Practical Research 1

TYPES OF RESEARCH Ethics is the standard of good and bad (behavior,

manner, moral) which is needed or expected by the
1) Qualitative Research society.
➢ Affective
➢ Subjective World War II – is the main reason why people
➢ Broad explored and gave major attention to “ethics,” because
2) Quantitative Research during this time, countless individuals fell victim to
➢ Fix many unethical and immoral research.
➢ Calculated
➢ Specific
UNETHICAL RESEARCH DURING WORLD
WAR II
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH 1. The Twins Experiment
1. Affective – shows personal feelings value, 2. Artificial Insemination
or attitude 3. Freezing Experiment
TOPICS (Education): Success Stories of
Top Performing Students The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger
2. Subjective – responses cannot be measured Kodex) – is a set of ethical research principles that was
TOPICS (Business): The Emerging Culture created to protect human subjects to medical
of Online Selling experiments. This is created by the court in U.S. v
3. Broad – several themes may be discussed Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that
along with the topic were held after the Second World War.
TOPICS (Politics): Politics in Media
➢ Journalism The Belmont Report – published in 1979 by the
➢ Freedom of Speech National Commission for the Protection of Human
➢ Populism Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
4. Creative (Optional) – out of the usual taste (covers all research with human subjects.)
but with logical sense The Belmont Report’s Core Concepts
TOPICS (Psychology): The Story of
Vandalism – Behavior 1. Respect for Persons
1) Information
a) Consent Letter
✓ Purpose of the research
✓ Human ✓ Possible work ✓ Study methods
experiences overload
✓ Time required to participate
✓ Observation in the ✓ Complex
natural setting ✓ Less available ✓ Potential risks/benefits
✓ Wider scope of materials for ✓ Contact no.
discussion local setting 2) Comprehension
✓ Explain the scope and
SKILLS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER limitations of the research
✓ Remind the participants of
1. Observation
the possible harm
2. Thinking/Writing
✓ Repeat the conditions of the
3. Reading
research
4. Interacting/Communicating
3) Voluntariness
5. Documentation
✓ DO NOT BRIBE THE
6. Empathic and Compassionate
PARTICIPANTS

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 Practical Research 1
2. Beneficence – protects the participants from Example:
harm Significant Experiences of Select Students with
Types of Harm Depression
a) Physical
Ethnography – the study of the culture and social
b) Psychological
c) Societal organizations of a group/community
✓ Participants
3. Justice – fair and without bias ▪ Minimum of 15
Does not single out ✓ Context/Output
- Gender ▪ Culture
- Race ▪ Origin
- Societal Status ▪ Practices
- Profession ▪ Tradition
- Education ▪ Habit
- Culture ✓ Data Gathering
Examples: ▪ Focus Group Discussion (FDG)
a) The Effect of Enrolling a Special Child
to the School for Normal Children Case Study – based on an in-depth investigation of a
b) The Impact of the Monkey Drug Trials single individual, group, or event to explore the causes
c) The Comparison of Filipino and Indian of underlying problem or situation
Hygiene
✓ Participants
▪ Minimum of 8
✓ Context/Output
▪ Socio-economic/Socio-political
▪ School-based issues
▪ Org-based problems/conflicts
✓ Data Gathering
Phenomenon – an observable fact or event ▪ One-on-one interview
Ethnography – it means race, people, or culture
Case – a situation occurs within a group or individual Grounded Theory – sets out to discover or construct
Content – something that is expressed through any theory from data
medium of writing
Theory – a set of accepted beliefs or organized ✓ Participants
principles that explain and guide analysis ▪ Minimum of 10
Action – the process of doing something ✓ Context/Output
History – branch of knowledge that records and ▪ Effects
explains past events ▪ Impacts
▪ Factors
▪ Effectiveness
✓ Data Gathering
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
▪ One-on-one interview
Phenomenology – focuses on people’s meaning of ▪ Open-ended questions
his/her life experiences Example:
Factors Affecting Vaccine Hesitation of Select
✓ Participants
Students in Public Schools
▪ Minimum of 8
✓ Context/Output Historical – studies the meaning of past events to
▪ Life stories interpret the facts
▪ Lived/Significant experiences
✓ Data Gathering ✓ Participants
▪ One-on-one interview ▪ Minimum of 15
✓ Context/Output
▪ Timeline

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 Practical Research 1
▪ Specific dates/events ✓ Keep it to 10-15 words only
✓ Data Gathering ✓ Do not use a sentence form
▪ Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
▪ Open-ended questions
LEGEND:
Action Research – a systematic method of solving Research
Goal Topic Place Participants
problems Design

✓ Participants
▪ Minimum of 10 Example Titles:
✓ Context/Output Effectiveness of Teaching Strategies between
▪ Effects Select Traditional and Modern Teachers in
▪ Impact Public Schools
▪ Factors
▪ Effectiveness Education through Time: A Comparative Study of
✓ Data Gathering Select Traditional and Modern Teachers
▪ One-on-one interview Teaching Strategies between Select Traditional and
▪ Open-ended questions Modern Teachers in Public Schools. Does it Improve
through Times?
Content Analysis – a research that compares media
content to the real world TYPES OF RESEARCH TITLE
✓ Participants
1) Declarative
▪ Minimum of 10 contents (books, vlogs,
➢ is also known as informative title
magazines, etc.)
➢ is a type of research title that states
✓ Context/Output
the goal, topic, participants, and
▪ Psychology
place
▪ Behavior
➢ is used in technical studies (e.g.
▪ Social
law, science, government
✓ Data Gathering
programs, psychology, etc.)
▪ Codes
▪ Patterns Example:
▪ Themes
➢ Impact of Livelihood Program to the Social
Example: Economic Status of Select Residents in
Songs of Love: A Comparative Study on the Lyrics of Barangay Bibincahan
Buwan and Sarung Banggi ➢ Perception of Select Children with
Depression about Clinical Counseling
LEGEND:
Goal Topic Place Participants

Example:
Impact of Health Safety Protocols to the Academic
RESEARCH TITLE
Performance of Select Senior High School Students in
- summarizes the main idea or ideas of the Sorsogon National High School
study
2) Descriptive
- serves as the window for the entire research
➢ is also known as indicative title
KEEP IN MIND: ➢ is a type of research title that
describes the topic or participants
✓ Capitalize the first letter of each and research design using a
important word except articles, hook:body structure
prepositions, etc.

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 Practical Research 1
➢ uses a colon to separate the hook RULES:
and the body
➢ is often used in a more 1) Do not state state questions in one numerical
personal/subjective study item.
2) No questions should have subsections in
LEGEND: QLR.
Hook Topic Research Design 3) All research questions should be written in
the third person.
Example: 4) Research questions must not be too specific
or too broad.
The Journey of Teen-Parents: A Case Study on Their
5) Altogether, there should have three or four
Challenges and Coping Mechanism
research questions.

3) Interrogative Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management in

➢ is also known as rhetorical title Barangay Bibincahan
➢ is a type of research title that states
the goal, topic, participants, and Statement Of the Problem
place but in a form of a question
➢ is often used in investigatory
projects, observatory reports, etc.
LEGEND: How
Goal Topic Place Participants effective is
What is the What are the
this solid
current solid possible
waste
Example: waste recommendations
management
management based on the
Capacity Training for Student-Applicants in Sorsogon based on the
in barangay results of the
National High School: Does it Improve Efficiency? perception of
bibincahan? study?
the select
households?

Significant Experiences of Select

Breadwinners in the Family
Statement Of the Problem
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

- is an answerable inquiry which centers on

the focus of the research

What are the

What are the challenges
conditional experienced How do
➢ are questions ➢ are questions How do
obligations by select these
about what you about what you they cope
of the breadwinners obligations
want to know want to know with these
breadwinners while doing impact
from your from the challenges?
in their their their lives?
research participants family? conditional
Example: Example: obligations?

What are the factors What keeps you

affecting your academic motivated to study?
performance? What gives you struggle
in your studies?

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 Practical Research 1

INTRODUCTION

➢ is a compilation of facts that have been

Definition of
documented about your research topic. International 1-2
reliable source
➢ serves the purpose of leading the reader from Quotation National 1-2
a general subject area to a particular field of Legal Bases National/Local 4-10
research. Surveys National/Local 3-10
Reports Local 1-6
TITLE
Impact of Social Media to the Behavior of Select
Students in Sorsogon National High School
TITLE
ASSUMPTION: Impact of Social Media to the Behavior of Select
Social media provides a great impact to the behavior of Students in Sorsogon National High School
select students.
ASSUMPTION:
Social media provides a great impact to the behavior of
KINDS OF BASIS
select students.
1) Definition from a reliable and appropriate
source
2) Survey and report
3) Quotations from a reliable and appropriate
source
4) Reliable and Appropriate Legal Bases
5) Related articles about the research topic
the process of re-writing the text in your own words.
(Programs, Projects, Advocacies)

STEPS IN PARAPHRASING:
RULES:
1) Read the text several times.
1) There should be at least ten different kinds of 2) Note down key concepts.
basis for the study. 3) Write your own version of the text without
2) Do not bombard the readers with so many looking at the original text.
definitions and quotations. One is enough. 4) Compare your own version of the text to the
3) All sources must be reliable and appropriate. original text. If you found too similar
4) All sources must be within 10 years. statements, change it.
5) All agencies must be a non-profit agency.

TECHNIQUES

UNESCO, WHO, 1) Use synonyms (similar words) for important

UN, ASEAN words.
2) Change the sentence pattern.
3) Concession – allowing different point-of-view,
DSWD, DEPED, perspectives, and approaches in presenting an
DOLE, PAWS, Phil. issue or topic.
RED CROSS
PLAGIARISM
LGU, SORECO, Is an act of using or closely imitating the idea of another
SNHS author without proper credit

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 Practical Research 1
Example:
Social science is a broad study of human
TOPIC SENTENCE existence based on his social environment.
➢ is the most important sentence in a paragraph “Social science is a discipline that deals with
➢ is a part of the paragraph which states the main human behavior in its social and cultural
idea aspects. Also, it is the area of education that
Topic Topic sentence
deals with the social context of learning and
Example: the relation of the school to the social order.”
(Center for Language and culture, 2016).1
Generation Z is technologically dependent. They are
School is a small unit of society other than
highly influenced by digital world. Generation Z is
our family. It serves as a gateway to uphold
entrepreneurial, and they prefer independence. They are
history and culture among students to
very competitive and goal oriented.
become good citizens someday. Furthermore,
this is the same institution that carries out the
laws provided by the government for the
IN-TEXT CITATION
welfare of the students.
General Rule: The first author that
appeared in the book cover.
One author (Gomez, 2012)
Two authors (Gomez & Santiago, 2012)
Three or more authors (Gomez, et. al., 2012)
No year of publication (Gomez, n.d)
SCOPE
1. Web page, book, article with author
(Gomez, 2012) ➢ explains the extent to which the research area
2. Web page, book, article with no author will be explored in the work and specifies the
(UNESCO, 2012) parameters within the study
3. Law, Memorandum, Ordinance, Order
(RA 11036, 2018)
(DepEd order no. 2 s. 2022) DELIMITATION
4. Survey ➢ describes the boundaries that you have set for
(SWS, 2016) the study
5. Dictionary
(Merriam Webster, 2018)
Example:
SUPERSCRIPT
“Factors Affecting Oral Communication among Grade
➢ is used to present the order of the 12 GAS Students in Sorsogon National High School”
bases/supporting details

CONCLUSION
Topic factors psychology
➢ summarizes the whole idea of the paragraph affecting oral behind speech
➢ restates the main point of the paragraph communication difficulties
Participants grade 12 gas grade 11 gas
students students
TRANSITIONAL STATEMENT other academic
strands
➢ is a statement that connects the present idea of
the paragraph to the idea of the next paragraph Place SNHS other schools

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 Practical Research 1
WRITING A SCOPE General significance of the study
Topic: Factors affecting oral communication Depression is a psychological condition
This study will focus on oral communication which is which is considered more common to
apparently an important skill to consider in delivering teenagers. This is also the same problem
thoughts and feelings amongst students during the faced by select senior high school
learning process. understanding factors affecting students in dealing with their academics.
effective oral communication can be a tool in With this, the researchers would like to
understanding possible communication barriers among seek for solutions for the problem
students. through helping students to address their
experiences in battling depression.
Participants: Ten Grade 12 GAS students Specifically, this study will provide
benefits to the following recipients.
Select 10 grade 12 students of SNHS were chosen to
participate for this study since they already took oral Teenagers: This study may serve as a voice for those
communication last semester. this will only be exclusive teenagers who experience emotional confusions in life.
for guest students because they focus on the prerequisite
Parents: This study may be an avenue for parents to
skills and knowledge necessary in any area of discipline.
fully guide their children particularly on sensitive issues
there is also a bigger possibility that they may choose
teaching field as a course; and so, it is important for them Teachers: This study may provide possible
to have good communication skills. recommendation where depressed teenagers will be
involved in school activities or programs.
Participants: Sorsogon National High School
Guidance counselor: This study may help guidance
Sorsogon National High School is known as one of the counselors in assessing students’ thoughts and feelings
premier schools in Sorsogon which produces well- towards studying.
rounded students who have the ability to express and to
lead. DepEd: This study may urge DepEd to strengthen the
integration of values education and personal
development in all areas of discipline.
WRITING A DELIMITATION
The study will no longer focus on the clinical and Youth organization: This study may give youth
psychological aspect of speech difficulties and other organizations an idea for their future programs which
communication barriers as this study will not focus on may focus on peer teaching and literacy development.
correlation of subjects nor provide theories on the
Future researchers: The result of this study may serve
relation behavior or mannerisms to speech difficulties.
as an evidence or support to the future research in line
Also, the researchers do not assume that all responses
with academic performance among students.
will be negative. There may also be positive factors
affecting oral communication among students.

1. APA American Psychological Association

2. MLA Modern Language Association
➢ It is a part of the research which determines
3. Chicago Format
who benefits from this study and how they
benefit from its findings. TYPES OF CITATION
Example: Impact of Depression to the Academic 1) In-text Citation - giving credit to the writer
Performance of Select Students in Sorsogon National within the chapter
High School 2) Bibliography Citation - giving credit to the
writer after the whole chapter

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 Practical Research 1
dissertation). Bicol University, Legazpi City,
Philippines.
Book with author
Last Name, F. M. (Year of pub). Title of work. Location:
Publisher Website with author
Example: Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Retrieved from
Salazar, D. C. (2017). Fundamentals Of Accountancy, URL.
Business, and Management. Mandaluyong: Example:
Rex Printing Company Inc. Ramos, T. F. (2008). School Organization. Retrieved
from http://school.man.83.org

Book with two authors

Last Name, F. M. and Last Name, F. M. (Year of pub). Website with no author
Title of work. Location: Publisher Name of organization or group. (year, month, day). Title
Example: of web page in sentence case. Retrieved from
Salazar, D. C. and Ramos A. J. (2017). Fundamentals URL.
Of Accountancy, Business, and Management. Example:
Mandaluyong: Rex Printing Company Inc. UNICEF, (2020, August 24). How to protect your
family’s mental health in the face of COVID-
19. Retrieved from
Book with several authors http://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/how-
Last Name, F. M. et al. (Year of pub). Title of work. protect-your-familys-mental-health-face-
Location: Publisher coronavirus-disease-covid-19
Example:
Salazar, D. C. et al. (2017). Fundamentals Of
Accountancy, Business, and Management. Legal Bases
Mandaluyong: Rex Printing Company Inc. Title of the Legal basis with the year (jurisdiction code).
series no. (country abbreviation). Retrieved
from URL.
Book with editors Example:
Last Name, F. M. et al. (Year of pub). Title of chapter. Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. (O. G.). s. 3627.
In F. M. Last Name & F. M. Last Name (Eds.), (Phil.). Retrieved from
Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: http://www.officialgazette/RA10175/.com
Publisher
Example:
De Los Santos, K. T. (1990). Challenges. In M.A. Print dictionary
Fernandez and S.T. Bermas (Eds.), Book of Publisher name. (year of pub). Word. In Dictionary
Life (p. 10). Mandaluyong: National name (Edition, p.).
Bookstore. Example:
HarperCollins. (2019). Rehabilitate. In Collins English
dictionary (8th ed., p. 672).
Online dictionary
Research/Thesis/Dissertation with author Publisher name. (year of pub). Word. In Dictionary
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis. name. Retrieved from URL
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s Example:
thesis). Academic Institution, City, Merriam-Webster. (n.d). Citation. In Merriam-
State/Country. Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from
Example: https://www.merriam-
Bermas, S. T. (2001). Effectiveness of Code-Switching webster.com/dictionary/citation
in English Subject. (Unpublished doctoral

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 Practical Research 1
FORMAT OF REFERENCE CITATION CLASSIFICATION OF RELATED
1 Merriam-Webster. (n.d). Citation. In Merriam- LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from
https://www.merriam- Local
webster.com/dictionary/citation ➢ Filipino/Non-Filipino authors
2 ➢ Published in the Philippines or abroad
HarperCollins. (2019). Rehabilitate. In Collins English
➢ Content centers in the Philippines
dictionary (8th ed., p. 672).
Foreign
3 Ramos, T. F. (2008). School Organization. Retrieved ➢ Filipino/Non-Filipino authors
from http://school.man.83.org ➢ Published abroad
➢ Content centers outside the Philippines

RULES IN WRITING A RELATED

LITERATURE

1. There should be at least 10 different sources

of related literature.
INTRODUCTION 2. There should be an equal number of local and
1. Bases (Definition, Quotation, Legal bases, foreign related literature.
Survey, Programs) 3. Year of publication must be at least 10 yrs.
2. Sources are from known people (public 4. Evaluate the credibility of the author and the
officials…) or institutions (UN, PAWS) who website as well as the validity of the content.
provide policy or standard for all.
Example:

RL/RS Poverty is a major global challenge that

1. Supporting information (RL – article, books, greatly affects humanity. In this modern
magazines, etc.; RS – research, business generation, innovation is perceived as the
proposals, etc.) major key for sustainable life in which the
2. Sources are from unknown but credible government has to amplify the needs for new
authors. breeds of ideas and inventions. An example
of this is the community- based programs
initiated by the Local Government Unit of
RELATED LITERATURE Camarines Norte which center on educating
➢ is composed of discussion of facts and women and children on. basic entrepreneurial
principles to which the present study is related. skills. (Abasula, 2013).1 Similarly, the
present study recognizes the significance of
Example:
sustainable programs specially in providing a
Books, Journals, Magazines, Newspaper
better life for all. A good example of this is
the 4Ps of DSWD which purpose is to
alleviate the sufferings of people
experiencing extreme poverty.

RELATED STUDIES
➢ are studies, inquiries, or investigation already
conducted to which the present study relates
to.
Example:
Research, Project proposal, business
proposal, investigatory project

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 Practical Research 1
1ST Paragraph
All related studies focus on....
IMRD APA (Discuss the similarities of all related studies.)

2nd Paragraph
Results Discussion Findings Recommendation Conclusion However, these studies have not…
(Discuss the existing problem unresolved or
Example: unaddressed in your chosen locale).
A study examined the comparison and
contrast of the parenting of select millennial 3rd Paragraph
parents and traditional parents. It shows that With these, the present study would like to….
millennial and traditional parents have (Discuss how the present study will help bridge the
similarities in terms of cultural and work gap).
values. But they differ in communication
styles and motivational approach due to the
advancement of social media and technology
as indicated in the study. (Swaiman &
Muscati, 2017). 3 In comparison, the current
study also believe that technology is one of
the factors separating millennial parents apart
to traditional parents as this has been a new ➢ It describes the current knowledge about
tool for communicating and organizing the studied matter through the analysis of
family. However, unlike the study of similar or related published work.
Sulaiman and Muscati, the researchers will ➢ In academic research papers, synthesis is
not only focus on the parenting style of the act of combining similar literature
millennials and traditional parents but also on and studies to relate to the present study.
the effect of this parenting to their children.
Working students usually have to go
Part of the behavior of children Is influenced
through more difficult situations than
by their parents and other internal forces seen
regular students. One of those are some
in the family.
physical sacrifices they have to make to
balance work and studies. Brandon (2014)
and Breus (2018) both emphasized the
effects of juggling work and studies on
health. They mentioned in their written
works that working students are more at
risk of illness because of lack of sleep and
social deprivation. They are most likely to
develop weak immune system and mental
health conditions. Health security is just
one of the important aspects in life that
vulnerable sectors such as teenagers must
What have have. However, despite those risks, there
How can this
been - location are still teenagers who prefer to become
present study
produced in working students because of several
- participants be a great
the field of factors.
help to
research? - research
address the
(related design
research gap?
studies)

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 Practical Research 1
Online gamers who participate in online
social interaction normally adapt an in-game
Theory - is a suggested system of ideas that provides a environment even in a regular offline setting.
reasonable explanation for facts. In fact, Albert Bandura’s Social Learning
Theory (1977) emphasized the importance of
POSSIBLE
SOPS THEORY ABOUT… observing, modelling, and imitating the
ANSWERS behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reaction
What are the of others. In society, children are surrounded
1. Psychomotor by many influential models. These models
common
1. Making an learning
behaviors of provide examples of behavior to observe and
action 2. Motivational
select STEM imitate in society. When children are exposed
2. Sleepy learning
students to violence, they imitate violence, but when
3. Active 3. Experiential
during children are exposed to kindness, they imitate
learning
discussions? kindness (McLeod, 2016).1 Attachment to
What are the influential models indeed make or break a
perceived 1. Physiological person’s social character. Also, it provides a
1. Physical detrimental effect to one’s reflexes and
factors needs of
environment
affecting their learners mental response.
2. Social
behavior 2. Social needs
environment
during of learners
discussions?
What possible
recommendati
ons can be 1. Strengthen 1. Rewards and
provided to discipline Punishment
improve 2. Improve 2. Student- Concept - is an idea that has been formally developed
teaching and teaching centered and organized by a professional and researchers.
discipline strategies learning
THEORY CONCEPT
inside the
class? A theory is a set of
concepts, models, A concept is an idea that
principles, definitions has been formally
THINGS TO CONSIDER etc. that make sense of a developed and organized
A theory may be found in any appropriate materials (e.g. phenomenon by by a professional and
books, websites, journal, etc.) determining researchers.
✓ There should be at least 10 theories. relationships among
variables
A theory is timeless, but it must be credible.
It can be an assumption,
A theory must have… Established and
claim, perception or
✓ Title validated by experiments
stand about a research
✓ Name of Proponent and evidence.
topic.
The content of the theory must…
✓ Center on the research topic;
✓ Explain why this perception, event, or
behavior happens to the participant

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 Practical Research 1

- represents the researchers' synthesis of literature

on how to explain a phenomenon using
illustrations

KINDS OF CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

IPO Model (Input – Process – Output)

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Factors Collection Factors
affecting and analysis affecting
Math of responses math
difficulties are through difficulties
interview and are identified
themes

Factors Affecting Math Difficulties Of Select Gas

Students In SNHS

PC Model (Predictor-Criterion Model)

PREDICTOR CRITERION
Teaching Competence Academic
Of Junior High School Performance Of
Teachers Select STE Students
Theory - is an examined fact proposed by a reliable
source.
Paradigm - it's an illustration that shows an idea. The Relationship of the Teaching Competence of
Junior High School Teachers to the Academic
THEORETICAL PARADIGM Performance of Select STE Students

- is an illustration that represents the theories

underlying a research. P Model
➢ a map that will guide the idea of the
whole theories INPUT
PROCESS OUTPUT
Program
LINES implementa Analysis of
Program Proposed
tion of implementations intervention
data through
Linkage/relationship Improved interviews
are determined. program
quality and themes
One way process
robotics
Two-way process training

Program Implementation of Improved Quality Robotics

Training for STE Students In SNHS

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 Practical Research 1
POM Model (Proposed Original Model)

Term - is a word or phrase used to describe a thing or

object.
Effects of
Effects of Holistic homework
Homework Development are TECHNICAL DEFINITION
determined.
- is a general definition of a term.
- is derived from dictionary and other reference
books.
Effects of Homework on the Holistic Development of
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Students
- is a meaning of the term based on its use in a
particular study.
- is a created meaning by the researcher.

Behavior. It is the way in which one acts or

conducts oneself, especially towards others.
Term - is a word or phrase used to describe a thing or (Lee 2018).1 Specifically, it is a
object. representation of students’ reaction to the
environment particularly towards their
exposure to social media.
TECHNICAL DEFINITION
- is a general definition of a term.
- is derived from dictionary and other reference
books.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
- is a meaning of the term based on its use in a
particular study.
- is a created meaning by the researcher.

Behavior. It is the way in which one acts or

conducts oneself, especially towards others.
(Lee 2018).1 Specifically, it is a
representation of students’ reaction to the
environment particularly towards their
exposure to social media.

LACRA, TRISHA NICOLE B. 13