Influence of Milled Waste Glass As Partial Cement Replacement On Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete in Sulfate Environment
Influence of Milled Waste Glass As Partial Cement Replacement On Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete in Sulfate Environment
Influence of Milled Waste Glass As Partial Cement Replacement On Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete in Sulfate Environment
F. Nosouhian1, D. Mostofinejad 2
1
Graduate Student, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran
2
Professor, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran
1 INTRODUCTION
Increasing rate of demolished concrete due to the destruction of concrete structures through
natural and human disasters like earthquake and war; and also renewing old structures is one of
the most concerning environmental issues. Recycling of concrete has attracted lots of attention
in both economic and environmental terms due to the limitation of natural resources like gravel
and sand and also environmental problems of raw materials transportation in long distances.
Destroying of lands due to the concrete waste bury, implies the necessity of recycling of
concrete as well (Mostofinejad & Eftekhar, 2005).
Properties of concrete containing recycled coarse and fine aggregates have been investigated by
different researchers such as Corinaldesi (2010), Etxeberria et al. (2007), Rahal (2007) and
Sagoe-Crentsil (2001). Accomplished studies showed that adhered mortar to recycled aggregate
surface is responsible for low resistance towards mechanical and chemical actions of recycled
aggregate concrete. The increase in concrete porosity and the presence of weak interfacial
bonding between aggregate and binder matrix are the main reasons attributed to this situation,
(Kwan et al., 2012). Most of studies carried out on recycled concrete dealt with strength
characteristics; though there is few data focuses on durability properties (Kwan et al., 2012).
Some researchers have used glass in concrete as replacement of aggregate (Maier and Durham,
2012) or as replacement of cement (Cassar and Camilleri, 2012). It is reported that crushed glass
used as aggregate replacement results in poor bond; therefore, concrete exhibits alkali–silica
reaction (ASR). However, reduction of crushed glass to finer particles and its using as cement
replacement produced good quality concrete that did not exhibit ASR (Cassar & Camilleri,
2012). Nassar & Soroushian (2012) have emphasized the novel concept of affirmative using
milled waste glass to overcome the limitations of recycled aggregate and consequently recycled
aggregate concrete. When milled waste glass is used in recycled aggregate concrete as partial
replacement of cement, it interacts with calcium hydroxide available in the attached
mortar/paste clinging to aggregate surface to form calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) which is
the key binder among cement hydrates. This reaction can enhance the quality of the remnant
cement paste on recycled aggregates, thus benefiting the strength, durability and dimensional
stability of recycled aggregate concrete. Authors demonstrated that during the 30 years life of
parent concrete, it had not shown any signs of durability related problems. Also it seems
because of low relative humidity, demolished and crushed concrete have not already
carbonated; therefore, calcium hydroxide can be potentially active for some reactions.
In this study, the influence of using two recycled materials including milled waste glass (MWG)
as partial cement replacement and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on durability properties of
concrete in sulfate environment is investigated.
2.1 Materials
Moderate sulfate resistant cement (Type 2) was used in recycled concrete. Furthermore, crushed
windowpane was utilized to obtain waste glass. In order to gain MWG, windowpane particles
were crushed by a jaw crusher (shown in figure 1) to averagely 3 mm grains and then powdered
by Los Angeles machine (shown in figure 2) for several cycles. This powder was sieved to gain
particles finer than 75 μm. Figure 3 shows waste glass powder. Recycled aggregate was
obtained by crushing of available cubic specimens in concrete laboratory by the same jaw
crusher and sieving these grains to obtain 4.75-9.5 mm RCA. Table 1 shows physical properties
of the virgin and recycled coarse aggregates as well as that of sand. The particle size distribution
of recycled coarse aggregates and sand are demonstrated in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
Sieve opening
25.0 19.0 12.5 9.5 4.75 Plate
(mm)
Residual value
- - 1.75 22.09 76.16 0.00
(%)
Required measurements were done to calculate density, water absorption and voids of hardened
concrete, according to ASTM C 642. Table 5 shows the results of the absorption after
immersion, absorption after immersion and boiling, apparent density and volume of permeable
pore space (voids). The values of dry bulk density, bulk density after immersion, and bulk
density after immersion and boiling are also shown in Table 5 for hardened concrete. Each value
in this table is the average of 3 tests. The weight of each specimen in water was measured by the
buoyancy balance machine which is shown in Figure 4. Partial replacement of cement with
MWG is observed to decrease the dry bulk density, bulk density after immersion and bulk
density after immersion and boiling. It decreases the apparent density of concrete as well.
Bulk
Absorption Bulk
Absorption Bulk density Volume of
after density Apparent
after density after permeable
immersion after density
immersion dry immersion pore space
& boiling immersion (Kg/m3)
(%) (Kg/m3) & boiling (voids), (%)
(%) (Kg/m3)
(Kg/m3)
D1 7.09 7.53 2261.22 2421.48 2432.91 2725.64 17.02
D2 7.65 8.27 2235.48 2406.52 2413.33 2742.73 18.49
D3 8.20 8.72 2160.74 2337.92 2354.00 2662.50 18.84
D4 7.34 7.84 2224.40 2387.49 2384.20 2694.15 17.43
8.4
Water absorption after
8.2
8.0
immersion (%)
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.4
1D 2D 3D 4D
Mix design
18.5
18.0
17.5
(%)
17.0
16.5
16.0
1D 2D 3D 4D
Mix design
Figure 5 shows that using either MWG or RCA in concrete increases the water absorption but
using MWG in recycled aggregate concrete moderates this influence. Furthermore, it is
concluded from Figure 6 that using MWG or RCA in concrete increases the volume of
permeable pores but using MWG in recycled aggregate concrete moderates this influence. A
proportion is observed between water absorption and permeable pores of the specimens; the
higher permeable pores, higher the absorption.
1.6-
1.4-
Mass changes (%)
1.2-
1.0-
days 56 0.8-
days 74 0.6-
0.4-
0.2-
0.0
1D 2D 3D 4D
Mix design
1D 2D 3D 4D
2.5
2.0
1.5
Volume changes (%)
1.0
days 56
0.5
days 74 0.0
0.5-
1.0-
1.5-
2.0-
Mix design
3 CONCLUSIONS
48 cubic specimens of 70 mm side dimension were cast and tested in this study to investigate
the effect of milled waste glass on durability of recycled aggregate concrete. Mass changes and
volume changes of the specimens exposed to sulfate environment for 28, 56 and 74 days were
measured. Besides, density, water absorption and volume of permeable pores (voids) were
determined. Experimental results showed that using MWG as partial cement replacement has
considerable influences on durability properties of concrete exposed to sulfate environment.
Based on the results of the present study, the conclusions can be summarized as follows
1. Using MWG in recycled aggregate concrete reduces water absorption and permeable pores
volume. It seems that some reactions have enhanced the quality of the remnant cement paste on
recycled aggregates.
2. There is a direct relation between water absorption and permeable pores volume of the
specimens; the higher permeable pores, the higher the absorption.
3. Using MWG as cement replacement in recycled aggregate concrete has a negative effect on
mass changes of specimens in sulfate environment; i.e. it increases mass reduction of concrete
specimens exposed to sulfate environment.
4. Using RCA and MWG as cement replacement reduces expansion of concrete specimens
exposed to sulfate environment.
4 REFRENCES
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