JANUARY 16, 2023

THE
REPRODUCTION OF
ANIMALS
ANIMALS PORTFOLIO
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a

single parent. The new individuals produced are genetically and physically identical to each
other, i.e., they are the clones of their parents. Asexual reproduction is observed in both
multicellular and unicellular organisms.

Asexual Reproduction Examples

Asexual reproduction takes place in different ways. The different asexual reproduction examples
include:

Binary Fission

 In this type of reproduction, parent cell divides into two equal parts each containing a
nucleus. These are called daughter cells. The daughter cells are genetically and physically
similar to the parent cell. This type of asexual reproduction can be seen in organisms such as
amoeba, bacteria, euglena, etc.

Budding

 Budding is another method of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an
outgrowth from the parent body known as a bud. These derive nutrition from the parent for
growth and development. Once grown, the new organism detaches from the parent body.
This process is called budding. This types of reproduction can be seen in Hydra.

Fragmentation

 This type of asexual reproduction is exhibited by Planaria. In this, the parent body breaks into
several pieces where each piece grows into a new individual. The detachment of the body
parts is intentional.

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 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Binary fission

-Single parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides into two cells.

Organisms which reproduce through binary fission:

 PROKARYOTES
Scientific name: Prokaryotes
 The DNA of a prokaryote exists as as a single, circular
chromosome. Prokaryotes do not undergo mitosis; rather
the chromosome is replicated and the two resulting copies
separate from one another, due to the growth of the cell.
Prokaryotes reproduce through a cell division process
called binary fission. Like mitosis in eukaryotes, this
process involves copying the chromosome and separating
one cell into two.

 PROTOZOANS
Scientific name: Protozoa
 Protozoa are a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either
free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as
other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. The
most common form of reproduction in protozoa is asexual
binary fission. In other words, a single organism will divide
into two equal organisms

 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
Scientific name:
 Eukaryotic cells may contain several other types of
organelles, which may include mitochondria, chloroplasts,
the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and
lysosomes. Each of these organelles performs a specific
function critical to the cell's survival. Organelles such as
these in eukaryotes also divide by binary fission. If the
contain DNA the DNA is replicated, such as in
mitochondria and chloroplasts, and then the organelle
elongates and divides in two.

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BUDDING

- Small growth on surface of parent breaks off, resulting in the formation of two individuals.

Organisms which reproduce through Budding:

YEAST
Scientific name: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

 Yeast usually asexually reproduce by a method called

budding. A small knob or bud forms on the parent cell,
grows, and finally separates to become a new yeast
cell. This new yeast cell is genetically identical to the
parent cell.

HYDRA
Scientific name: Hydra

 The common asexual method of reproduction by

hydras is budding. Hydra is a genus of small
freshwater organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and
class Hydrozoa. They are native to the temperate and
tropical regions.

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FRAGMENTATION

-Organisms break into two or more fragments that develop into a new individual .

Organisms which reproduce through fragmentation:

STARFISH
Scientific name: Asteroidea

 Starfish exhibit an asexual mode of reproduction

through binary fission and regeneration. Starfish
is a bisexual organism and undergoes
regeneration as a method for asexual
reproduction. In binary fission, the parent
organism's cell divides exactly into two
genetically identical daughter cells.

SPONGE
Scientific name: Porifera

 Sponges reproduce by both asexual and sexual

means. Most poriferans that reproduce by sexual
means are hermaphroditic and produce eggs
and sperm at different times. Sponges that
reproduce asexually produce buds or, more
often, gemmules, which are packets of several
cells of various types inside a protective
covering. Fresh water sponges of the
Spongillidae often produce gemmules prior to
winter.

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Sexual reproduction, the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic

information of two individuals of different sexes. In most species the genetic information is
carried on chromosomes in the nucleus of reproductive cells called gametes, which then fuse
to form a diploid zygote. Fertilization, the union of egg and sperm cells, could happen
internally or externally.

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
 External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism's sperm fertilizes a
female organism's egg outside of the female's body. It is contrasted with internal fertilization,
in which sperm are introduced via insemination and then combine with an egg inside the
body of a female organism.

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
 Internal fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm cell during sexual reproduction inside
the female body. Internal fertilization, unlike its counterpart, external fertilization, brings more
control to the female with reproduction.

 Oviparity
- expulsion of undeveloped eggs rather than live young. The eggs may have been
fertilized before release, as in birds and some reptiles, or are to be fertilized
externally, as in amphibians and many lower forms.

 Ovoviviparity
- ovoviviparity or aplacental viviparity is a term used as a "bridging" form of
reproduction between egg-laying oviparous and live-bearing viviparous
reproduction. Ovoviviparous animals possess embryos that develop inside eggs
that remain in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.
-
 Viviparity
- retention and growth of the fertilized egg within the maternal body until the young
animal, as a larva or newborn, is capable of independent existence. The growing
embryo derives continuous nourishment from the mother, usually through a
placenta or similar structure.

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 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

OVIPARITY

- expulsion of undeveloped eggs rather than live young. The eggs may have been fertilized
before release, as in birds and some reptiles, or are to be fertilized externally, as in
amphibians and many lower forms.

Organism which reproduce through oviparity:

CLOWNFISH
Scientific name: Amphiprioninae

 Clownfish are oviparous, meaning the females lay

eggs that are fertilized by males externally. The
female clownfish shows signs to indicate that she
is about to lay eggs. The ocellaris clownfish, also
known as the false percula clownfish or common
clownfish, is a marine fish belonging to the family
Pomacentridae, which includes clownfishes and
damselfishes. Amphiprion ocellaris are found in
different colors, depending on where they are
located.

MILKSNAKE
Scientific name: Lampropeltis triangulum

 Milk snakes are oviparous, laying an average of

about 10 eggs per clutch, although that number
may vary by region. The milk snake mates from
early May to late June. In June and July, the
female lays three to 24 eggs beneath logs,
boards, rocks, and rotting vegetation. The eggs
are oval in shape, and white in color.

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 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

OVOVIVIPARITY

- ovivipary, or aplacental viviparity is a term used as a "bridging" form of reproduction between

egg-laying oviparous and live-bearing viviparous reproduction. Ovoviviparous animals
possess embryos that develop inside eggs that remain in the mother's body until they are
ready to hatch.

Organism which reproduce through ovoviviparity:

TIGER SHARK
Scientific name: Galeocerdo cuvier

 The tiger shark is the only species in its family that is

ovoviviparous; its eggs hatch internally and the young
are born live when fully developed. The tiger shark is a
species of requiem shark and the last extant member
of the family Galeocerdonidae. It is a large
macropredator, with females being capable of attaining
a length of over 5 m. Populations are found in many
tropical and temperate waters, especially around
central Pacific islands.

FROGS
Scientific name: Anura

 All frogs reproduce sexually–there are no known

species of asexual frogs. A frog is any member of a
diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied,
tailless amphibians composing the order Anura.

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 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

VIVIPARITY

- Viviparity, retention and growth of the fertilized egg within the maternal body until the young
animal, as a larva or newborn, is capable of independent existence. The growing embryo
derives continuous nourishment from the mother, usually through a placenta or similar
structure.

Organism which reproduce through viviparity:

LIONS
Scientific name: Panthera leo

 Like all mammals, the lion lifespan begins with

sexual reproduction. The lion is a large cat of the
genus Panthera native to Africa and India. It has a
muscular, broad-chested body; short, rounded
head; round ears; and a hairy tuft at the end of its
tail. It is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions are
larger than females and have a prominent mane.

BEARS
Scientific name: Ursidae

 Bears are one of the example of organism which

reproduce through viviparous. Bears are carnivoran
mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified
as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only
eight species of bears are extant, they are
widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats
throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in
the Southern Hemisphere.

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