PST UnitIV TravellingWaveinTransmissionLine SilasStephen

EE8010- Power System transients- Unit IV - Travelling Wave on Transmission Line Panimalar Engineering College
PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
EE8010 - POWER SYSTEMS TRANSIENTS
Unit IV - TRAVELING WAVES ON TRANSMISSION

LINE COMPUTATION OF TRANSIENTS
Dr. D. Silas Stephen

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Computation of transients - transient response of systems with

series and shunt lumped parameters and distributed lines.
Traveling wave concept - step response - Bewely’s lattice diagram
- standing waves and natural frequencies - reflection and
refraction of travelling waves.
D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE







aV
a2V aV
-a2V -a3V
-a4V -a3V
a4V a5V
The following table gives convenient way of keeping track of the open end voltage.
Time (t) V0(t)
1T V1= 2Va
2T V2= 2V a =V1
3T V3= 2Va+(-2Va3) = 2Va(1-a2)
4T V4= V3
5T V5= 2Va -2Va3+2Va5= 2Va(1-a2+a5)
6T V6= V5
7T V7= 2Va -2Va3+2Va5-2Va7= 2Va(1-a2+a5-a7)
8T V8= V7
9T V9= 2Va -2Va3+2Va5-2Va7+2Va9=2Va(1-a2+a5-a7+a9)
10T V10= V9
:
:
N VN= V1- a2 VN-2
N+1 VN+1= VN
According to this procedure, the final value is
V∞ = 2V a (1-a2+a4-a6+……)
= 2V a /(1+a2)

Problem : Find the value of open end voltage at ∞th reflection for a=0.96, if V is the
supply voltage connected to open ended transmission line. Also, draw the bewley
lattice diagram.
0.96V
0.962V 0.96V
-0.962V -0.963V
-0964V -0.963V
0.964V 0.965V
S.NO TIME (t) V(t)
1 1T V1= 2Va =1.92V
2 2T V2= 2V a = 1.92 V
3 3T V3= 2Va+(-2Va3) = 2Va(1-a2) = 0.15 V
4 4T V4= V3 =0.15 V
5 5T V5= 2Va -2Va3+2Va5= 2Va(1-a2+a5)=1.78V
6 6T V6= V5 =1.78 V
7 7T V7= 2Va -2Va3+2Va5-2Va7= 2Va(1-a2+a5-a7)=0.28 V
8 8T V8= V7 =0.28 V
V∞ = 2V a (1- a2 + a4 - a6 +……) = 2V a /(1+a2)

= 2 *0.96V /(1+0.962)
=0.9992 V

REFLECTIONS AT 2 SUBSTATION SYSTEMS:
TRAVELLING WAVES VS STANDING WAVES

TRAVELLING WAVES
 Simple wave or a travelling-wave, also sometimes called a progressive wave is a
disturbance that varies both with time and distance.
 Travelling waves are observed when a wave is not confined to a given space along
the medium.
 The mechanism by which a mechanical wave propagates itself through a medium
involves particle interaction; one particle applies a push or pull on its adjacent
neighbor, causing a displacement of that neighbor from the equilibrium or rest
position. As a wave is observed travelling through a medium, a crest is seen moving
along from particle to particle. This crest is followed by a trough which is in turn
followed by the next crest. In fact, one would observe a distinct wave pattern (in the
form of a sine wave) travelling through the medium. This sine wave pattern continues
to move in uninterrupted fashion until it encounters another wave along the medium

or until it encounters a boundary with another medium. This type of wave pattern
which is seen travelling through a medium is sometimes referred to as a travelling
wave.
STANDING WAVES
 A standing wave also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in a
constant Position. This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the
opposite direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium as a result of
interference between two waves travelling in opposite directions.
 Standing waves are confined to a given space in a medium and still produce a regular
wave pattern which is readily discernible amidst the motion of the medium.
 Standing waves are also observed in physical media such as strings and columns of
air. Any waves travelling along the medium will reflect back when they reach the
end. This effect is most noticeable in musical instruments where, at various multiples
of a vibrating string or air columns natural frequency.
 A standing wave is created, allowing harmonics to be identified.
 Nodes occur at fixed ends and anti-nodes at open ends.
 If fixed at only one end, only odd-numbered harmonics are available.
 At the open end of a pipe the anti-node will not be exactly at the end as it is altered by
it's contact with the air and so end correction is used to place it exactly.

 The sum of two counter-propagating waves (of equal amplitude and frequency)
creates a standing wave.
 Standing waves commonly arise when a boundary blocks further propagation of the
wave, thus causing wave reflection, and therefore introducing a counter-propagating
wave.
NODE AND ANTINODES
 Node: A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimal
amplitude. This has implications in several fields. For instance, in a guitar string, the
ends of the string are nodes. By changing the position of one of these nodes through
frets, the guitarist changes the effective length of the vibrating string and thereby the
note played. The opposite of a node is an anti-node, which is the farthest point from
the node on a wave.
 Standing wave ratio (SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave
at an antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum), in an
electrical transmission line.
 The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR, for voltage standing
wave ratio.
 For example, the VSWR value 1.2 : 1 denotes a maximum standing wave amplitude
that is 1.2 times greater than the minimum standing wave value.
 It is also possible to define the SWR in terms of current, resulting in the ISWR, which
has the same numerical value.
 The power standing wave ratio (PSWR) is defined as the square of the VSWR.

STANDING WAVE EXPRESSION

 Consider the Wave Equation,
d 2Vx
2
 p 2Vx  (1)
dt
d 2Ix
2
 p2I x  (2)
dt
 The Solution of the Wave Equation is,
Vx  Ae px  Be  px  (3)
1
Ix  ( Ae px  Be  px )  (4)
Z0
 Consider the boundary condition x = 0, voltage and current is V0 =VR and I0 =IR,
Substituting the boundary conditions in (3) and (4),
VR  A  B  (5)
I R Z0  A  B  (6)
 Adding Equation (5) and (6),
VR  I R Z 0  2 A
VR  I R Z 0
 A
2
VR  I R Z 0 VR  I R Z 0
 B  VR  A  VR  
2 2
 Substituting A and B in (3),
(VR  I R ) Z 0 px (VR  I R ) Z 0  px
Vx  e  e  (7)
2 2
 Vx  
VR px  px
2

e  e  I R Z 0 e px  e  px 
 2x   2x 
 V x  V R Cos   jI R Z 0 Sin  (Since,   j 2 )  (8)
      

 Similarly, Substitute A & B in (4),

1  (V R  I R ) Z 0 px (V R  I R ) Z 0  px 
Ix  e  e   (9)
Z 0  2 2 
 Ix 
1 V R px

Z0  2
   
e  e  px  I R Z 0 e px  e  px  

VR  2x   2x 
 Ix  j Sin   I R Cos   (10)
Z0      
 Equations (8) and (10 shall be interpreted as standing waves,
 Considering equation (8), Voltage Vx at any point x on the line from the load end
consists of two parts.
 First term:
 At x = 0 (load end) VR cos (2  x/  ) has the value VR and stands on the line
as a cosine wave of decreasing amplitude as x increases towards the sending
or source end.
 At x = L, it has the value VR cos (2  L/  ).
 Second term:
 At x =0, zo IR sin(2  L/  ) has the value zero.
 At x =L, the term has the value zo IR sin(2  L/  )
 Considering equation (10), Current Ix at any point x on the line from the load end
consists of two parts.
 First term:
 At x = 0 (load end) IR cos (2  x/  ) has the value IR and stands on the line as
a cosine wave of decreasing amplitude as x increases towards the sending or
source end.
 At x = L, it has the value IR cos (2  L/  ).
 Second term:
 At x =0, VR / Z0 sin(2  L/  ) has the value zero.
 At x =L, the term has the value VR / Zo sin(2  L/  )
 First Term of Vx , Ix and their Vector Diagram:

 Second Term of Vx, Ix and their Vector Diagram:
REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF TRAVELING WAVES AT A JUNCTION

 When a traveling wave on a transmission line reaches a junction with another line, or
a termination, then part of the incident wave is reflected back, and a part of it is
transmitted beyond the junction or termination.
 The incident wave, reflected wave and the transmitted wave are formed in
accordance with Kirchhoff's laws. They must also satisfy the differential equation of
the line.
Incident wave + Reflected wave= Transmitted wave or refracted wave
 Consider a step-voltage wave of magnitude E incident at junction J between two lines
of surge impedances Z1 and Z2. A portion ET of this surge would be transmitted and a
portion ER would be reflected as shown in figure.
 There is no discontinuity of potential at the junction J. Therefore E + ER = ET

Where, E – Incident Voltage
ER – Reflected Voltage

ET- Refracted Voltage

 There is also no discontinuity of current at the junction. Therefore I + IR = IT
 Also, the incident surge voltage E is related to the incident surge current I by the
surge impedance of the line Z1. Similarly the transmitted surge voltage ET is related
to the transmitted surge current IT by the surge impedance of the line Z2 and the
reflected surge voltage
 ER is related to the reflected surge current IR by the surge impedance of the line Z1.
 The reflected wave is a reverse wave.
E = Z1 I ,
ET = Z2 IT ,
ER = - Z1 IR
 Substituting these values in I + IR = IT gives
E/Z1 - ER/Z1 = ET/Z2 = (E + ER)/Z2
 E/Z1- E/Z2= - ER/Z1+- ER/Z2
Z 2  Z1
 ER  E
Z 2  Z1
 Similarly, the transmitted surge may be written as
E + ER = ET
Z 2  Z1
 E E  ET
Z 2  Z1
EZ 2  EZ 1  EZ 2  EZ
  ET
Z2  Z 1
2Z 2
 ET  E
Z 2  Z1
 Both these surges are a definite fraction of the incident surge.
 Therefore, The transmission factor  and a reflection factor  are defined as:
2Z 2 Z 2  Z1
 ; 
Z 2  Z1 Z 2  Z1
 Note:
i. When the junction is matched, Z1 = Z2, then there is no reflection and the
reflection factor can be seen to be zero.

ii. When the line Z1 is open circuited at the far end (i.e. Z2 =  ), then the full wave is
reflected back and the reflection factor becomes 1.
iii. When the line Z1 is short circuited at the far end (i.e. Z2 = 0), then no voltage can
appear and the full wave is reflected back negated so as to cancel the incident
wave and the reflection factor becomes - 1.
 Coefficients of Reflection and Refraction for Voltage and Current:
i. Reflection coefficient for voltage:-
Z 2  Z1
γv= Reflected voltage at junction / Incident voltage at junction=
Z 2  Z1
ii. Refraction coefficient or transmission coefficient for voltage:-
2Z 2
βv= Refracted voltage at junction / Incident voltage at junction= = 1+γV
Z 2  Z1
iii. Reflection coefficient for current:-
Z1  Z 2
γi= Reflected current at junction / Incident current at junction = = - γv
Z 2  Z1
iv. Refraction coefficient or transmission coefficient for current:-
2Z1
 i= Refracted current at junction / Incident current at junction = =1+  i
Z 2  Z1
Reflection and Refraction at Open Circuited Line fed from an Infinite Source
 When a voltage surge E arrives at the junction J, which is on open circuit, it is

reflected without a change in sign (i.e. E).
 Also, a current surge (- I) of opposite sign to the incident (I) is reflected so that the
transmitted current is zero.
 If the line is fed from a constant voltage source E, then as the reflected voltage surge
(E) arrives at the generator end, since the generator maintains the voltage at its end at
voltage E, it send a voltage surge of -E back to the line so as to keep its voltage at E.
 The voltage surge - E is accompanied by a current surge - I. The surge voltage - E as
it reaches the open junction J, is reflected again without a change in sign, and
accompanied by a current + I so as to make the transmitted current again zero.
 Once these voltage and current waves reach the generator, the instantaneous voltage
and current will be zero, and the line would once again be uncharged.

 The generator now sends a voltage surge E accompanied by a current surge I, and the
process described repeats again.
Zt  Z0
 Reflection Co-efficient,  V 
Zt  Z0
 Z0 
Z t 1  
 V   
Zt
 Z0 
Z t 1  
 Z t 
 Open Circuited line, Zt =α,

 Z0 
Z t 1  
   1
 V 
 Z0 
Z t 1  
  

 Reflected Voltage Wave = Reflection Co-efficient x Incidence Wave

= γv x E
=E
 Refracted Co-efficient Wave, βv = 1+ γv =1+1 =2
 Refracted Voltage wave = Refraction Co-efficient x Incidence wave
= βv x E = 2E
Reflection and Refraction at Short Circuit Line fed from an Infinite Source:
 When a voltage surge E arrives at the junction J, which is on short circuit, it is

reflected with a change in sign (- E), so as to cancel the incoming surge.
 Also, a current surge I of the same sign as the incident (I) is reflected so that the
transmitted current is doubled (2I).
 If the line is fed from a constant voltage source E, then as the reflected voltage surge
(- E) arrives at the generator end, it send a voltage surge of E back to the line so as to
keep its voltage at E.
 The voltage surge E is again accompanied by a current surge I so that the transmitted
current becomes 3I.
 The surge voltage E as it reaches the junction J, is reflected again with a change in
sign, and accompanied by a current I so as to make the transmitted current again
increase by I to 4I.
 At successive reflections, the current keeps on building. [This is to be expected as a
short circuited line with zero line resistance and zero source resistance, fed from a
constant voltage source will finally tend to zero. However the increase is in a step like
manner rather than in a linear manner].
 In practice, due to the resistance of the line, the current does not keep on building, but
each successive current surge is lower than the earlier one due to attenuation. Thus
the final current tends to a limiting value determined by the line resistance.
 In the above transient, the voltage E has been assumed constant at the generator end.
In practice, such an assumption is generally valid, owing to the fact that the very high
velocity of propagation does not normally cause the system voltage to vary
significantly during the period of interest for reflections.

Zt  Z0
 Reflection Co-efficient,  V 
Zt  Z0
 Open Circuited line, Zt =0,
  V  1
 Reflected Voltage Wave = Reflection Co-efficient x Incidence Wave

= γv x E
= -E
 Refracted Co-efficient Wave, βv = 1+ γv =1-1 =0
= 0 x E = 2E
Zo  Zt
 Reflection Co-efficient for Current,  i    V
Z 0  Z 0t
  i  (1)  1
 Reflected Current Wave = Reflection Co-efficient x Incidence Wave

= γi x I
=I
 Refracted Co-efficient Wave, βv = 1+ γv =1+1 =2
= 2 x I = 2I

Reflection and Refraction at a T-Junction
 Consider the T-Junction connection,
 If a surge voltage of magnitude E is incident on the junction with two other lines (Z2
and Z3) from a line (Z1), then the transmitted and reflected surges are given by:
E = Z1 I,
ER = - Z1 IR,
E2 = Z2 I2 , and
E3 = Z3 I3
 The total voltage and the current on either side of the junction are same.
E2 = E3 = ET = ER + E, and
IR + I = I2 + I3
 These may be solved to give the following expressions for the transmitted and
reflected surges.
2
Z1
ET  E
1  1  1
Z1 Z2 Z3

1  1  1
Z1 Z2 Z3
 Similarly, E R  E
1  1  1
Z1 Z2 Z3
 The method can be extended to junctions with more than 3 lines.

 Alternate Method: For a surge, the voltage and the current are always related by the
surge impedance, independent of the termination of the line at the far end.
 Thus for analysis purposes, the line behaves similar to a load of impedance Z0
connected between the start of the line and the earth. Thus when a single line (Z1)
feeds two other lines (Z2 and Z3), the resultant reflections and transmissions could be
obtained by considering both these lines as impedances connected from the junction
to earth.
 That is, these two lines behave for surge purposes as if their surges impedances were
connected in parallel.
 This gives the transmitted surge as,

2( Z 2 // Z 3 )
ET  E
Z 1  ( Z 2 // Z 3 )
Z Z
2 2 3
Z2  Z3 2Z 2 Z 3
 ET  E
Z2Z3 Z1 Z 2  Z1 Z 3  Z 2 Z 3
Z1 
Z2  Z3
 Extension of the latter method to a multiline junction is very much easier, as in this
case only the parallel equivalent of a larger number of lines needs to be obtained.
PROBLEMS:
An underground cable of inductance 0.189mH/Km and of capacitance of 0.3 microfarad
per Km is connected to an overhead transmission line having inductance and capacitance
of 1.26mH/Km. calculate transmitted and reflected voltage &current waves at the

junction, If a surge of 200Kv travels to the junction along the cable and along overhead
transmission line.
L 0.189 *10 3
Surge impedance of cable(Z0C) = =  25.1
C 0.3 *10 6
L 1.26 * 10 3
Surge impedance of line(Z0L) = =  374.2
C 0.009 *10 6
When surge travels along the cable:
Zo = Z0C Zt = Z0L
Z t  Z 0 374.2  25.1
Reflection coefficient for voltage,  V = =  0.8742
Z t  Z 0 374.2  25.1
Reflected wave voltage =  V *surge voltage

=0.8742*200=174.84KV
Transmitted or Refracted coefficient for voltage βv = 1+  V = 1.8742
Transmitted or Refracted wave voltage = βv *surge voltage = 1.8742*200 =374.84 KV
reflectedvoltagewave
Reflected current wave = = 174.84/25.1 = 6.97 KA
Zoc
refractedvoltagewave 374.84KV
Transmitted or Refracted current wave=   1.002KA
Z )L 374.20
When surge travels along the line:

Zo = Z0L Zt = Z0C
Z t  Z 0 25.1  374.2
Reflection coefficient for voltage  V = =  0.8742
Z t  Z 0 25.1  374.2
Reflected wave voltage =  V *surge voltage

= - 0.8742*200= -174.84KV
Transmitted or Refracted coefficient for voltage βv = 1+  V = 0.1258
Transmitted or Refracted wave voltage = βv *surge voltage = 0.1258*200 =25.16 KV
reflectedvoltagewave
Reflected current wave = = - 174.84/374.2 = 0.462 KA
Zo L
refractedvoltagewave 25.16KV
Transmitted or Refracted current wave=   1.006KA
Zo C 25.1

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EE8010- Power System transients- Unit IV - Travelling Wave on Transmission Line Panimalar Engineering College

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

EE8010 - POWER SYSTEMS TRANSIENTS

Unit IV - TRAVELING WAVES ON TRANSMISSION

Dr. D. Silas Stephen

Computation of transients - transient response of systems with

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

S.NO TIME (t) V(t)

1 1T V1= 2Va =1.92V

3 3T V3= 2Va+(-2Va3) = 2Va(1-a2) = 0.15 V

5 5T V5= 2Va -2Va3+2Va5= 2Va(1-a2+a5)=1.78V

7 7T V7= 2Va -2Va3+2Va5-2Va7= 2Va(1-a2+a5-a7)=0.28 V

V∞ = 2V a (1- a2 + a4 - a6 +……) = 2V a /(1+a2)

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

REFLECTIONS AT 2 SUBSTATION SYSTEMS:

TRAVELLING WAVES VS STANDING WAVES

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

STANDING WAVE EXPRESSION

 Adding Equation (5) and (6),

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

 Similarly, Substitute A & B in (4),

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

 Second Term of Vx, Ix and their Vector Diagram:

REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF TRAVELING WAVES AT A JUNCTION

 There is no discontinuity of potential at the junction J. Therefore E + ER = ET

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

ET- Refracted Voltage

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

 When a voltage surge E arrives at the junction J, which is on open circuit, it is

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

 Open Circuited line, Zt =α,

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

 Reflected Voltage Wave = Reflection Co-efficient x Incidence Wave

 When a voltage surge E arrives at the junction J, which is on short circuit, it is

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

 Reflected Voltage Wave = Reflection Co-efficient x Incidence Wave

 Reflected Current Wave = Reflection Co-efficient x Incidence Wave

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

Reflection and Refraction at a T-Junction

 Consider the T-Junction connection,

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

 The method can be extended to junctions with more than 3 lines.

 This gives the transmitted surge as,

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

Reflected wave voltage =  V *surge voltage

When surge travels along the line:

Reflected wave voltage =  V *surge voltage

D. Silas Stephen, Department of EEE

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