Volleyball

INTRODUCTION

Volleyball, game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side,

in which the players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a
high net, trying to make the ball touch the court within the opponents’
playing area before it can be returned. To prevent this a player on the
opposing team bats the ball up and toward a teammate before it touches
the court surface—that teammate may then volley it back across the net
or bat it to a third teammate who volleys it across the net. A team is
allowed only three touches of the ball before it must be returned over the
net.

History
Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical director
of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke,
Massachusetts. It was designed as an indoor sport for businessmen who
found the new game of basketball too vigorous. Morgan called the sport
“mintonette,” until a professor from Springfield College in
Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the
name of “volleyball.”

Nature of the Game

● Volleyball is a game played by two (2) teams on a playing area
separated by a net
● The aim of the game is to transfer the ball over the net in order
to land on enemy’s court
● The ball is put in play with a service.
● Each team is given three (3) touches in addition to the block
contact to return the ball to the opponents court.
● The rally continues until the ball landed on the playing surface,
goes out, or a team fails to return it correctly or violation is
committed.
YEAR SIGNIFICANT EVENT

1896 ● “Mintonette" was changed to

"Volleyball" By Alfred T. Halstead

1900 ● Volleyball started to spread all over

the world through YMCA
● The point system was adapted

1910 ● Volleyball was introduced to the

Philippines by Elwood S. Brown

1912 ● The first set rules were presented

● The rotation system was adapted

1916 ● Philippine origin, the "set and Spike"

was introduced"

1917 ● The 15 point-system was adapted

1918 ● Each side was fixed to have six (6)

players at a time

1920 ● Philippine origin, the three (3) hits per

side was introduced
● the "back row rules" was introduced

1921 ● The center line was imposed

1924 ● Volleyball first exhibition game in

Olympics in Paris, France

1930s ● The birth year period of the 2-man

beach volleyball game (California,
USA)

1947 ● The Federation Internationale de

Volleyball (FIVB) was founded. The
highest governing body of Volleyball.

1948 ● The first beach volleyball tournament

was held on the beaches of California,
USA
 1964 ● Volleyball's first appearance in the
Olympics (Tokyo, Japan) as a
competition

1996 ● Beach volleyball's first appearance in

the Olympics (Atlanta, USA)

1998 ● The rally point system (25 points per

set) was introduced
● The incorporation of the Libero to the
team was introduced.

2000s ● Park volley was introduced ( a park

volleyball courts accommodating
players)
● The regulation of the 25-point system
was systematized
● The use of the libero was
systematized

Facility and Equipment

● Facility – It is the Venue or the area where the activity takes

place.
● Equipment – It is the Tangible items needed in a specific event.
The Volleyball Facility:
● Playing area – The whole space where a volleyball match takes
place. It includes the areas around the court (free zones) and
that above the net (free playing space)
● Play Surface – The flat horizontal Fixture (flooring) of the total
play area
● Play court – The part of the area wherein a match actually takes
place. It is bounded by the end lines and the sidelines.
 Volleyball Court

Court Dimension of
 Serving Order, Front Row and Back Row Players

Lines in the court:

The entire lines are 5cm wide. They must be white of color which is
different from the color of the ground and from any extra lines.

● Boundary Lines – Two sidelines and two end lines mark the
playing court. Both sidelines and end lines are drawn inside the
dimensions of the playing court.
● Center line – The axis of the center line divides the playing
court into two equal courts measuring 9m. This extends beneath
the net from sideline to sideline. cross the center line or it will be
called as violation)
● Attack lines – On each court, an attack line whose rear edge is
drawn 3 meter back from the axis of the center line, marks the
front zone.

Zones and Areas:

● Front zone/area – On each court the front zone is limited by the
axis of the corner line and the rear edge of the attack zone. The
front zone is considered to extend beyond the side lines to the
end of the free zone.
● Back zone – Back zone is the area form the attack line
extended to the end line/service line.
● Service zone – The service zone is a 9 meter wide area behind
each line. It is literally limited by two short lines, each 15 cm
 long, drawn 20cm behind the line as an extension of the side
lines. Both short lines are included in the width of the service
zone.
● Substitution zone/area – The substitution zone is limited by the
extension of both attack lines up to the scorer’s table.
● Libero replacement zone – The Libero replacement zone is
part of the free zone on the side of the team benches
● Free zone/Warm up area – The warm up areas, sized
approximately 3x3 meter, are located in both of the bench-side
corners.

Equipment in Volleyball:
● Post (2) – The Posts supporting the net are placed at a distance
of 0.50- 1.0m outside the sidelines. They are rounded and 2.55
high and preferably adjustable.
● Net (1) – Placed vertically over the center line. It is 1m wide and
9.5m long with 7cm horizontal band at its top and another 5cm
horizontal band at the bottom. 2 white bands are fastened
vertically to the net and placed directly above each sideline.
They are 5cm wide and 1m long and are considered as part of
the net. The height of the net for Men is 2.43m and 2.24m for
women.
● Antennae (2) - Are flexible rods, 1.8m long and 10mm in
diameter of fiber glass; placed/fastened at the outer edge of
each side band; stripped red and white; they delimit the crossing
space of the net.
● Ball (3) – The ball shall be spherical; made of flexible/synthetic
leather case with a bladder inside made of rubber or a similar
material. Official balls are colored blue and yellow.

Officiating Equipment
1) Flag lets (2-4): for the line judges
2) Whistles (2): 1 for each of the referee (1st) and the (2nd) referee
3) Sanction cards: red and yellow (1st) referee
4) Scorer’s table
5) Score sheets
6) Scoreboard
7) Referee’s stand
 Teams, Participants and Officials

Players Composition
Each team is composed of a minimum of (6) players and a maximum of
14 players, including the team captain and the 2 libero. It has 1 coach, 1
assistant coach/trainer, 1 chaperone in women team if the coach is male
and 1 team physician.

The Players
● RF – Right Front player
● CF – Center Forward Player
● LF – Left Forward Player
● RB – Right Back Player
● CB – Center Back Player
● LB – Left Back Player

● Excluding the Libero, they dress in the same color, design, etc.
of the groupuniform. The jersey numbered from 1-18 only.
● Their play equipment include: uniform jersey and short, socks,
and games shoes.
● Jersey numbers should be printed at the front and back of their
shirt. Shorts should also have numbers on the right side.
● During the competition, the participants are encouraged to sit on
the counter or stay at the warm-up zone. They shouldn’t obstruct
with the game.

1. The Team Captain

● He/she represents the squad in almost all matters regarding the
match
● His/her sport shirt shall have an underline for easy identification
● He/she signs the score sheet before and after the match for
approval of line-up and results.
● He/she is endorsed to request for usual intervention
(time-out/Sub)
● He/she treasury the right to assign a game captain if he/she is
out of the match or the court, and has the right to file a
complaint, if needed, after a match.
2. The Libero
● Is the “specialized defensive player of the team” plays defense
only.
● He/she wears a diverse color of the uniform, in contrast to the
rest of the group members.
● Is controlled to carry out as a back row performer.
● Has no chance to deliver an attack (either from the back or front
zones) when the ball is above the net.
● Is not permitted to serve, block or attempt to block.
● Substitutions involving libero are not recorded as usual
substitutions and such are unlimited. Such is called
“Replacement”. Can be replaced during dead ball only.
● An injured libero could be replaced regularly. The injured Libero
cannot re-enter the entire competition.
● Once a libero, (at the start), always a libero.

3. Coach
● Before a game, he/she submits and checks his/her squad
line-up of the score sheet and signs it for approval.
● He/she decide on the teams’ starting lineup (first 6)
● He/she may appeal for a time-out or substitution through 2nd the
referee.
● Before each set, he/she gives the 2nd referee/the scorer the
team’s serving order/starting line-up sheet.
● He/she planned the play of his/her team from exterior of the
court.
● He/she may give commands while standing or walking within the
free zone in front of the team bench, without interfering the
stream of the competition.

4. Assistant Coach
● He/she may sit on the team bench, but doesn’t have the right to
interfere in the game.
● In the nonappearance of the coach, he/she may presume the
coach’s functions upon approval of the 1st referee.

5. Team Physician
● He/she may sit on the team’s bench but doesn’t have the
privilege to interfere in the competition.
 ● His/her responsibility is to solely give medical attention or initial
aid to any player who has been injured during the match.

6. Chaperone
● she helps the players with regards to the personal female’s
concern
● she also helps facilitate the desires of the team.

The Game Officials

1. The First Referee
● Station in the referee’s stand on one end of the net. His/her
visualization must be on top of the net.
● Has the sole power of the flow of the match. Directs the entire
duration of the game.
● Decides fairly, with consistency, with confidence and makes the
final decisions
● May over rule the decisions of the officials.
● Conducts the toss coin before the (1st) set and the
● Deciding (5th) set and control the team warm-up.
● Authorized to sanction misconduct or delays of players or the
team.
● Focuses attention to the over-all playing actions- especially the
offensive side.
● when he/she whistles for liability, he/she will point out:
○ The group to serve after that.
○ The outlook of the fault that ended the rally.

2. Second Referee
● Position outside the playing area on the other side of the net
(opposite the 1st referee), near to the post. He/she faces the 1st
referee.
● Acts as an assistant to the 1st referee.
● Focuses his/her concentration to the guarding side.
● Supervises his/her range of jurisdiction regular interruptions,
libero replacements, and etc.
● At the start of each set, checks the placement of the participator
in the playing arena.
● May substitute the 1st referee if he/she (1st referee) is unable to
assume or continue duty.
● When he/she whistles for liability, he/she will point out:
 ○ The scenery of the liability that ended the rally
○ Points out the player at fault
○ The team to serve on succeeding

3. Scorer
● Situated at the area where the scorer’s
● Records, tallies and keeps all information regarding the whole
duration of the match.
● Players in and records the results of the toss. Reflects the team
line-up on the score sheets.
● Lets the team captain and coach of each team sign the score
sheet before and after the competition for verification
● Keeps the score sheets clear and presentable at all period.
Keeps officials documentations of the match.

4. The Line Judges

● Each standing at all corner of the playing area, approximately 1
meter from the lines.
● Perform duty with accurateness and alertness
● Use RED or YELLOW flags
● Focus attention and decide whether:
○ Ball lands inside the surface “IN”
○ Ball lands outside the surface “OUT”.

5. Ball Retrievers
● Are not officials but assistants in the competition. They are
positioned approximately in the playing area; inner part of the
free zones.
● Make sure they do not impede the pour of the game.
● Keep the balls secure, clean and automatically ready for
immediate use.
● Keeps balls systematically ready for any need of such in a
match.

Volleyball Rules and Regulations The Serve

The Serve
● Server must serve from behind the restraining line (end line )
until after contact.
● Ball may be served underhand, sidearm or overhand.
 ● Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve
● Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for
point.
● Serve must be returned by a bump only. no setting or attacking a
serve.

Scoring
● Rally scoring will be used.
● There will be a point scored on every score of the ball.
● Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds hit.
● Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or
serve into the net.
● Game will be played to 25 pts.
● Must win by 2 points.

ROTATION
● Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner.
● There shall be 6 players on each side.

PLAYING THE GAME ( VOLLEY )

● Maximum of three hits per side.
● Player may not hit the ball twice in succession ( A block is not
considered a hit )
● A ball touching a boundary line is good.
● A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player body above and
including the waist which does not allow the ball to visibly come
to a rest.
● Switching positions will be allowed only between front line
players. (After the serve only ).

BASIC VIOLATIONS
● Stepping on or over the line on a serve.
● Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
● Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in
play- If the ball is driven into the net with such force that it
causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be
called, and the ball shall continue to be in play.
 Basic Skills of Volleyball
Like most sports, volleyball requires every player to get excellent at
some basic skills before they can truly shine at the sport. Here are the
seven (7) basic skills you absolutely need to master to be a competent
volleyball player - then on your approach to being an expert.

1. Basic Stance
2. Passing/Volleying
3. Setting/Tossing
4. Serving
5. Spiking
6. Blocking
7. Digging

Basic Stance
● Assume a crouched position, feet apart, knees bent, weight
evenly distributed on both feet, heels raised slightly.

Passing/Volleying
● To receive the ball properly, to transfer the ball to a teammate, or
to leave the ball to the opponent’s court. One can obtain the ball
pending from a serve, a spike or a block using this skill.

Setting/Tossing
● To throw the ball for a spike or attack using the finger tips.

Serving
● is characterized as putting the ball in play from the service
zone/area.
● Types of Service:
○ Underhand Serve
○ Sidearm Serve
○ Overhead Serve
○ Jump Serve
○ Float Serve

Spiking/Attacking
● is characterized as directing/hitting the ball on top of the net
towards the opponent’s surface. It is accomplished when the ball
totally crosses on top of the net or is handled by a foe. This skill
 involves a great covenant of jumping ability and arm power, as
well as constant correct practice.

Blocking
● is characterized as having a participant close up to the net,
intercepting the ball coming from an opponent’s attack. It is a
suspicious maneuver against the spiked ball. This skill requires
jumping skills, balance and a package of practice.

Digging
● Conveying the ball from hitting the floor by sliding or diving off
the surface. It is a difficult save of the ball that needs constant
practice.
 Volleyball Terms
● ACE- A serve that is not passable and results immediately in a
point.
● ANTENNA- The vertical rods (normally white and red) mounted
near the edges of the net. The antennas are mounted directly
above the sidelines and are not-in-play. Antennas are not usually
used on outdoor nets.
● APPROACH- Fast stride toward the net by a spiker before he
jumps in the air.
● ASSIST- Passing or setting the ball to a teammate who attacks
the ball for a kill. This stat is normally only logged for high
school, college, and National/Olympic team play.
● ATTACK- The offensive action of hitting the ball. The attempt by
one team to terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on
the opponent’s side.
● ATTACK BLOCK- Receiving players’ aggressive attempt to
block a spiked ball before it crosses the net.
● ATTACK ERROR- An unsuccessful attack which does one of the
following:
1) the ball lands out of bounds,
2) the ball goes into the net and terminates play or goes
into the net on the third hit,
3) the ball is blocked by the opposition for a point or side
out,
4) the attacker is called for a center line violation, or
5) the attacker is called for illegal contact (lift, double hit...)
on the attack.
● ATTACKER- Also “hitter” or “spiker.” A player who attempts to hit
a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or
her team’s favor.
● ATTACK LINE- A line 3m from the net that separates the front
row players from the back row players. Commonly referred to as
the “10-foot line.”
● BACKCOURT- The area from the end line to the attack line.
● BACK SET-A set delivered behind the setter’s back, which is
subsequently hit by an attacker.
● BACK ROW ATTACK- When a back row player attacks the ball
by jumping from behind the 3m line before hitting the ball. If the
 back row player steps on or past the 3m line during take-off, the
attack is illegal.
● BEACH DIG – An open hand receive of the ball, also called a
“Deep Dish”
● BLOCK – A defensive play by one or more players mean to
deflect a spiked ball back to the hitter’s court. It may be a
combination of one, two or three players jumping in front of the
opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.
● BUMP – a common term for forearm passing.
● BALL HANDLING ERROR – Any time the official calls
○ a double hit, a thrown ball or a lift (except on a serve
reception
○ or attack). For our purposes, this category also includes
○ any blocking errors (when an official calls a blocker for
○ a violation such as going into the net, centerline
violation,
○ reaching over the net, etc.).
● BUMP PASS – The use of joined forearms to pass or set a ball
in an underhand manner.
● CAMPFIRE – A ball that falls to the floor in an area that’s
surrounded by two, three, four or more players. At the instant
after the ball hits the floor, it appears as if the players are
encircling and staring at a campfire.
● CENTER LINE – The boundary that runs directly under the net
and divides the court into two equal halves.
● CLOSING THE BLOCK – The responsibility of the assisting
blocker(s) to join the primary blocker and create an impenetrable
block in which a ball cannot fit between the two individual
blockers.
● CROSS COURT SHOT – An individual attack directed at an
angle from one end of the offensive team’s side of the net to the
opposite sideline of the defensive team’s court.
● CUT SHOT – A spike from the hitter’s strong side that travels at
a sharp angle across the net.
● DECOY – An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker who
will receive the set.
● DEEP SET – Set to be hit away from the net to confuse or
disrupt the timing of the blockers.
● DIG – Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of
passing an attacked ball close to the floor.
● DINK – A legal push of the ball around or over blockers.
● DOUBLE BLOCK – Two players working in unison to deflect an
attacked ball at the net back to the hitter’s side.
● DOUBLE HIT – Successive hits or contacts by the same player.
(Illegal)
● DOUBLE QUICK – Two hitters approaching the setter for a
quick inside hit.
● DOUBLES – A game with two players on each side, most
commonly played on a sand court.
● DOWN BALL – A ball the blockers elect not to attempt to block
because it has been set too far from the net or the hitter is not
under control. A “Down Ball” is hit overhand and driven over the
net with topspin while the player remains standing. “Down Ball,”
is usually called aloud by the defense when it becomes apparent
the attacker has no chance of hitting a powerful spike.
● FIVE-ONE – A 6-player offensive system that uses five hitters
and one setter.
● FIVE SET – A back set to the right front hitter.
● FLARE – Inside-out path of an outside spiker who hid behind a
quick hitter.
● FLOATER – A serve which does not spin or rotate and therefore
moves in an erratic path. This is similar to a “knuckle ball” pitch
in baseball.
● FOREARM PASS – Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists
and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an
underhand motion.
● FOUL – A violation of the rules.
● FOUR SET – A set 1′ from the sideline, and 1’ to 2′ above the
net.
● FOUR-TWO – A 6-player offensive system using four hitters and
two setters.
● FREE BALL – A ball that will be returned by a pass rather than
a spike. This is usually called aloud by the defense instructing
players to move into serve receive positions.
● HELD BALL – A ball that comes to rest during contact resulting
in a foul.
● HIT – To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.
● HITTER – Also “spiker” or “attacker”
● HITTING PERCENTAGE – kills vs. attempts
● INSIDE SHOOT – A playset or a 33.
● ISOLATION PLAY – Designed to isolate the attacker on a
specific defender, normally to exploit a weakness or give a hitter
a chance to hit against a single block.
● JUNGLE BALL – Any volleyball game with people who don’t
really know how to play volleyball. A common euphemism for
this type of game is “Picnic Volleyball.”
● JUMP SERVE – A serve that is started by the server tossing the
ball into the air and jumping into and hitting the ball in its
downward motion.
● JOUST – When 2 opposing players are simultaneously
attempting to play a ball above the net.
● KEY – To predict a team’s next play by observation of patterns
or habits.
● KILL – An attack that results in an immediate point or side out.
● LINE – The marks that serve as boundaries of a court.
● LINE SHOT – A ball spiked down an opponent’s sideline, closest
to the hitter and outside the block.
● LET SERVE – A serve that contacts the net. If the ball dribbles
over, it’s playable just like any other ball that contacts the net on
the way over. If the ball fails to clear the net, it will become dead
when it either hits the serving team’s court, or is contacted by a
player on the serving team.
● MIDDLE-BACK – A defensive system that uses the middle back
player to cover deep spikes.
● MIDDLE-UP – A defensive system that uses the middle back
player to cover dinks or short shots.
● MINTONETTE– The original name of the game of volleyball,
created by William Morgan.
● MULTIPLE OFFENSE – A system of play using different types of
sets other than just normal outside sets.
● OFFSIDE BLOCK – Player at the net, which is on the side away
from the opponent’s attack.
● OFF-SPEED HIT – Any ball spiked with less than maximum
force but with spin.
● OUTSIDE HITTER – a left-front or right-front attacker normally
taking an approach which starts from outside the court
● OVERHAND PASS – A pass executed with both hands open,
controlled by the fingers and thumbs, played just above the
forehead.
● OVERHAND SERVE – Serving the ball and striking it with the
hand above the shoulder.
● OVERLAP – refers to the positions of the players in the rotation
prior to the contact of the ball when serving.
● PANCAKE – A one-handed defensive technique where the hand
is extended and the palm is slid along the floor as the player
dives or extension rolls, and timed so that the ball bounces off
the back of the hand.
● PASS see “Forearm Pass
● PENETRATION – The act of reaching across and breaking the
plane of the net during blocking.
● POINT OF SERVICE – A serve that results in a point (an ace by
NCAA standards) as the serve is not returnable due to a bad
pass by the receiver, this number includes aces.
● POWER ALLEY – A cross-court hit traveling away from the
spiker to the farthest point of the court.
● POWER TIP – A ball that is pushed or directed with force by an
attacking team.
● POWER VOLLEYBALL – A competitive style of volleyball
started by the Japanese.
● QUICK – a player approaching the setter for a quick inside hit
● QUICK SET – a set (usually 2’ above the net) in which the hitter
is approaching the setter, and may even be in the air, before the
setter delivers the ball. This type of set requires precise timing
between the setter and hitter.
● READY POSITION – The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a
player assumes before moving to contact the ball.
● RECEPTION ERROR – A serve that a player should have been
able to return, but results in an ace (and only in the case of an
ace). If it is a “husband/wife” play (where the ball splits the two
receivers), the receiving team is given the reception error
instead of an individual.
● RED CARD – a severe penalty in which an official displays a red
card. The result of a red card may be a player is disqualified, the
team loses the serve, or the team loses a point. A red card may
be given with or without a prior yellow card as a warning; it is up
to the official’s discretion.
● ROLL – a certain way to pass a ball in which the digger, or
passer lays out an arm, passes the ball, and rolls over the
shoulder (over the shoulder roll) or back (barrel roll) after
 passing the ball. This is a quick way to return to action after the
play.
● ROOF – A ball that when spiked is blocked by a defensive
player such that the ball deflects straight to the floor on the
attacker’s side.
● ROTATION – The clockwise movement of players around the
court and through the serving position following a side out.
● SERVE – One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into
play. It is the only skill controlled exclusively by one player.
● SERVER – The player who puts the ball into play.
● SERVICE ERROR – An unsuccessful serve in which one or
more of the following occurs: 1) the ball hits the net or fails to
clear the net, 2) the ball lands out of bounds, or 3) the server
commits a foot fault.
● SERVICE WINNER – A point the serving team scores when this
player has served the ball. The point can be an immediate (in
the case of an ace) or delayed (a kill or opponent attack error
after a long rally). Therefore, the sum of the team’s service
winners equals their score.
● SET – The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point
where a player can spike it into the opponent’s court.
● SETTER – the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball
who “sets” the ball with an “Overhand Pass” for a teammate to
hit. The setter normally runs the offense.
● SIDE OUT – Occurs when the receiving team successfully puts
the ball away against the serving team, or when the serving
team commits an unforced error, and the receiving team thus
gains the right to serve.
● SIX PACK – Occurs when a blocker gets hit in the head or face
by a spiked ball.
● SIX-TWO – A 6-player offense using 2 setters opposite one
another in the rotation. Setter 1 becomes a hitter upon rotating
into the front row as setter 2 rotates into the back row and
becomes the setter.
● SPIKE – Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a
player on the offensive team who intends to terminate the ball on
the opponent’s floor or off the opponent’s blocker.
● STRONG SIDE – When a right-handed hitter is hitting from the
left-front position or when a left-handed hitter is hitting from the
right-front position.
● STUFF – A ball that is deflected back to the attacking team’s
floor by the opponent’s blockers. A slang term for “block.”
● TURNING IN – the act of an outside blocker turning his/her body
into the court so as to ensure the blocked ball is deflected into
the court and lands in-bounds.
● UNDERHAND SERVE – a serve in which the ball is given a
slight under-hand toss from about waist high and then struck
with the opposite closed fist in an “underhand pitching” motion.
● WEAK SIDE – When a right-handed player is hitting from
right-front position or when a left-handed player is hitting from
the left-front position.
● WIPE – when a hitter pushes the ball off of the opposing block
so it lands out of bounds
● YELLOW CARD – a warning from an official indicated by the
display of a yellow card. Any player or coach who receives two
yellow cards in a match is disqualified. A single yellow card does
not result in loss of point or serve.