FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING

GROUP (0)
REPORT WRITING 2021/2022

COURSE: BLD 228 (CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY I)

TOPIC:
❖ SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE
❖ SPECIFIC GRSAVITY OF FINE & COARSE AGGREGATE
❖ BULK DENSITY OF FINE & COARSE AGGREGATE
❖ COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE

SUBMITTED TO: DR. B. J OLAWUYI

PRATICALISED & EXPERIMENTED BY:
NAME’S: MATRIC NO:

(1) ADAMU SHALOM SHINAYE 2019/1/76740VB

(2) ADEKANMBI EBENEZER ERIC. 2019/1/74950VB

(3) ADESINA TOLIAH ADEYEMI. 2021/2/82030VB

(4) ADEYEMI BUSOLAMI. 2019/1/77400VB

(5) EMMANUEL ADUKU JR. 2019/1/79260VB

(6) IDIBIA UNAJI 2019/1/75650VB

(7) MOHAMMED MUBARAQ. 2019/1/75940VB

(8) NWUZOR MOSES CHIBUNNA. (G.L) 2019/1/76050VB

(9) OBAFAYE ABRAHAM. 2021/2/83670VB

(10) OCHIDI ABUBAKAR ADEJO. 2019/1/76080VB

(11) OSADULOR PRECIOUS EGHOSA. 2019/1/77020VB

(12) OZIGIS ABDULMAJID. 2019/1/76360VB

PRATICAL REPORT MODOUS OF OPERANDI

➢ TITLE
➢ AIM’S/OBJECTIVE’S
➢ SPECIMEN
➢ DRAWING
➢ PROCEDURES
➢ RESULTS
➢ CALCULATIONS
➢ OBSERVATION/PRECAUTIONS
➢ CONCLUSION
➢ RECOMMENDATION
 PRATICAL/EXPERIMENT NO.1
❖ TITLE: SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE

❖ AIM’S/OBJECTIVES: The experiment of sieve analysis for the fine

aggregate is to calculate the fine modulus (Fm), coefficient of uniformity
(Cu) and coefficient of gradation (Cc).

As well as tom determine the grain size distribution the fine aggregate
and to find grading zone of the specimen (fine aggregate) i.e. determining
its classification.
❖ APPARATUS: 1. Set of sieves 4. Stainless steel Spatula 7. Brush
2. Oven 5. Metal tray (or pan)
3. Weighing balance 6. Trowel

❖ SPECIMEN: FINE AGGREGATE (1300g to be used)

❖ DRAWING:
Set of sieves Oven
❖ PROCEDURE’S: i. Provision of specimen (Fine aggregate) from field &
ii. Oven drying of specimen (fine aggregate) for a
period of 24 hours.
iii. Proper cleaning of apparatus and brushing of set of
sieves
iv. weighing of each set of sieves size on the weighing
balance starting from the 4.75mm – the pan and record
v. Pouring of oven dry fine aggregates in a metal tray
and weigh or take out 1300g as specified to group (0)
vi. arrangement/setting of set of sieves in order
vii. transferring of weighed specimen into the arranged
set of sieves
vii. close and shake the arranged (air tight) set of sieves
for 10minutes since it’s a manual shaking process
applied
viii. after shaking for 10minutes weigh each set of sieve
size including the pan and record the values.
❖ RESULT: Tabulation of the value
• Mass retained = (weight of sieve + residue) – (weight of sieve)
• Percentage % retained = Mass retained x 100
Total mass retained
• Cumulative % retained (C.R) = addition of each % retained to the
next in line
• Cumulative % passing (C.P) = 100 – (cumulative % retained)

S/N Size Weight Weight Mass percentage Cumulative Cumulative

Of Of Of of Retained (%) (%) (%)
sieve Sieve Sieve sieve + (g) Retained Retained Retained
(mm) (g) residue
(g)
1. 4.75 373 375 2 0.15 0.15 99.85

2. 2.36 402 651 249 19.17 19.32 80.68

3. 1.18 358 747 389 29.95 49.27 50.73
4. 0.600 371 681 310 23.86 73.13 26.87
5. 0.300 363 621 258 19.86 92.99 7.01
6. 0.150 356 436 80 6.16 99.15 0.85
7. 0.75 363 367 4 0.31 99.46 0.54
8. pan 309 316 7 0.54 100.00 0
1299g 100.00 334.01
❖ CALCULATION:
(A). Fine modulus (Fm): Sum of cumulative % retained on the sieve from
The larger size down to 150 microns
Fm = 0.15 + 19.32 + 49.27 + 73.13 + 92.99 + 99.15
100
= 334.01
100
Fine modulus = 3.34fm

(B). Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu): (D60/D10) from sieve analysis graph,

D60 = 1.40, D10 = 0.33
Cu = 1.40 / 0.33
Cu = 4.24

(C) Coefficient of Gradation/Curvature (Cc): (D30)^2 / (D60 X D10)

D30 = 0.69, D60 = 1.40, D10 = 0.33;
Cc = (0.69)^2 / (1.40 X 0.33)
Cc = 0.4761 / 0.462
Cc = 1.0305

❖ OBSERVATION:
i. 1g (0.001kg) of the specimen was lost during the transfer of the
weighed 1300g specimen from the metal tray (pan) into the arranged set
of sieves, however this occur due to dust emiction during this process.
ii. From the fine modulus value been 3.34fm we observed that the
specimen (fine aggregate) is a coarse graded fine aggregate. Where;
Fine Sand Fm lie in between 2.2 - 2.6
Medium Sand Fm lie in between 2.6 - 2.9
Coarse Sand Fm lie in between 2.9 - 3.2
iii. The Cu = 4.24 which does not lie between 1-3 in accordance to BS 1377
part 2 1990, the fine aggregate is not uniform.
iv. The Cc = 1.03 which lie in between 0.5-2 in accordance to BS 1377
part 2 1990, the fine aggregate is well graded.
❖ PRECAUTION:
I. The specimen was oven dried in other to yield accurate weight
ii. the apparatus were properly clean to get rid of unwanted or external
weight
iii. the set of sieves were close very tightly (air tight) to prevent lost of
specimen either by dust emiction or disposal
iv. we ensure that the set of sieves was shake not less than 10minutes
since it’s a manual shaking process also considering the heavy mass 1300g
of specimen.

❖ CONCLUSION: We conclude that we’ve succeeded in reaching the

objectives of this experiment and we’ve learned to use our sieve analysis
to classify our fine aggregate which its process seems applicable to other
construction materials

❖ RECOMMENDATION: Standing on the values of Fine modulus, Coefficient

of Uniformity and Coefficient of Gradation, we will recommend the fine
aggregate specimen for construction work (concrete work) that will be
subjected to high impact loads as well as road construction, pavements.
 PRATICAL/EXPERIMENT NO.2

❖ TITLE: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE & COARSE AGGREGATE

❖ AIM’S/OBJECTIVES: To determine the specific gravity of fine and coarse

aggregate, in other to be able to carry out calculations of the volume
occupied by the aggregates in various mixtures containing this aggregate

❖ APPARATUS: 1. Measuring cylinder 4. Water bottle 7. Cylinder

2. Weighing balance 5. Pan
3. Spatula 6. Absorbent cloth

❖ SPECIMEN: (A) FINE AGGREGATE (1/3 of cylinder size)

(B) COARSE AGGREGATE (1/3 of cylinder size)

❖ DRAWING:
 SPECIMEN (A) FINE AGGREGATE;

❖ PROCEDURES: i. Provision of oven dry fine aggregate specimen

Ii. weigh the empty cylinder on the weighing balance (W1)
iii. put 1/3 of cylinder size fine aggregate, then weigh (W2)
iv. gradually put water into the cylinder using the water
bottle + 1/3 specimen and shake
v. clean/dry the cylinder body with an absorbent cloth
vi. weighing of cylinder + 1/3 specimen + water (W3)
vii. empty the cylinder, make sure it’s clean from residue
viii. pour in fresh water into the empty cylinder and fill it to
brim, clean the body and weigh, cylinder + water (W4)
ix. we carried out same procedure for the second reading.
❖ RESULT:
FIRSTREADING: W1=85g, W2=117g, W3=175g, W4=155g
SECONDREADING: W1=85g, W2=116g, W3=174g, W4=155g

❖ CALCULATION:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY FORMULA= (W2-W1) / (W4-W1)-(W3-W2)
1stReading: = (117g-85g) / (155g-85g)-(175g-116g)
= 32g / 70g-58g.
=2.67g.

2ndReading: = (116g-85g) / (155g-85g)-(174g-116g)

= 31g / 70g-58g
=2.58g

Average Fine Aggregate S.G = (1stReading+2ndReading) / 2

= (2.67g+2.58g) / 2
= 5.25g / 2
= 2.625g

❖ OBSERVATION:
i. We observed that W1 value was constant for both 1st & 2nd reading
ii. We also observed W4 value was constant for both 1st & 2nd reading
III. The final value had a difference in it 1st & 2nd reading

❖ PRECAUTION:
I. We ensure that the sample was oven dry for 24hr
ii. Adherence to a proper cylinder clean body by absorbing it surface
water
III. Proper mixture by shaking of the(fine)aggregate
 SPECIMEN(B)COARSEAGGREGATE

❖ PROCEDURE: Same procedure as that of fine aggregate, but making use of

measuring cylinder and bucket of water

❖ RESULT: 1stReading: W1=229g, W2=822g, W3=1921g, W4=1541g

2ndReading: W1=229g, W2=721g, W3=1858g, W4=1541g

❖ CALCULATION:
1stReading:S.G= (822g-229g) / (1541g-229g)-(1921g-822g)
= = 593g / 1312g-1099g

= 593g / 213g

= 2.78g

2ndReading: S.G = (721g-229g) / (1541g-229g)-(1858g-721g)

=492g/1312g-1137g

=492g/175g

=2.81g

Average Coarse Aggregate S.G = (1streading+2ndreading)/2

= (2.78g+2.81g)/2

= 2.79g

❖ OBSERVATION: Same as that of the fine aggregate above

❖ PRECAUTION: Same as that of the fine aggregate above

❖ CONCLUSION: In conclusion from the test carried out we've been able to
determine the Specific gravity of fine & coarse. We got a result after all
procedures was adhere to accurately, which the specific gravity of our
Fine Agg. was (2.625g) & Coarse Agg. was (2.79)

❖ RECOMMENDATION: Apparently, S.G of fine aggregate lei in between

(2.6-2.7), and from the value of our Fine agg. S.G = 2.65, we will
recommend the specimen as one with good specific gravity as it yield a
satisfactory strength and quality. The Specific gravity of aggregate
normally used in construction ranges from (2.5-3.0) and having an
average Coarse aggregate S.G =2.79, we will recommend it as a good
specimen to serve a specific purpose of construction work.
 PRACTICAL/EXPERIMENTNO.3

❖ TITLE: BULKDENSITYOFFINE&COARSEAGGREGATE

❖ AIM'S/OBJECTIVE: To determine the bulk density of both fine & coarse

aggregate, so as to be able to measure the volume that the graded
aggregate will occupy in concrete, including the solid aggregate
particles.

❖ APPARATUS: 1. Metal mould container 3. Tamping rod 5. Tray(pan)

2.Weighingbalance. 4.Trowel
❖ SPECIMEN: (A) Wet Fine Aggregate (B) Coarse Aggregate

❖ DRAWING:
 SPECIMEN (A) FINE AGGREGATE

❖ PROCEDURE: i. Provision of wet fine aggregate in a tray

✓ Uncompacted Fine Aggregate
ii. Taking the weight of metal mould container
III. Taking the weight of the base of metal mould container
iv. Subtract the weight of the base of metal mould container from
the total weight of metal mould container to arrive at the
appropriate weight of mould (W1)
v. Fill specimen(A) into the mould container and level with the
straight edge of tamping rod then weigh to get(W2)
✓ Compacted Fine Aggregate
ii, iii, iv same procedure
v. Fill the sample into the container in 3 layers, each layer should
be gradually and well compacted by tamping with
thetampingforatleast25strikes
vi. Level the top surface, then weigh the container with the Sample
in side as(W2).
❖ RESULT:
➢ Uncompacted Fine aggregate;
- Weight of full mould = 8673g, - Weight of mould base = 3181g,
- W1 = 8673 –3181
= 5492g
- Weight of full mould + sample = 12,090g
W2 = 12090g – 3181g
= 8909g
➢ Compacted fine aggregate;
W1 = 5492
- Weight of full mould + sample (compacted without mould base),
 W2 = 10,099g

❖ CALCULATION: Bulk Density formula = (m2 – m1) / V where V = 0.15m^3

(cuz we make use of 150mm mould size)
➢ Uncompacted Fine aggregate; Bulk density = (8909 – 5492) / 0.15^3
= 3417 / 0.003375
= 1,012,444.44g/m^3
= 1012.44kg/m^3
➢ Compacted Fine aggregate; Bulk density = (10,099 – 5492) / 0.15^3
= 4607 / 0.003375
= 1,365,037.037g/m^3
= 1365.03kg/m^3

SPECIMEN (B) COARSE AGGREGATE

❖ PROCEDURE: i. Provision of coarse aggregate

➢ Uncompacted Coarse aggregate; same procedure as applied for fine
aggregate above
➢ Compacted Coarse aggregate; same procedure as applied for fine
aggregate above

❖ RESULT:
➢ Uncompacted coarse aggregate; W1 = 5492g, W2 = 9375g
➢ Compacted coarse aggregate; W1 = 5492g, W2 = 9763g

❖ CALCULATION:
➢ Uncompacted coarse aggregate;
Bulk density = (9375g – 5492g) / 0.15m^3
= 3883g / 0.003375
= 1,150,518.519g/m^3
= 1150.518kg/m^3
 ➢ Compacted coarse aggregate;
Bulk density = (9763g – 5492g) / 0.15m^3
= 4271 / 0.003375
= 1,265,481.481g/m^3
= 1265.48kg/m^3

❖ OBSERVATION: i. we observed that the weight of the mould remain a

Constant value likewise it base weight
ii. the compacted values was observed to be higher than
that of uncompacted value for both fine & coarse agg.

❖ PRECAUTION: i. we ensure that the Fine aggregate used is WET

ii. we ensure proper compaction of aggregate by tampering
in 3 layers at least 25 strikes
iii. we adhere to accurate weighing balance readings

❖ CONCLUSION: At the end of this experiment, we learn how to determine

the unit weight (bulk density for both fine and coarse agg.)

❖ RECOMMENDATION: Approximately bulk density of lie between

1200kg/m^3 – 1750kg/m^3.

Hence, for the Fine aggregate; compacted = 1365kg/m^3

Uncompacted = 1013.44kg/m^3
Coarse aggregate; compacted = 1265.48kg/m^3
Uncompacted = 1150.518kg/m^3
 PRATICAL/EXPERIMENT NO.4

❖ TITLE: COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT TEST OF CONCRETE

❖ AIM’S/OBJECTIVES: - To determine the compressive strength of concrete,

with it given properties and proportion [however at an assigned day I.e.
7days of curing as specified to our group (0)]
- To achieve 65% compressive strength of
concrete cubes curred for 7days with a characteristic’s strength
fc (30Mpa) designed to a target strength fm (37Mpa or 37N/mm^2)

❖ APPARATUS: 1. 100mm cube mould 6. Weigh balance

2. Grease (mould oil) 7. Temperature control curring
3. Trowel tank
4. Electrical concrete mixer 8. Compressing strength testing
5. Tamping rod machine

❖ SPECIMEN: A) Cement C) Fine aggregate

B) Water D) Coarse aggregate
❖ DRAWING:

An Electric Concrete Mixer

 100mm cube mould

Compressing strength testing machine

Temperature control concrete curing tank

 ❖ PROCEDURE:
i. Calculate the constituent concrete material required for preparing the
concrete of given proportions.
CONCRETE MIX – DESIGN USING NIGERIA METHOD

Given data: i. characteristics strength 30Mpa iv. Fine agg. passing 600micron
ii. Grade 42.5 OPC v. Slump range 30 – 60mm
iii. 20mm crushed granite C/agg.
Step 1. Determination of target mean strength: where; fc = 30Mpa
Using fm = fc + ks k= 1.64
fm = 30 + (1.64 x 4) s(standard deviation) = 4
fm = 30 + 6.564
fm = 36.564
Step 2. Determination of water cement ratio: From Nigeria concrete mix
design manual on fig. 4.1, traced to 42.5 On 37Mpa gives, W/C = 0.55
Step 3. Determination of water content: From Nigeria concrete mix manual, on
table 5 using 20mm max coarse aggregate (crushed type) and achieve a 30 –
60mm slump at fresh state, hence WATER CONTENT = 210kg/m^3
Step 4. Determination of cement content:
Using, CEMENT CONTENT = water content / water-cement ratio
= 210kg/m^3 / 0.55
= 381.8181, = 380kg/m^3
Step 5. Determination of aggregate content: The manual recommends fresh
density of NSC to be taken as 2400kg/m^3, hence
Total Aggregate Content (TAC) = Fresh density of concrete –
Wt. of (water + cement + air)
 T.A.C = 2400 – (210 + 380)
T.A.C = 1810kg/m^3
From fig. 4.4 of the manual; (using upper limit of 20mm) gives proportion of
F/agg. = 35% passing 600micron sieve size
Therefore F/agg. content = (35/100) x 1810
= 0.35 x 1810
= 634kg/m^3
C/agg. content = T.A.C – F/agg. content
= 1810 – 634
= 1176kg/m^3
TRIAL MIX material quantities to be used as shown below;

WATER = 210 kg/m^3

CEMENT = 380 kg/m^3

FINE AGGREGATE = 634 kg/m^3

COARSE AGGREGATE = 1174 kg/m^3

ii. mix then thoroughly in a concrete mixer, we make used of an electric

concrete mixer, mixing until uniform colour is obtained/observed

iii. poor concrete in greased 100mm cube mould

iv. fill concrete in two layers and tamp at least 35blow

v. struck of concrete flush at top of mould

vi. level the concrete at top of the mould with trowel and give proper indication
on each cube
vii. after 24hr, we removed the specimen from the mould and curred in water
for 7days as assigned to our group, then crushed at 7th day to get compressive
strength at day 7

NOTE: SLUMP TEST: [After the trial mix concrete was made, following slump
procedure we carried out slump test of the concrete which values is 40mm, thus
falling in the range of 30mm – 60mm as calculated in the mix design].

❖ RESULT:
MIX DESIGN TABLE (USING GRADE 42.5 cement)

S/N ITEM UNITS

Material Data

Cement Grade: 42.5

Aggregate type: Coarse Crushed

Aggregate type: Fine Uncrushed

STEP 1.

1.1 Characteristics strength Mpa 30

1.2 Standard deviation Mpa 4

1.3 Marging Mpa 6.564

1.4 Target mean strength Mpa 36.564

STEP 2.

2.1 Free water/cement ratio 0.55

2.2 Maximum free water/cement ratio nill

 STEP 3.

3.1 Slump mm 30 - 60

3.2 Maximum aggregate size mm 20

3.3 Free – water content Kg/m^3 210

STEP 4.

4.1 Cement content Kg/m^3 380

4.2 Max. cement content Kg/m^3 nill

4.3 Min. cement content Kg/m^3 nill

4.4 Modified free water/cement ratio

STEP 5.

5.1 Concrete density Kg/m^3 2400

5.2 Proportion of fine aggregate % 35

5.3 Fine aggregate content Kg/m^3 634

5.4 Coarse aggregate content Kg/m^3 1176

Trial mixes 100mm

cube

WATER (kg) 9.030

CEMENT (kg) 16.340

FINE AGGREGATE (kg) 27.262

COARSE AGGREGATE (kg) 50.568

Cal; Note: Add or we add 20% the trial mix quantities for every 1m^3 to kg using
36 no of 100mm cube size
100mm / 1000m = 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1 x 36
= 0.001 x 36
= 0.036 x [100+20 / 100]
= 0.036 x 1.2
= 0.0432m^3
Water = 210 x 0.043 = 9.030kg, Cement = 380 x 0.043 = 16.34kg,
Fine agg. = 634 x 0.043 = 27.262kg, Coarse agg. = 1176 x 0.043 = 50.568kg

TESTING OF CONCRETE CUBE;

viii. take the cube out of water at the end of the seven (7) day as specified and
allow to dry off water on its surface.
Ix. Measure the weight of each specimen or cube and record according to its
Label or numbering
x. Turn on the compressing testing machine, set it to 0.00 digit reading and then
place the cube in the machine and apply the load uniformly

xi. Note the load/crushing force (KN) at which the cube fail, we carry out same
procedure for each cube and record it value respectively.

xii. calculating the compressive strength of each using formula P/A where; P is
load of crushing force in newton(N) and A is the area in mm, of loaded surface
of the cube.
 Specimen 1: = 2.485kg / 0.1x0.1x0.1m^3
= 2485kg/m^3
Specimen 2: = 2.473kg / 0.1x0.1x0.1m^3
= 2473kg/m^3
Specimen 3: = 2.502kg / 0.1x0.1x0.1m^3
= 2502kg/m^3

Average density = (2485 + 2473 + 2502) / 3

= 7460 / 3

= 2486.67kg/m^3

Compressive strength in N/mm^2:

= Crushing Force / Area
Specimen 1. = (173.6 x 1000) / 100X100
= 17.36N/mm^2
Specimen 2. = (228.7 x 1000) / 100x100
= 22.87N/mm^2
Specimen 3. = (159.4 x 1000) / 100x100
= 15.94N/mm^2

Average compressive strength @ 7days:

= (17.36+22.87+15.94) / 3
= 56.17 / 3
= 18.72N/mm^2
❖ OBSERVATION: Table 1. compressive strength of concrete @ 7day

S/N Weight Crushing Density Average Compressive Compressive

(kg) force (kg/m^3) density strength strength
(KN) (kg/m^3) (N/mm^2) (N/mm^2)

1. 2.485 173.6 2485 17.36

2. 2.473 228.7 2473 2486.67 22.87 18.72

3. 2.502 159.4 2502 15.94

➢ Therefore, the compressive strength of concrete at the end of 7days

is averagely/apparently 19N/mm^2

Table showing the strength of concrete at different ages in

comperism with the strength at 28 days after casting
Age Strength percent

1 day 16%

3 day 40%

7 day 65%

14 day 90%

28 day 99%

Target strength of concrete 36.56 = 37N/mm^2 at 7day, 65% target

strength = (37N/mm^2 x 65) / 100
= 24N/mm^2
Where as from table, average compressive strength at 7day =
19N/mm^2
❖ PRECUATION: i. we ensure accurate calculation of it mix design
ii. we acquire a satisfactory slump value
iii. we ensure or make room for good curring of concrete
iv. proper mixing and state of order in pouring concrete
v. appropriate water/cement ratio

❖ CONCLUSION: After we finish conducting this experiment, we conclude

that the concrete cubes at 7days do not meet the desirable 65% of target
strength of concrete where

Target strength of concrete = 37Mpa, Compressive strength a 7day =

19N/mm^2, 65% of target strength = 24N/mm^2
This is due to some factors such as air void, poor workmanship such as
improper compacting measure and exposed to weather and environment.

❖ RECOMMENDATION: The following recommendation are

- It’s very important to adhere to water – cement ratio in concrete mix
design
- Water – cement ratio of 0.55 is suitable for concrete, mix of 42.5 cement
grade, 20mm C/agg size crushed type, F/agg passing 600micron, at a
characteristic’s strength of 30Mpa.
- It is recommended to adhere to accurate value of calculated constituent
element or quantities.