Influence of Milled Waste Glass As Partial Cement Replacement On Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete in Sulfate Environment

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Influence of milled waste glass as partial cement replacement on

durability of recycled aggregate concrete in sulfate environment

F. Nosouhian1, D. Mostofinejad 2
1
Graduate Student, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran
2
Professor, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

ABSTRACT: Recycling of demolished concrete is a rational and practical solution for


construction waste issue. Milled waste glass has been widely examined as secondary substitute
material towards production of concrete with improved strength and durability attributes. In this
study, the durability of concrete specimens made with natural and recycled coarse aggregates
(RCA) containing various amounts of milled waste glass (MWG) as partial cement replacement
(0% and 30%) is investigated. Half of the specimens were submerged in magnesium sulfate
solution to investigate their durability. The specimens were tested in different ages and 4
specimens had been made for each test. The specimens were tested for water absorption, mass
changes (mass losses), and size changes. Furthermore, volume of permeable pore spaces (voids)
was investigated. The results indicate that using milled waste glass in recycled aggregate
concrete has a considerable influence on durability of concrete in sulfate environment.

1 INTRODUCTION
Increasing rate of demolished concrete due to the destruction of concrete structures through
natural and human disasters like earthquake and war; and also renewing old structures is one of
the most concerning environmental issues. Recycling of concrete has attracted lots of attention
in both economic and environmental terms due to the limitation of natural resources like gravel
and sand and also environmental problems of raw materials transportation in long distances.
Destroying of lands due to the concrete waste bury, implies the necessity of recycling of
concrete as well (Mostofinejad & Eftekhar, 2005).
Properties of concrete containing recycled coarse and fine aggregates have been investigated by
different researchers such as Corinaldesi (2010), Etxeberria et al. (2007), Rahal (2007) and
Sagoe-Crentsil (2001). Accomplished studies showed that adhered mortar to recycled aggregate
surface is responsible for low resistance towards mechanical and chemical actions of recycled
aggregate concrete. The increase in concrete porosity and the presence of weak interfacial
bonding between aggregate and binder matrix are the main reasons attributed to this situation,
(Kwan et al., 2012). Most of studies carried out on recycled concrete dealt with strength
characteristics; though there is few data focuses on durability properties (Kwan et al., 2012).
Some researchers have used glass in concrete as replacement of aggregate (Maier and Durham,
2012) or as replacement of cement (Cassar and Camilleri, 2012). It is reported that crushed glass
used as aggregate replacement results in poor bond; therefore, concrete exhibits alkali–silica
reaction (ASR). However, reduction of crushed glass to finer particles and its using as cement
replacement produced good quality concrete that did not exhibit ASR (Cassar & Camilleri,
2012). Nassar & Soroushian (2012) have emphasized the novel concept of affirmative using
milled waste glass to overcome the limitations of recycled aggregate and consequently recycled
aggregate concrete. When milled waste glass is used in recycled aggregate concrete as partial
replacement of cement, it interacts with calcium hydroxide available in the attached
mortar/paste clinging to aggregate surface to form calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) which is
the key binder among cement hydrates. This reaction can enhance the quality of the remnant
cement paste on recycled aggregates, thus benefiting the strength, durability and dimensional
stability of recycled aggregate concrete. Authors demonstrated that during the 30 years life of
parent concrete, it had not shown any signs of durability related problems. Also it seems
because of low relative humidity, demolished and crushed concrete have not already
carbonated; therefore, calcium hydroxide can be potentially active for some reactions.
In this study, the influence of using two recycled materials including milled waste glass (MWG)
as partial cement replacement and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on durability properties of
concrete in sulfate environment is investigated.

2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM AND RESULTS

2.1 Materials
Moderate sulfate resistant cement (Type 2) was used in recycled concrete. Furthermore, crushed
windowpane was utilized to obtain waste glass. In order to gain MWG, windowpane particles
were crushed by a jaw crusher (shown in figure 1) to averagely 3 mm grains and then powdered
by Los Angeles machine (shown in figure 2) for several cycles. This powder was sieved to gain
particles finer than 75 μm. Figure 3 shows waste glass powder. Recycled aggregate was
obtained by crushing of available cubic specimens in concrete laboratory by the same jaw
crusher and sieving these grains to obtain 4.75-9.5 mm RCA. Table 1 shows physical properties
of the virgin and recycled coarse aggregates as well as that of sand. The particle size distribution
of recycled coarse aggregates and sand are demonstrated in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

Table 1. Physical properties of aggregates

Aggregate Dry density Bulk specific Bulk specific Absorption Moisture


type (kg/m3) gravity gravity (SSD) (%) content (%)
Virgin 1460 - 2.73 0.60 0.90
Recycled - - - 0.72 0.00
Sand 2.88 (F.M.) 2.65 - 0.70 0.00

Table 2. Particle size distribution of recycled aggregates

Sieve opening
25.0 19.0 12.5 9.5 4.75 Plate
(mm)
Residual value
- - 1.75 22.09 76.16 0.00
(%)

Table 3. Particle size distribution of sand

Sieve number 4 8 16 30 50 100 Plate


Residual value
1.24 21.58 19.63 13.42 17.63 18.71 7.79
(%)
Figure 1. Jaw crusher. Figure 2. Los angeles. Figure 3. Milled waste glass powder.

2.2 Test specimens and testing procedures

2.2.1 Mix design


Concrete mixes incorporating two percentages of RCA (0%, 30%) and MWG (0%, 30%) was
produced. According to these contents, 4 different mix designs were provided according to ACI
- 211 to investigate the influence of MWG as cement replacement on durability of recycled
aggregate concrete in sulfate environment. Since the amount of MWG is related to cement
weight, high cement content was used in order to have considerable amount of MWG to get
more reliable results from each mix design and the mix designs comparisons. 48 cubic
specimens of 70 mm dimension, including control specimens and specimens in sulfate
environment, were tested in ages of 28-day, 56 days and 74 days, with 4 repeat for similar
conditions. Table 4 shows the various concrete mix designs involving different percentages of
two recycled materials. After casting and 28 days curing of the specimens, half of them were
moved to 14.7% concentration magnesium sulfate solution (saturated concentration) to measure
the mass changes and volume changes over time.

Table 4. Mix designs of concrete mixes

D1a D2b D3c D4d


3
Virgin coarse aggregate (kg/m ) 657.0 459.9 657.0 459.9
RCA (kg/m3) 0.0 197.1 0.0 197.1
Sand (kg/m3) 875.4 875.4 875.4 875.4
w/c ratio 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42
Cement content (kg/m3) 542.857 542.857 380.0 380.0
Water content (kg/m3) 232.16 232.16 232.16 232.16
MWG (kg/m3) 0 0 162.857 162.857
a
Control specimens (without recycled materials)
b
Contains 30% RCA
c
Contains 30% MWG as cement replacement
d
Contains 30% RCA and 30% MWG as cement replacement

2.2.2 Density, absorption and voids

Required measurements were done to calculate density, water absorption and voids of hardened
concrete, according to ASTM C 642. Table 5 shows the results of the absorption after
immersion, absorption after immersion and boiling, apparent density and volume of permeable
pore space (voids). The values of dry bulk density, bulk density after immersion, and bulk
density after immersion and boiling are also shown in Table 5 for hardened concrete. Each value
in this table is the average of 3 tests. The weight of each specimen in water was measured by the
buoyancy balance machine which is shown in Figure 4. Partial replacement of cement with
MWG is observed to decrease the dry bulk density, bulk density after immersion and bulk
density after immersion and boiling. It decreases the apparent density of concrete as well.

Figure 4. Buoyancy balance machine.

Table 5. Properties of hardened concrete

Bulk
Absorption Bulk
Absorption Bulk density Volume of
after density Apparent
after density after permeable
immersion after density
immersion dry immersion pore space
& boiling immersion (Kg/m3)
(%) (Kg/m3) & boiling (voids), (%)
(%) (Kg/m3)
(Kg/m3)
D1 7.09 7.53 2261.22 2421.48 2432.91 2725.64 17.02
D2 7.65 8.27 2235.48 2406.52 2413.33 2742.73 18.49
D3 8.20 8.72 2160.74 2337.92 2354.00 2662.50 18.84
D4 7.34 7.84 2224.40 2387.49 2384.20 2694.15 17.43

8.4
Water absorption after

8.2
8.0
immersion (%)

7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.4
1D 2D 3D 4D
Mix design

Figure 5. Water absorption at 63 days of age.


19.0
Volume of permeable pore space

18.5
18.0
17.5
(%)

17.0
16.5
16.0
1D 2D 3D 4D
Mix design

Figure 6. Volume of permeable pores at 74 days of age.

Figure 5 shows that using either MWG or RCA in concrete increases the water absorption but
using MWG in recycled aggregate concrete moderates this influence. Furthermore, it is
concluded from Figure 6 that using MWG or RCA in concrete increases the volume of
permeable pores but using MWG in recycled aggregate concrete moderates this influence. A
proportion is observed between water absorption and permeable pores of the specimens; the
higher permeable pores, higher the absorption.

2.2.3 Mass changes


Specimen masses were measured at 28, 56 and 74 days of age. Figure 7 shows the mass changes
percentage at age of 56 and 74 days, respect to 28 days measurements. Figure 7 demonstrates
that all 4 mix designs caused a decrease in mass and this reduction has been increased over time.
D2 mix design (recycled aggregate concrete) is observed to have the lowest mass reduction
among mix designs. Besides, results show that using MWG in recycled aggregate concrete
increases the mass reduction.

1.6-
1.4-
Mass changes (%)

1.2-
1.0-
days 56 0.8-
days 74 0.6-
0.4-
0.2-
0.0
1D 2D 3D 4D
Mix design

Figure 7. Mass changes percentage of 56 and 74 days specimens in sulfate solution.


2.2.4 Volume changes
Specimen sizes were measured at 28, 56 and 74 days of age. Figure 8 shows the volume
changes percentage at age of 56 and 74 days, respect to 28 days measurements. Figure 8
demonstrates that all 4 mix designs caused a decrease in volume at 56 days of age, though the
specimens were expanded at 74 days of age. In addition, results show that using MWG and
RCA decreases expansion of concrete

1D 2D 3D 4D
2.5
2.0
1.5
Volume changes (%)

1.0
days 56
0.5
days 74 0.0
0.5-
1.0-
1.5-
2.0-
Mix design

Figure 8. Volume changes percentage of 56 and 74 days specimens in sulfate solution.

3 CONCLUSIONS

48 cubic specimens of 70 mm side dimension were cast and tested in this study to investigate
the effect of milled waste glass on durability of recycled aggregate concrete. Mass changes and
volume changes of the specimens exposed to sulfate environment for 28, 56 and 74 days were
measured. Besides, density, water absorption and volume of permeable pores (voids) were
determined. Experimental results showed that using MWG as partial cement replacement has
considerable influences on durability properties of concrete exposed to sulfate environment.
Based on the results of the present study, the conclusions can be summarized as follows

1. Using MWG in recycled aggregate concrete reduces water absorption and permeable pores
volume. It seems that some reactions have enhanced the quality of the remnant cement paste on
recycled aggregates.

2. There is a direct relation between water absorption and permeable pores volume of the
specimens; the higher permeable pores, the higher the absorption.

3. Using MWG as cement replacement in recycled aggregate concrete has a negative effect on
mass changes of specimens in sulfate environment; i.e. it increases mass reduction of concrete
specimens exposed to sulfate environment.

4. Using RCA and MWG as cement replacement reduces expansion of concrete specimens
exposed to sulfate environment.
4 REFRENCES

ACI Committee 211, ACI 211.1-91. Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal,
Heavyweight and Mass Concrete (Reapproved 2009). Farmington hills, Ml, USA, 1991.
Cassar, J and Camilleri, J. (2012). Utilisation of imploded glass in structural concrete. Construction and
Building Materials, 29(0): 299-307.
Corinaldesi, V. (2010). Mechanical and elastic behaviour of concretes made of recycled-concrete coarse
aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 24(9): 1616-1620.
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E, et al. (2007). Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and
production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research,
37(5): 735-742.
Kwan, WH, Ramli, M, et al. (2012). Influence of the amount of recycled coarse aggregate in concrete
design and durability properties. Construction and Building Materials, 26(1): 565-573.
Maier, PL and Durham, SA. (2012). Beneficial use of recycled materials in concrete mixtures.
Construction and Building Materials, 29(0): 428-437.
Mostofinejad, D and Eftekhar, MR. (2005). Mechanical characteristics of the Recycled Low Strength
Concrete. 2nd International Conference on Concrete and Development (in Persian), April 30 – May 2,
2005, Tehran, Iran.
Nassar, R and Soroushian, P. (2012). Strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete containing
milled glass as partial replacement for cement. Construction and Building Materials, 29(0): 368-377.
Rahal, K. (2007). Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate. Building and
Environment, 42(1): 407-415.
Sagoe-Crentsil, K, Brown KT, et al. (2001). Performance of concrete made with commercially produced
coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(5): 707-712.

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