INDUCTION MACHINES

LAB (4037)

INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF POLYTECHNIC AND

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
 TOPICS PAGE NO.
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER. 02

SC AND OC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

05
TRANSFORMER.

POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 12

BANKING OF TRANSFORMERS 15

STARTING OF 3 PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION

17
MOTOR

DISMANTLE AND ASSEMBLING OF DOL AND STAR-

19
DELTA STARTER

LOAD TEST ON 3ɸ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

23
MOTOR

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3ɸ SCIM 26

SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN 3ɸ SCIM 31

STAR-DELTA STARTER USING TPDT SWITCH 35

 AC MACHINE LAB DEPARTMENT OF EEE

EXPT NO:

DATE:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:-

To conduct a load test on given single phase transformer and determine the regulation for different
load.and plot the curves.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MACHINE DETAILS

METERIALS REQUIRED

1. Ammeter (0-15A) MI 1NO

2. Voltmeter (0-150v) MI 1NO
3. Wattmeter (300v,15A,upf) 1NO
4. Ammeter (0-5A) MI 1NO
5. Voltmeter (0-250v) MI 1NO
6. Wattmeter (300v,30A,upf) 1NO

THEORY

In this test the efficiencies and regulation are detrermind by direct loading of the given single phase
transformer . this test is very often carried out in practice excepting for small sizes ,owing to the difficulty of
obtaining a suitable load and the loss of power involved.

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When ever a transformer is loaded its secondary terminal voltage changes with increased load ,if the supplied
primary voltage is held constent.the change in secondary voltage from no load to full load expressed ias
percentage of no load voltage is known a voltage is known as voltage regulatin of a transformer (ie, secondary
voltage at noload –secondary voltage at full load) 𝐸2−𝑉2 (the secondary rated voltage of a transformer is equal to
𝐸2
the secondary voltage at no load,ie,E2

The efficienciy of a transformer is defaind as the ratio of output power to input power,thus efficeiency=output
power/input power

In this experiment input power is measured directly from the wattmeter connected in the primary side and
output power is obtained by multiplying the volt meter reading and ammeter reading in the secondary side.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit diagram as per the circuit diagram

2. Adjust the autotransformer till the voltmeter reads rated voltage.
3. Note the no load readings and enter them as first set of readings in tabular column.
4. Load the transformer gradually and take all meter readings each time till the secondary current reaches
rated value.
5. Tabulate the readings. And finish the work

TABULATION

Sl No I1 in V1 in W in I2 in V2 in Input Output=V2xI2 %efficiency %

Amps volts watts Amps volts in Regulatio
watts

CALCULATION

Output=V2xI2.

Input= W

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%efficiency=𝑂/𝑝 x100.
𝑖/𝑝

Regulation= 𝑜𝑉2−𝑉2 x100.

𝑜𝑉2

RESULT

conducted load test on given single phase transformer and determined the regulation for different load.and
plotted the curves.

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 AC MACHINE LAB DEPARTMENT OF EEE

EXPT NO:

DATE:

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF TRANSFORMER

AIM

To conduct open circuit and short circuit test in given transformer. Predetermine the following

1. Efficiencies at various loads and power factors

2. Regulation at various power factor and loads

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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MACHINE DETAILS

METERIALS REQUIRED

1. Ammeter (0-2.5A) MI 1NO

2. Ammeter (0-15A)MI 1NO
3. Volt meter (0-250v) 1no
4. Voltmeter (0-50v) MI 1NO
5. Wattmeter (150V,5A,LPF) 1NO
6. Wattmeter (150V,15A,UPF) 1NO

THEORY

The purpose of the OC test to determine the no load loss (core loss) at rated voltage and frequency.
Shunt branch parameters of equalent circuit r0&x0 and the no load current of the transformer on winding of the
transformer. In the open circuit test the primary load current is very small(2.6% of rated current )copper loss is
negligibly small in the primary and is nil in the secondary is opened. The equalent circuit parameters r0&xo
referred to LV side can be calculated from the test result.

The no load power loss, Pi=V0*I0*COS φ0

COSφ0=Pi/V0*I0

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Magnetising component of I0 =Im=I0SIN φ0

Energy component of I0=Ie=I0COS φ0

The noload resistance R0=V0/Ie and the no load reactance X0= V0/Im

These values can be transferred to hv side as R0’=R0(V2/V1)2 and X0’=X0(V2/V1)2

SC Test is to conduct for determining the full load copper loss and the equalent resistance and resistance of the
transformer as refferd to the metering side. In this test one winding usually LV side is solidly short circuited and
a low voltage (2-12% of primary voltage ) is applied to the HV side such that rated current flows through the
winding since applied voltage is very low ,iron losses are very small and may be neglected. Hence the
wattmeter shows the full load copper loss Pcu for the bwhole transformer. If VSC is the voltage required to
circulate the rated current I2(KVA X 1000/V1) Then the equavalent circuit parameters can be found as
Z02=VSC/I2 and R02=PCu

Then X02=√𝑍022 + 𝑅02 These parameters can be transferred to the LV side as

R2’=R2(V2/V1)2 and X2’=X2(V2/V1)2 secondary side R02 and X02 the regulation at any PF and loading factor(x)
can be predetermind as regulation= XI2(R02 COS φ0+- X02 SIN φ0)/V2 Where (+) for lagging and(-) for leading
power factors) from the full load copper loss and iron loss the efficiency at any loading factor and pf can be pre
determind as
𝑋1000 𝐾 .𝑃𝐹
Efficiency=
𝑋1000 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑋𝑃𝐹 +𝑋2𝑃𝑐𝑢 +𝑃𝑖

PROCEDURE

OC TEST

1. Make connection as per the circuit diagram

2. Keep the autotransformer in minimum position
3. Adjust the auto transformer upto rated voltage of the transformer
4. Take the meter readings and tabulate the readings
5. Finish the work

SC TEST

1. Make connection as per the circuit diagram

2. Keep the autotransformer in minimum position
3. Adjust the auto transformer upto rated current of the transformer
4. Take the meter readings and tabulate the readings
5. Finish the work

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TABULATION

𝑽𝑶𝑪 𝑰𝑶𝑪 𝑾𝑶𝑪

𝑽𝑺𝑪 𝑰𝑺𝑪 𝑾𝑺𝑪

MODEL CALCULATION

OC TEST

𝑉𝑂𝐶=

𝐼𝑂𝐶=

𝑊𝑂𝐶=

𝑊𝑂𝐶==𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶 𝐶𝑂𝑆∅0

∅0 =𝑐𝑜𝑠−1( 𝑊𝑂𝐶 )
𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝐼𝑂𝐶

Wattles component 𝑖𝑤 = 𝑖0𝑐𝑜𝑠∅0

Magnetizing component 𝑖µ = 𝑖0𝑠𝑖𝑛∅0

𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑅0 =
𝐼𝑊

𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑋0 =
𝐼µ

These values can be transferred to hv side

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R0’=R0 x K2 X0’=X0 x K2

SC TEST

𝑉𝑆𝐶=

𝐼𝑆𝐶=

𝑊𝑆𝐶=

Zsc=Vsc/Isc

𝑅𝑠𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠𝑐/𝐼𝑠𝑐2

Xsc=√(𝑍𝑠𝑐² − 𝑅𝑠𝑐²)

Z02=Vsc/ISC

R02=PCU/ISC2

X02=√𝑍022 + 𝑅02

These values can be transferred in to LV

R01=R02/K2

X01=X02/K2

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 AC MACHINE LAB DEPARTMENT OF EEE

.TO DRAW EFFICIENCY CURVE FOR A GIVEN P.F

Out put at X times F.L=X(rated KVA x 1000) cos∅

Core loss Wi= W0

Copper loss Wcs= X²Wsc

Efficiency=(Output /output+losses) x100.

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 AC MACHINE LAB DEPARTMENT OF EEE

Sl no Load Output(Watt) Wi(watt) Wcx(watt) Input %efficiency

TO DRAW REGULATION V/S PF CURVE

% regulation at F.L for a given P.F= 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑅02𝑐𝑜𝑠∅±𝑋02𝑠𝑖𝑛∅

𝑉2

Sl No cos∅ sin∅ % Regulation

TO FIND MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

KVA Curresponding to maximum efficiency=KVA rated X√ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
then find efficiency as usual

KVA MAX EFFICIENCY XPF

Maximum efficiency=
KVA MAX EFFICIENCY XPF +LOSSES

RESULT:

Conducted the OC and SC test on the given single phase transformer and predetrermine the following

1. Efficiencies at various loads and power factors

2. Regulation at various loads and power factors
3. Equavalent circuit reffered to hv and lv side
4. Maximum efficiencies at unity PF=
5. Maximum efficiencies at 0.8PF=

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 AC MACHINE LAB DEPARTMENT OF EEE

EXPT NO:

DATE:

POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE PHASETRANSFORMER

AIM

To conduct polarity test, and determine turn`s ratio, transformation ratio.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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APPARATUSREQUIRED

SL NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QTY

REQUIRED

THEORY

Turns ratio of a transformer = No of turns of primary/No of turns of secondary.

Transformation ratio K = Secondary induced EMF/ Primary induced EMF= E2/E1

E1 = 4.444 φm.f.N1Volts., and E2 = 4.444 φm.f.N2Volts ... K= E2/E1

K =4.444 φm.f.N2/4.444 φm.f.N1 , =N2/N1

...Turns ratio, N1/N2=E1/E2

PROCEDURE

Polarity test.

1 Connections are made as shown in figure (1)

2. Checked the connections and given a specified voltage to primary.

3. Noted the volt meter reading and verified the polarity of the transformer.ie If the voltmeter reading in the
inter connected voltmeter is greater than the input voltage, then the polarity is additive , So Opposite polarity
on the other adjacent terminal on secondary.

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4. Interchanged the connections to confirm first determined polarity.

TABULATION:

Sl No VOLT VOLT VOLT REMARKS Turns Transf.

METER METER METER ratio ratio =K
READING VI READING READING
V2 V3

RESULT

Conducted polarity test, and determined turn`s ratio, transformation ratio

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 AC MACHINE LAB DEPARTMENT OF EEE

EXPT NO:

DATE:

CONNECTION OF THREE SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS TO

FORM THREE PHASE BANK
AIM

To connect three single phase transformers to form three phase bank with star-delta connection.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

APPARATUS REQUIRED

SL NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QTY

REQUIRED

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PROCEDURE:

1. Collect materials
2. Dismantle DOL & STAR DELTA STARTER using collected tools
3. Identify the parts of machine
4. Assemble the machine

RESULT:

Dismantled and assembled a DOL and STAR DELTA STARTER

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 IIPE,Nellikuzhi
AC MACHINE LAB DEPARTMENT OF EEE

EXPT NO:

DATE:
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on the given 3-φ squirrel cage induction motor and plot the performance
characteristics.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL NAME OF APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

NO

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THEORY:
A squirrel cage induction motor essentially consists of a stator and a rotor. The stator is a hollow cylindrical
structure with slots on the inner periphery and carries a three phase winding. The winding can be connected in
star or delta and is connected across a 3-φ supply.
The rotor is also a cylindrical structure with slots on the outer periphery. The slots carry thick Al or Cu
bars. These bars are short circuited at both ends by means of end rings.
When a 3-φ supply is given to a 3-φ winding displaced by 120◦ in space, a magnetic field of constant
magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed is produced. This flux links with the stationary rotor, thus inducing
an emf in it. As the rotor circuit is closed, a current flows through it. The direction of the induced current is such
as to oppose the cause producing it. The cause is the relative motion between the stator magnetic field and the
rotor. So the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as the stator magnetic field and tries to catch up with it.
But practically it is never able to do so. Because if it does so, there would be no relative motion, no emf and
hence no torque.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the autotransformer in minimum position and keep the motor at no load.
3. Adjust the autotransformer upto the rated voltage of the motor
4. Take all meter readings.
5. At low loads,(when pf < 0.5) one of the wattmeters read negative, in such cases, the supply is switched
off and the connections to the M and L terminals of the wattmeter are interchanged. The meter now reads
positive, but it is to be recorded as negative.
6. The experiment is repeated for different values of load currents till the rated current of the machine is
reached.
7. The load on the machine is removed completely and the supply is switched off. The readings are
tabulated and the performance characteristics are plotted.

OBSERVATION:

SL VOLTAGE(V CURRENT(A W1 W2 S1 S2 SPEE TORQU OUTPU INPUT SLI P EFFICIENC

N ) ) WATT WATT K K D E T WATT P% F Y%
O S S G G (N) NM WATTS S
RPM

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SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Voltage V=

Current I=

Wattmeter reading W1=

Wattmeter reading W2=

Input power=W1+W2

Speed N=

Spring balance reading

S1=
S2=

Torque T=(S1-S2)Rg
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
Output=
60
𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇
Efficiency= X100
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇
𝑁𝑠−𝑁
Slip= x100
𝑁𝑠

Power factor =𝑊1+𝑊2

√3𝑉𝐼

RESULT:

Conducted load test on the given 3-φ squirrel cage induction motor and plotted the performance characteristics.

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EXPT NO:

DATE:

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:

Conduct no load and blocked rotor test on three phase IM and predetermine the following by drawing circle
diagram.

a) output,b)input,c)stator cu loss, d)rotor cu loss e)power factor f)efficiency g)maximum input h)maximum
output i)maximum torque.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

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NO LOAD TEST:

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE:

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL NAME OF APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

NO

THEORY:

No load and blocked rotor test is an indirect method to determine the characteristics of an induction motor.

No load test:-

If the motor is run at rated voltage and frequency without any mechanical load, it will draw power necessary to
supply the no load losses. The no load current will have two components. The active component and the
magnetizing component, the former being very small as the no load losses are small. The power factor at no
load is therefore very low. The no load power factor is always less than 0.5 and hence at no load one of the
wattmeter at input side reads negative.

The no load input W0 to the stator consists of

1. Small stator copper loss
2. Core losses
3. The loss due to friction and windage.
The rotor copper loss can be neglected, since slip is small at no load.
Blocked rotor test :-
The stator is supplied with a low voltage of rated frequency just sufficient to circulate rated current through the
stator with the rotor blocked and short circuited. The power input, current and the voltage applied are noted
down.
The power input during the blocked rotor test is wholly consumed in the stator and rotor copper losses. The
core loss is low because the applied voltage is only a small percentage of the normal voltage. Again since the
rotor is at stand still the mechanical losses are absent. Hence the blocked rotor input can be taken as
approximately equal to the copper losses.

PROCEDURE:

NO LOAD TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. 3 AC supply is increased gradually using 3 autotransformer till rated voltage is applied.
3. Readings of voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram and rotor is blocked from rotating.
2. Applied voltage is increased until rated load current flows.
3. Readings of all meters are noted.
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MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. Readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted.
4. Calculate the stator resistance

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING THE CIRCLE DIAGRAM

1. Vector OO’ is drawn at an angle of phase with respect to OY represents the output line.
2. O’X’ is drawn parallel to OX.
3. Vector OA is Isc plotted at an angle of phasor with respect to OY. O’A is joined which represents the
output line.
4. A perpendicular bisector from output line which cuts O’Y at C. With C as centre and O’C as radius draw
a semi-circle passing through A.
5. From A, a perpendicular is drawn meeting O’X’ at E and OD at D.
6. AD represents Wsc in CM.
EF represents stator copper loss in CM.

AD represents rotor copper loss in CM.

7. Join OF’ which represents the torque line.

8. Line AD is extended and points S is marked, where AS is equal to rated output power.
9. Line PS is drawn parallel to output line.
10. From P, perpendicular line is drawn meeting OX at y.
11. Join OP.

FORMLULAE:

Coso=Wo / √3 VoIo

Cossc=Wsc / √3 VscIsc
ISN = Isc (Vo/Vsc)
WSN = Wsc (Vo/Vsc)2
Stator copper loss = 3 Isc2Rs

MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETER AT FULL LOAD

Stator current = OP x X

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%η = (PQ/PV)x 100

%Slip = (QR/PR)x 100

Torque = (PRxV/(2ΠNT/60))

Pf = PV/OP

MAXIMUM OUTPUT

The perpendicular at O’A’ line cuts the circle at P and O’A’ at PQ’.

Maximum output = P1Q1x power scale (W)

MAXIMUM TORQUE

The perpendicular bisector of line cuts the circle at PR and OF’ at Q 2.

Maximum torque = (PFx power scale)/T Nm

TABULATIONS:

NO LOAD TEST

S.No Vo (V) Io (A) Wo (W) Wo=(W1+W2)

W1 W2 W

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

S.No Vo (V) Io (A) Wo (W) Wo=(W1+W2)

W1 W2 W

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE

S.No Voltage (V) Current (A) Rs = (Vx1.5) /2I

RESULT:

Conducted no load and blocked rotor test on three phase IM and predetermined the following by drawing circle
diagram.

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a)output,b)input,c)stator cu loss, d)rotor cu loss e)power factor f)efficiency g)maximum input h)maximum
output i)maximum torque.

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EXPT NO:

DATE:

SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN A THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To separate the no load losses in a given three phase induction motor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

THEORY:

The no load losses are the constant losses which includes core loss and friction and windage loss. The
separation between the two can be carried out by the no load test conducted from variable voltage, rated
frequency supply. When the voltage is decreased below the rated value, the core loss reduces as nearly square of
voltage. The slip does not increase significantly the friction and windage loss almost remains constant. The

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voltage is continuously decreased till the machine slip suddenly begins to increase and the motor tends to stall.
At no load, this takes place at a sufficiently reduced voltage. The graph showing no load losses Vs V as shown
in figure is extra ploated to V = 0 which gives friction and windage loss as iron or core loss is zero at zero
voltage.

FORMULA USED:
Magnetic Loss = Wo.-mechanical losses-3I 2R
o s

Where Wo = wattmeter reading

Io = current at rated voltage

Rs = stator resistance

Mechanical losses are obtained from the graph

PRECATIONS:

1. The motor should be at the no load condition while starting.

2. The 3Φ auto-transformer should be kept at initial zero position.

PROCEDURE:

SEPERATION OF LOSSES

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The 3Φ A.C supply is given by closing the TPST switch.
3. The induction motor is started gradually by applying voltage through the 3Φ auto-transformer.
4. At rated voltage, power input Wo is measured by using wattmeter and no load current Io and voltage Vo
are noted.
5. Voltage is gradually reduced till the motor continues to run.
6. For each voltage, readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE (Rs)

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The D.C supply is given through a DPST switch.
3. The loading rheostat is varied, the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature resistance in ohms is calculated as Rs/ph = (V*1.5)/2I.
TABULATIONS:
SL NO V0 I0 W0 MECHANICAL STATOR CU MAGNETIC
LOSSES LOSS LOSSES

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MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE

S.No Voltage (V) Current (A) Rs = (Vx1.5) /2I

RESULT:

Separated the no load losses in a given three phase induction motor

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EXPT NO:

DATE:

STAR-DELTA STARTER USING TPDT SWITCH

AIM:

To run a three phase induction motor by a TPDT switch in star and in delta and measure line and
phase currents, line and phase voltages in both cases.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

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THEORY:

A star delta starter is the most commonly used method for the starting of a 3 phase induction motor. In star
delta starting an induction motor is connected in through a star connection throughout the starting period. Then
once the motor reaches the required speed, the motor is connected in through a delta connection.

A star delta starter will start a motor with a star connected stator winding. When motor reaches about 80% of its
full load speed, it will begin to run in a delta connected stator winding.

A star delta starter is a type of reduced voltage starter. We use it to reduce the starting current of the motor
without using any external device or apparatus. This is a big advantage of a star delta starter, as it typically has
around 1/3 of the inrush current compared to a DOL starter.

The starter mainly consists of a TPDP switch which stands for Tripple Pole Double Throw switch. This switch
changes stator winding from star to delta. During starting condition stator winding is connected in the form of a

star. Now we shall see how a star delta starter reduces the starting current of a three-phase induction motor .

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Start the motor usingTPDT switch.
4. Measure the starting current and running current.

RESULT:

Conducted experiment and measured line and phase currents, line a nd phase voltages in both cases.

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