Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 18 views

    Laminar and Turbulent

    Uploaded by

    Tanusha Choudhary
    The document discusses heat transfer through three main topics: 1) Contact resistance - when two materials are pressed together, only a small contact area allows heat transfer, resulting in contact resistance. The resistance depends on surface roughness and pressure. 2) Convection heat transfer - heat transfer due to fluid motion, including natural convection from density changes and forced convection from external forces like pumps. 3) Laminar and turbulent flow heat transfer - equations provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for laminar flow in pipes with Reynolds number below 2100 and turbulent flow above 6000.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Laminar and Turbulent

    Uploaded by

    Tanusha Choudhary
    18 views15 pages
    The document discusses heat transfer through three main topics: 1) Contact resistance - when two materials are pressed together, only a small contact area allows heat transfer, resulting in contact resistance. The resistance depends on surface roughness and pressure. 2) Convection heat transfer - heat transfer due to fluid motion, including natural convection from density changes and forced convection from external forces like pumps. 3) Laminar and turbulent flow heat transfer - equations provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for laminar flow in pipes with Reynolds number below 2100 and turbulent flow above 6000.

    Original Title

    laminar and turbulent

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses heat transfer through three main topics: 1) Contact resistance - when two materials are pressed together, only a small contact area allows heat transfer, resulting in contact resistance. The resistance depends on surface roughness and pressure. 2) Convection heat transfer - heat transfer due to fluid motion, including natural convection from density changes and forced convection from external forces like pumps. 3) Laminar and turbulent flow heat transfer - equations provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for laminar flow in pipes with Reynolds number below 2100 and turbulent flow above 6000.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views15 pages

    Laminar and Turbulent

    Uploaded by

    Tanusha Choudhary
    The document discusses heat transfer through three main topics: 1) Contact resistance - when two materials are pressed together, only a small contact area allows heat transfer, resulting in contact resistance. The resistance depends on surface roughness and pressure. 2) Convection heat transfer - heat transfer due to fluid motion, including natural convection from density changes and forced convection from external forces like pumps. 3) Laminar and turbulent flow heat transfer - equations provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients for laminar flow in pipes with Reynolds number below 2100 and turbulent flow above 6000.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 15

    Heat Transfer in Laminar

    and Turbulent Flows


    Contact resistance, convection heat transfer, equation
    for laminar and turbulent flow
    (R.R)
    Contact resistance at an interface
    When a junction is formed by pressing two similar or dissimilar materials
    together, only a small fraction of the nominal surface area is actually in contact
    because of the nonflatness and roughness of the contacting surfaces. If a heat flux
    is imposed across the junction, the uniform flow of heat is generally restricted to
    conduction through the contact spots.
    Contact resistance at an interface
    The limited number and size of the contact spots results in an actual contact area
    which is significantly smaller than the apparent contact area. This limited contact
    area causes a thermal resistance, the contact resistance or thermal contact resistance.

    The interface resistance is a complex function of the roughness of the two


    surfaces, the pressure applied to hold the surfaces in contact, the interface
    temperature and the interface fluid.

    Approximately,

    Where hc is contact resistance coefficient, ΔT is temperature drop across the contact


    resistance, Rc is the contact resistance and Δx is maximum gap between the surfaces.
    Contact Resistance
    ΔT ＝ Ti1-Ti2
    T1
    Rc ＝ ΔT/q Ti1

    Where Rc is contact resistance (K/W), ΔT is


    Ti2
    temperature drop across the contact T2
    resistance (K), heat flow across (W).

    When Rc has a unit of m2K/W,

    Rc ＝ ΔT/(q/A)
    Numerical
    Two large aluminium slabs (K ＝ 240 W/mK) each 2 cm thick with 105 N/m2 with
    temperatures 390 and 406 °C. The thermal contact resistance is 2.75 x 10-4
    m2K/W. Find the contact temperatures and the temperature drop due to contact
    resistance.
    T1
    T1 T2 K1 ＝ K2 ＝ 240 W/mK
    K1 K2 Ti1
    T1 ＝ 406 °C, T2 ＝ 390 °C
    x1 ＝ x2 ＝ 2 cm ＝ 0.02 m Ti2
    T2
    Pi ＝105 N/m2
    Rc ＝2.75 x 10-4 m2K/W
    T1 T2 q ＝ ΔT/(R1 + Rc + R2)

    K1 K2 R1 ＝ R2＝ x/kA ＝ 0.02/240A K/W

    R1 RC R2 q ＝ (406-390)/(0.02/240A + Rc/A + 0.02/240A)

    q/A ＝ (406-390)/(0.02/240 + Rc + 0.02/240)

    q/A ＝ (406-390)/(0.02/240 + 2.75 x 10-4 + 0.02/240)

    q/A ＝ 3.67 x 104 W/m2

    Rc ＝ ΔTi/(q/A) ΔTi ＝ Rc x (q/A) ΔTi ＝ 10.0925 °C


    T1 T2
    R ∝ ΔT
    K1 K2
    Ri/Rover ＝ ΔTi/ΔTover
    R1 RC R2

    Ri/Rover ＝ (406 - Ti1)/(406-390) Ri/Rover ＝ (Ti2 - 390)/(406-390)

    Ti1 ＝ 402.979 °C Ti2 ＝ 393.216 °C


    Convection heat transfer
    Natural Convection

    Fluid motion due to density changes


    in heat transfer.

    Forced Convection

    Fluid is forced to flow by pressure


    differences (a pump, a fan etc.)
    Temperature profile for heat transfer by
    convection from one fluid to another
    Thermal Conductivity (k) Thermal Diffusivity (𝛼)
    Measure of ability of a body to Ratio of thermal conductivity of a
    conduct heat. body to its volumetric heat capacity
    (i.e. heat required to raise the
    Higher the value of k, faster is the
    temperature of unit volume).
    rate of conduction through a body.
    𝛼 ＝ k/𝜌cp

    High value of 𝛼 indicates faster heat


    conduction and lower volumetric
    heat capacity.
    Prandtl Number (NPR)
    ＝Kinemetic Viscosity/Thermal Diffusivity

    ＝v/𝛼
    ＝(μ/𝜌)/(k/𝜌cp) ＝μcp/k

    Nusselt Number (NNu)


    ＝hDe/k
    Heat transfer for laminar flow inside pipe

    Heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow inside pipe:

    NRe < 2100 Laminar Flow

    2100 < NRe < 6000 Transition Flow

    NRe > 6000 Fully Turbulent Flow


    Equations for different flows
    Laminar Flow inside horizontal tubes or pipes (NRe < 2100)
    D ＝ Pipe diameter
    L ＝ Pipe length
    μb ＝Fluid viscosity at
    bulk average temperature
    μw＝Viscosity at wall temperature
    cp＝Specific heat capacity
    ha＝Average heat transfer coefficient

    Tw ＝Wall temperature
    Tbi＝Inlet bulk fluid temperature
    Tbi＝Outlet bulk fluid temperature
    Equations for different flows
    Turbulent Flow inside horizontal tubes or pipes (NRe > 6000)

    D ＝ Pipe diameter
    μb ＝Fluid viscosity at
    bulk average temperature
    μw＝Viscosity at wall temperature
    hL＝Heat transfer coefficient based
    on log mean driving force ΔTlm
    For turbulent flow
    Thank You!

    You might also like