KNS 2591 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3

TITLE

F3 – Impact Of A Jet

INTRODUCTION

When water with steady velocity strikes a surface, the water will deflected to flow
along the surface. Unlike the impact of solid bodies, there is no rebound and unless
the flow is highly turbulent, there will be no splashing (Mohanty, 1994). If assumed
that there are no losses due to shocks then the magnitude of the water velocity is
unchanged, the pressure produced by the water on the surface will be at right angles
to the surface.

The momentum equation based on Newton’s second law of motion states a mass that
is accelerated required a force that is equal to the product of the mass and acceleration
(Yunus and John, 2014). The external forces include the component of the weight of
the fluid and of the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of control
volume. If a vertical water jet moving with velocity made to strike a vane which is at
stationary, force will be exerted on the target by the impact of jet.

Applying momentum equation, force exerted by the jet on the vane, F is given by

F=ρQ ∆ V ( 1−cos θ )

Where,

F=Force of impact by the jet on the vane

Q=Flow rate

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∆ V =Change∈Velocity

THEORY

When the nozzle is below the target, the impact of the velocity will be less than the
nozzle due to interchanges between potential energy and kinetic energy. Applying the
Bernoulli equation between nozzle and vane:

( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
Pn Vn Pi Vi
+ + ( Z n )= + +( Z i )
γ 2g γ 2g

Since the jet is open to the atmosphere

( )( )
Pn
γ
−
Pi
γ
=0

Therefore, we can obtain the velocity impact of jet is

2 2
V i =V n−2 gh

Where h is the height of target above the nozzle exit.

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For the flat vane plane angle, θ is 90º. Therefore cos θ = 0

F
=1−cos θ=1
ρQ V i

The cone vane shape surface angle θ is 120º. Therefore cos θ = 0.5

F
=1−cos θ=0.5
ρQ V i

The Hemisphere vane shape angle is 180º. Therefore cos θ = - 1

F
=1−cos θ=2
ρQ V i

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OBJECTIVES

To determine the maximum possible value of force generated by a jet striking flat,
cone and hemisphere cup.

APPARATUS

Flat cup, cone cup, hemisphere cup, jockey weight.

Figure: The instrument

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PROCEDURES

1. The apparatus is leveled and the lever is brought to balance the position, as the
jockey weight is at the zero position.
2. The weight of jockey and the other perimeters of the instruments is noted.
3. The hemisphere surface cup is placed to the instruments. The volume of water
is set as a constant value.
4. The water then is inserted through the bench supply valve.
5. The process with different surfaces cups is repeated five times using the given
distance.
6. The distance for hemisphere surface cup is 240mm, 220mm, 200mm, 180mm
and 160mm. The time is taken for each distances.
7. This process repeated with cone surface cup with distance of 220mm, 200mm,
180mm, 160mm and 140mm, while with flat surface cup is 110mm, 100mm,
90mm, 80mm and 70mm.

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RESULT

1. Hemisphere surface

Volume Y Time ,t Q x 10−4 V1 V0 Force P

(m3) (mm) (s) (m3 /s ¿ (ms−1) (ms−1) (N) (N/m2 ¿
0.01 240 12.28 8.14 10.36 3.11 8.43 843.00
0.01 220 12.75 7.84 9.98 3.05 7.82 782.00
0.01 200 13.03 7.67 9.77 3.01 7.49 749.00
0.01 180 14.00 7.14 9.09 2.90 6.49 649.00
0.01 160 14.44 6.92 8.81 2.85 6.10 610.00

Flow rate can be determined by using volumetric method where the time taken
to collect 10 liters of water.

V
Q=
t
0.01
=
12.28
= 8.14 x 10−4 m3 /s

The velocity of the nozzle is can be determined by dividing the flow rates with
surface area of the nozzle which is 7.854 x10-5 m2.

Q
V1 =
A
−4
8.14 x 10
= −5
7.854 x 10
= 10.36 m s−1

The velocity of the V0 is slightly less than V1 because of the deceleration due
to gravity. The effect may be calculated from the expression below. By

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inserting the value of the height of the vane above the nozzle is 0.035 m and
will lead to result of following:

❑
V0 = √ V 1−2 gs
❑
= √(10.36)−2(9.81)(0.035)
= 3.11 m s−1

From the Newton’s Second Law, Momentum equation, the impact force of jet
on the surface of vane can be determined by using equation below, where the
density of water is 1000kg/m3.

F = ρQV1
= 1000(8.14 x 10-4)(10.36)
= 8.43 N

The pressure of water can be determined by dividing the force with surface
area of the hemisphere (which is 0.01m2) to indicated the pressure acting on
the vane.

F
P=
A
8.43
=
0.01
= 843 N¿ m2

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 2. Cone surface

Volume Y Time ,t Q x 10−4 V1 V0 Force P

(m3) (mm) (s) (m3 /s ¿ (ms−1) (ms−1) (N) (N/m2 ¿
0.01 220 11.32 8.83 11.24 3.25 9.92 1340.54
0.01 200 11.78 8.79 11.19 3.24 9.84 1329.73
0.01 180 12.09 8.27 10.52 3.13 8.70 1175.68
0.01 160 13.00 7.69 9.79 3.02 7.53 1017.58
0.01 140 13.41 7.46 9.50 2.97 7.09 958.11

Flow rate can be determined by using volumetric method where the time taken
to collect 10 liters of water.

V
Q=
t
0.01
=
11.32
= 8.83 x 10−4 m3 /s

The velocity of the nozzle is can be determined by dividing the flow rates with
surface area of the nozzle which is 7.854 x10-5 m2.

Q
V1 =
A
−4
8.83 x 10
= −5
7.854 x 10
= 11.24 m s−1

The velocity of the V0 is slightly less than V1 because of the deceleration due
to gravity. The effect may be calculated from the expression below. By
inserting the value of the height of the vane above the nozzle is 0.035 m and
will lead to result of following:

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 ❑
V0 = √ V 1−2 gs
❑
= √(11.24)−2(9.81)(0.035)
= 3.25 m s−1

From the Newton’s Second Law, Momentum equation, the impact force of jet
on the surface of vane can be determined by using equation below, where the
density of water is 1000kg/m3.

F = ρQV1
= 1000(8.83 x 10-4)(11.24)
= 9.92 N

The pressure of water can be determined by dividing the force with surface
area of the hemisphere (which is 7.4 x 10-3 m2) to indicated the pressure
acting on the vane.

F
P=
A
9.92
=
7.4 x 10−3
= 1340.54 N¿ m2

3. Flat surface

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Volume Y Time ,t Q x 10−4 V1 V0 Force P
(m3) (mm) (s) (m3 /s ¿ (ms−1) (ms−1) (N) (N/m2 ¿
0.01 110 11.19 8.94 11.38 3.27 10.17 2311.36
0.01 100 11.47 8.72 11.10 3.23 9.68 2200.00
0.01 90 12.06 8.29 10.56 3.14 8.75 1988.64
0.01 80 12.56 7.96 10.13 3.07 8.06 1831.82
0.01 70 13.00 7.69 9.79 3.02 7.53 1711.36

Flow rate can be determined by using volumetric method where the time taken
to collect 10 liters of water.

V
Q=
t
0.01
=
11.19
= 8.94 x 10−4 m3 /s

The velocity of the nozzle is can be determined by dividing the flow rates with
surface area of the nozzle which is 7.854 x10-5 m2.

Q
V1 =
A
−4
8.94 x 10
= −5
7.854 x 10
= 11.38 m s−1

The velocity of the V0 is slightly less than V1 because of the deceleration due
to gravity. The effect may be calculated from the expression below. By
inserting the value of the height of the vane above the nozzle is 0.035 m and
will lead to result of following:
❑
V0 = √ V 1−2 gs
❑
= √(11.38)−2(9.81)(0.035)
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 = 3.27 m s−1

From the Newton’s Second Law, Momentum equation, the impact force of jet
on the surface of vane can be determined by using equation below, where the
density of water is 1000kg/m3.

F = ρQV1
= 1000(8.94 x 10-4)(11.38)
= 10.17 N

The pressure of water can be determined by dividing the force with surface
area of the hemisphere (which is 4.4 x 10-3 m2) to indicated the pressure
acting on the vane.

F
P=
A
10.17
=
4.4 x 10−3
= 2311.36 N¿ m2

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 Graph of Pressure against Velocity of impact
2500

f(x) = 2371.42157751587 x − 5451.85628286491

2000

cone
Pressure (N/m2)

1500
Linear (cone)
f(x) = 1385.04727614277 x − 3159.78959611772
flat
1000
Linear (flat)
f(x) = 893.902439024391 x − 1940.80487804878 hemi
500
Linear (hemi)

0
2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5
Velocity of Impact (m/s)

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DISCUSSION

When setting up the apparatus, it is important to make sure that the nozzle was
placed at the center under the vane. This will make sure that the water does not
rebound and water will deflected to flow as the jet striking water on target vane.

Based on all the tables, three different plates which is flat plate, cone plate and
hemisphere plate, it can be seen that as the force produced on each vane is
proportional to the momentum flow in the jet. This explain that as the rate of flow
increases, the force resulted from the impact of the jet on flat plate, conical cup and
hemispherical cup increases as well.

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Besides that, based on the graph of pressure ( N / m ) versus velocity of
impact (m/s) , it clearly shows that the force produced on each vane increased
proportionally with velocity of flow that strikes the vane. The higher the velocity of
jet water will produced higher force exerted by the jet on target vane.

Throughout this experiment, several error does occurred during carrying out
of this experiment. One of the parallax error was the jockey was not stable when
balancing the jockey. There is also uneven force impact when the jet striking the vane
which causes the decreasing reaction force on the vane.

Recommenndation

There are several recommendations/precautions that can improve the accuracy of the
result.

1. The reading should be taken again if there is suspicion on big difference in the
reading.
2. The person who takes the reading of the time and also controlling the flow
rate should remain in their position as to ensure the results would not be
changed drastically.
3. Ensure the apparatus is properly levelled before conducting the experiment.

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CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the calculated force is correlated with the measured force.

Both of the forces will have directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the
calculated force should be the same as the measured force. However, this cannot be
achieved experimentally due to the errors made during the experiment. Form this
experiment, the flow rate for the hemisphere is found to be the lowest. The
experiment that have been carried out were successful, even though the data collected
are a little bit difference compared to the theoretical value. The difference between
the theoretical value and the actual value may mainly due to human and servicing
factors such as parallax error. This error occur during observer captured the value of
the water level. Besides that, error may occur during adjusting the level gauge to
point at the white line on the side of the weight pan. Other than that, it also maybe
because of the water valve. This error may occur because the water valve was not
completely close during collecting the water. This may affect the time taken for the
water to be collected. There are a lot of possibilities for the experiment will having an
error. Therefore, the recommendation to overcome the error is ensure that the position
of the observer’s eye must be 90° perpendicular to the reading or the position. Then,
ensure that the apparatus functioning perfectly in order to get an accurate result.

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REFERENCES

Mousa, M,Y. (n.d). Experiment (3) : Impact of jet. Retrieved from

http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mymousa/files/Experiment-3-hydraulics-lab-.pdf

Mohanty, A.K. (1994). Fluid Mechanics Second Edition. Delhi, New Delhi: Prentice
Hall.

Yunus A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala (2014). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and
Applications Third Edition. New York : McGraw- Hill Companies.

Donard F. Young, Bruce R. Munson and Theodore H. Okiishi (2001). A Brief

Introduction to Fluid Mechanins Second Edition. United States of America : John
Wiley & Sons.

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