some adverse
impacts including temporary water pollution, noise and vibration, flora and fauna, etc. Therefore, the
mitigation measures for the possible adverse impact were considered as one the activities of this M/P
study. Table C.7-8 shows the main adverse impacts and mitigation measures for each environmental
factor. It is considered execution of the mitigation measures will contribute to minimize the magnitude
of the adverse impacts.
Table C.7-8 Mitigation Measures for Main Adverse Impacts
Item Dam Pipeline Desalination Possible Mitigation Measures
z Selection of detour pipeline route
Involuntary
D D D z Mining the pipeline
Resettlement
z Compensation of the land
z Appropriate recharge into the underground from
Groundwater E C C
dam site.
Hydrological
E C C z Appropriate discharge from dam site
condition
z Understanding of the biodiversity at the project
sites through biodiversity study
Flora and
D E D z Selection of detour pipeline route from the
Fauna
protected and high biodiversity areas
z Mining the pipeline
z Introduction of eco-type heavy industry
Air Pollution D D D z Sprinkling at the construction site
z Introduction of eco-type pump and plants
z Extension of effluent pipeline to the offshore for
desalination plant
Water Pollution E C E
z Surface water discharge or introduction of
selective intake facility for dam
Soil z Appropriate design and construction for oil and
Contamination
C C D
liquid storage facilities
z Selection of appropriate site
Noise & z Compliance of the construction hours
C E D
Vibration z Install of noise barrier
z Selection of appropriate wall materials.
z Examination of sedimentation measures at the
Sedimentation D C C
design stage
A~E indicates likely causing A:: significant favorable impact, B: slight favorable impact, C: no or little impact, D: slightly
adverse impact and E: significant adverse impact
4) Consideration of Alternative Scenarios

Based on the concept of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), the following three (3)
scenarios were examined.
Case 1: Zero Option Scenario (Without implementation of the M/P)
Case 2: M/P Scenario (With implementation of the M/P)
Case 3: Alternative Scenario (Increase the water supply by desalination plant only)
Table C.7-9 shows the result of the examination.

C-7-7
Table C. 7-9 Comparison of Alternative Scenarios (Social and Environmental Consideration)

Item Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Projection of the Impact
No involuntary resettlement is projected under the zero
option scenario. Whereas, the degree of the impact is not
Involuntary
C ？？ understood due to uncertainty of the precise location, layout,
Resettlement
number, capacity and functions of each facilities under the
M/P and desalination plant scenarios at this stage.
Local economy may deteriorate under the zero option
scenario. Due to increase in stable and sufficient water to
Social Environment
each region, a positive impact on local economy is expected

Local
D A B under the M/P and desalination plant scenarios. However, the
Economy
desalination plant scenario is not contribute to recovery of
groundwater environment and potentially embraces
possibility of deterioration of agricultural sector.
The M/P scenario will significantly contribute comprehensive
Water Right E A B water allocation for each sector and is expected to establish a
systematic water right among each sector.
The M/P and desalination plant scenarios are projected to
contribute to improve local hygiene conditions owing to
Hygiene E A A supply of sufficient amount of water. Whereas, the local
hygiene condition may deteriorate due to insufficient water
supply under the zero option.
The zero option may lead to further extensive use of
groundwater and is projected to lead to further groundwater
lowering. Since some portion of desalinated water is
Groundwater E A B
supplied, the groundwater lowering may be eased under the
desalination plant scenario. However, it may not solve the
Natural Environment
fundamental issue relating to groundwater.

The current condition remains under the zero option. On the
Flora and other hand, it is projected appropriate countermeasures for
C D D
Fauna protection of flora and fauna are essential under the M/P and
desalination plant scenarios.
Desalination plant was the one of the major sector in
emission of green house gases in 1990 in the Kingdom.
Global Although the scale of the emission of CO2 from a single plant
C C E
Warming is limited, it is projected construction and operation of a large
number of desalination plants may cause adverse impact on
global warming due to complex and cumulation effect.
As well as the item, global warming, the impact on the
environment due to emission of pollutant from a single plant
Air Pollution C C D is limited. However, the impact of the pollutant may be
magnified due to complex and cumulation effect. Yet, the air
pollution would be limited to regional environmental issue.
Appropriate measures are necessary for operation of dam and
Pollution
desalination plant under the M/P scenario and desalination

Water
C D D plant under the desalination plant scenario. The water
Pollution
pollution, if caused, is projected to give adverse impact on
the local environment.
Appropriate measures are necessary for operation of pipeline
and desalination plant under the M/P scenario and
Noise and
C D D desalination plant under the desalination plant scenario. The
Vibration
noise and vibration, if occurred, is projected to give adverse
impact on the local environment.
A~E indicates likely causing A:: significant favorable impact, B: slight favorable impact, C: no or little impact, D: slightly
adverse impact and E: significant adverse impact
Under the zero option scenario (Case 1), nevertheless the natural environment would be reserved as
present, deterioration of some social environments were projected due to shortage of water supply.
Execution of the alternative scenario (Case 3) may cause local pollution such as air pollution and
adverse impacts on global warming due to complex and multiple effects of the facilities.
5) Recommendations
The concrete construction locations or scale of the proposing facilities are not precisely identified yet

C-7-8
at the M/P phase. Additionally, due to limitation of the information, the projection was conducted at
IEE level. The degree of the projection and the effects of the countermeasures embrace uncertainty.
Therefore, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia shall evaluate more detail social and environmental impacts
and their affected area by the proposing facilities after the completion of this study by JICA Study
Team. In accordance to the Article five (5) of the General Environmental Law and Rules for
Implementation (2001) and Appendix-2 of its associated regulation on the Environmental Standard,
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are required for all newly proposed facilities (i.e. dams,
pipelines and desalination plants) at Feasibility Study Stage. It is recommended that the Kingdom shall
conduct EIA and prepare social and environmental considerations not only limited to but particularly
for the items that adverse impacts are possibly projected.
Table C.7-10 shows the items to be intensively examined in the EIA study and the recommended
survey items.
Table C.7-10 Recommendation for Accentuated Survey in EIA
Environmental Season/
Facility Survey Item Survey Location
Factor Frequency
Upper and Lower basin of the
Dam
z Habitation dams
Involuntary
Pipeline Condition Anytime Route + 100m in width
Resettlement
Desalination z Land Use
Facility area + 500m
Plant
z Water Level Dam position
Groundwater Dam Anytime
z Pumping test Downstream of the dam
Hydrological z Discharge
Dam Upon Flood Reservoir entrance
Condition Observation
Dam z Literature Survey Reservoir area + 500m
Flora and Pipeline z Field Survey Dry Season Pipeline route + 100m in width
Fauna Desalination z Interview with Rainy Season
Experts Plant area + 500m
Plant
Reservoir entrance
Upon water Centre of the reservoir
z Water Quality
flow Downstream (before
(pH, BOD, Do, etc)
Once/month conjugation with another
Dam wadi)
Upon water
Water z Heavy Metals and
flow Reservoir entrance
Pollution Organics
Twice/year
z Land Use Anytime Upstream of the dam
z Seawater quality Once/month Discharge Point
Desalination Dry Season 500m north and south from the
z Marine Biology
Plant Rainy Season discharge point
z Case Study Anytime
Location for booster pump
z Field Survey Once/year
facility
Pipeline
Noise and z Case Study
Desalination
Vibration z Inhabitation Location for booster pump
Plant Anytime
Condition facility
z Land Use

C-7-9
CHAPTER 8 RECOMMENDATIONS
(1) Implementation of Projects Proposed in the Water M/P
The proposed Water M/P is prepared on the basis of the upper plans and programs such as National
Five-Years Development Plan, National Water Strategy etc. to develop properly conventional water
resources and non-conventional water resources and to supply municipal water and agricultural water
for the areas of Al Baha, Asir and Jazan Regions so that the prosperous socio-economy and
comfortable people’s life are achieved in the three Regions.
The Water M/P proposes the reasonable plans of water demand and supply targeting the year of 2035
for three Regions based on the socio-economic framework by sector. To prepare the Water M/P, the
opinions collected at the Stakeholder Meetings are taken into consideration.
The M/P prepared in such process proposes to solve or minimize water issues at present and in future.
That is why the M/P is useful and important for the people of the regions. It is recommendable that the
projects proposed in the M/P are implemented in accordance with the implementation schedule.
(2) Re-confirmation of Design Water Supply Volume from Dam
The Study team examined the new dam-projects in five Wadis (Ghoran, Naaman, Hirjab, Yiba,
Khulab) based on the water balance study done in this Study. But the Study Team and MOWE
concluded that these projects are not suitable for new projects judging from hydrologic,
hydro-geologic and topographic conditions. Therefore, all the dams included in the M/P are the dams
planned and under-constructed by MOWE.
The M/P uses the design water supply volume developed at each dam that is planned by MOWE.
Before the operation of each dam, MOWE must confirm whether the design development volume
covers the design volumes for municipal water supply, irrigation and compensation water of current
users. Also MOWE must prepare the operation rule and manual for new dam.
For MOWE’s confirmation and preparation mentioned above, the Study Team recommends the
3-Dimensional Computer Simulator to evaluate 1) sustainable water development volume and 2)
effectiveness of joint operation (dam reservoir and aquifer in Wadi).
Furthermore, it shall be recommended for a preparing the data which can be used for evaluation of
productive ground water potential to avoid an unrecoverable groundwater descending, and change of
various environmental conditions.
(3) Promotion of Reclaimed Waste Water Reuse
At the main cities in the target regions covered by the M/P, the reclaimed waste water projects are
being implemented by MOWE. The M/P proposed municipal greening water, industrial cooling water
and irrigation water as a target of reuse of reclaimed waste water. Irrigation is the largest user for the
reclaimed waste water. In Al Baha Region and Asir Region, each region’s coverage of reclaimed waste
water is respectively 20% and 25% of total irrigation water volume.
In these highland mountainous areas, the Study Team recommends the Distributed Waste Water
Treatment System suitable for this kind of topography for targeting the promotion of reuse of
reclaimed waste water. Also protection project of the seawater intrusion by recharging reclaimed waste
water is recommendable in Jazan Region. Before starting the project operation of waste water
treatment, feasibility study (F/S) on reuse of reclaimed waste water is recommendable.
(4) Further Study on Two New Desalination Plants in Water Supply Plan
The water supply plan proposed in the M/P targets municipal water use and industrial water use. The
water resources of the water supply are surface water, renewable groundwater, fossil groundwater and
desalinated sea water.
Desalinated sea water becomes the most useful water resources at the time of sever drought. Currently
SWCC is supplying desalinated sea water for the areas of 3 Regions, and expanding the capacities of
production and distribution.

C-8-1
The M/P Study clarified the renewable water resources potential and projected future water demand,
and concluded that the renewable water resources potential is not sufficient to cover all the demand. It
is indispensable for SWCC to continue and expand the desalination project to meet future water
demand of municipal water and industrial water. However production cost of desalinated sea water is
still 3 – 4 times higher than that of renewable water. As the cost of water conveyance is also high, new
desalination plants should be constructed near the consumer areas to minimize water conveyance
distance and cost.
The M/P proposes two new desalination plants at Dawqah in Makkah Region and Sabya in Jazan
Region. Implementation of F/S Study on these projects is recommendable.
(5) Demand Management for Municipal Water
For the demand management of municipal water supply, the M/P proposes such promotion measures
to decrease LCD (or daily water consumption per capita) as 1) Introduction of Water Saving Type
Apparatus Up-dated, 2) Review of Proper Water Charge and Its Collecting System, 3) Renewal of
Institution for Improvement in Water Recycling Rate of in Factory, and 4) Recognition of Importance
of Water Saving by Education and Enlightenment. Also the M/P proposes such promotion measures to
decrease leakage ratio of pipelines as 1) Planned Renewal of Decrepit Pipelines 2) Improvement of
Flow Measurement, and 3) Introduction of Diagnostic Technology for Water Leakage.
Although the measures mentioned above need some amount of financial investment, the investment is
effective in financial aspect that same amount of the investment save several dam construction for
water supply. Therefore it is recommendable for water related organization to implement demand
control measures to decrease LCD.
(6) Demand Management for Irrigation Water
The water sources of irrigation water are renewable water resources and reclaimed waste water. The
examination done in the M/P shows that the agriculture of 2007-year level in Al Baha and Asir Region
will be sustainable in 2035 by using renewable water and reclaimed waste water in each region, and
that the agriculture in Jazan (National Top-3 Agricultural Region) will not be sustainable even in 2035
by using renewable water and reclaimed waste water in the region.
For Jazan Region specially, the demand management of irrigation water is recommended including 1)
Popularization of Modern Irrigation System, 2) Conversion to Crops with Small Water Requirement
Based on MOA-Decision335, and 3) Promotion of Utilization of Reclaimed Waste Water. Therefore, if
the agricultural issues are not solved, industrial structure should be transformed and the surplus farmer
should be assigned to the other industries such as Jazan Economic City - Project. In addition, when
carrying out industrial structure conversion, political consideration is necessary to the small-scale
farmer which has made its living by traditional agriculture.
(7) Feasibility Study on Establishment of RWPC
As basics of the total water service management, the Water M/P proposes recommendation such as to
perform efficient and economical management combining different water resources by integrated
network system.
The M/P proposes a new organization of RWPC (Renewable Water Production Corporation as a core
of the total water service management. The objectives of RWPC are to implement development, O&M
of renewable water resources, and coordination with organizations concerned.
Also the M/P clarifies the mandates and activities on water resources management for water related
organizations such as MOWE and MOWE Regional Office (General Directorate of Water, GDW),
other ministries, SWCC, NWC and so on. Further study (F/S Study) on the establishment of RWPC is
quite recommendable to realize good water management in the study area.
(8) Feasibility Study on Establishment of REWLIP (Red-Sea Water Lifeline Project)
The Study Team proposes REWLIP based on the two important aspects: 1) Economic Aspect to Secure
Less Expensive Water, and 2) Technical Aspect to Secure Necessary Water Sufficiently in Wide Area
by Different Water Sources and Well Connected Water Conveyance Systems.

C-8-2
This large project (which produces desalinated seawater and renewable water and distributes water in
4 Regions) is the first and very important project for the area and for KSA. The Study Team
recommends the F/S Study on this very important project to realize soon for the regions and KSA.

C-8-3

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PART-C Water Master Plan

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PART-C Water Master Plan

The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resource Development

CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE OF WATER MASTER PLAN

1.2 Water M/P of Planning Methods

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

＜Conventional Water Resources Development＞

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

CHAPTER 2 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

Urban Use Area

Figure C.2-1 Surface Water Development by Large Dam

Urban Use Area Discharge

Groundwater from Dam Reservoir Dam

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

Groundwater Development by the Recharge Dams

Groundwater Recharge Dam

Figure C.2-3 Groundwater Development by the Recharge Dams

(1) Calculated Method Development Volumes

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

Hydrologic Equation of Reservoir

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

Av e r ag e M on t h ly Inf low t o Da m ( Ba s h Dam )

Monthly Discharge Volume at Baysh Dam

Aver age M ont hly Inf low t o Dam ( Hali Dam )

Monthly Inflow to Hali Dam

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

Figure C.2-8 Water Resources Development by Hali Dam

2.2 Non-Conventional Water Resource Development Plan

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

2.2.1 Desalinated Seawater

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

2.2.2 Reclaimed Waste Water

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

Generation Volume of Reclaimed Waste Water (m³/day) Treatment

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

Sewage Treatment and Recycle Use 【Intensive System】

Sewage Treatment and Recycle Use【Distributed System】

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

<Reuse of Reclaimed Waste Water → Measures against Seawater Intrusion → Proposal of

Existing wells Artificial recharge form under ground pipe

Impermeable layer Impermeable layer

(a) Before Artificial Recharge (b) After Artificial Recharge

Figure C.2-10 Measures against Seawater Intrusion by Treated Sewage

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

CHAPTER 3 WATER SUPPLY PLAN

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

3.1.2 Current Water Source and Water Supply Amount

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

Figure C.3-1 Water Supply Network in Al Baha Region（Current）

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

W.D: 11 Ahad Rifaydah Gov.

No.4 An Namas No.14

No.16 Al Ithnyan (Abha)

W.D: 7 Rijar Almah Gov. No.9

Figure C.3-2 Water Supply Network in Asir Region（Current）

YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO., LTD. Final Report (Main Report)

No.14 Ad Darb No.7

No.1 No.24 Hakimah (Abu Arish) 7