15 Trans VR

1-phase Transformer
Vita Lystianingrum
References
1. Theraja, B. L., Electrical Technology, S.

Chand & Company Ltd., 1978.
2. Schmidt-Walter, H., Kories, R., Electrical
Engineering: A Pocket Reference, Artech
House Inc., 2007.
3. Karady, G., Lecture Notes on Single
Phase Transformers,
www.eas.asu.edu/~karady/360_pp.html.
4. Chapman, S. J., Electric Machinery
Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 2005.
5. Zuhal, Dasar Tenaga Listrik, Penerbit
ITB, 1991.
2
Transformers Outlines
13:
.Transformer
.Equivalent circuit of a transformer (1)
14:
.Equivalent circuit of a transformer (2)

.referred to primary or sec side
.Test for transformers parameters
15:
.Transformers Phasor
.Loaded Transformer
.Voltage Regulation
Equivalent circuit (4)

I 2 E1 N 1
a
I1 E2 N 2
E2 = aE2 = E1.
V2 = aV2
jXe
V1
I1
Re
I2 = I2/a
I2= I2 /a
Rc
jXm
aV2
a2ZL
X2 = a2X2
Referred to the primary side
jXe
V1/a
Re
I2
aI1
Rc/a
jXm/a
R2 = a2R2
Referred to the secondary side
V2
ZL
Transformer Test
Equivalent circuit parameters
.These four main parameters can
be determined by two tests:
.Open-circuit test
.Short-circuit test
jXe
V1
Rc
Re
jXm
aV2
a2ZL
Referred to the primary side

6
Transformer Test:
Open-circuit or No-load Test (1)
Io
Re
jXe
jXm
Rc
HV
Vo
LV
Io
Po
A
open
circuit
V
V
HV
Vo
Rated
voltage
LV
Transformer Test:
Short-circuit or Impedance Test (1)
Isc
Re
Isc sec
jXe
Vsc
HV
Is c
LV
sc
A
R educed
v o lt a g e
sh o rt
c ir c u it
sc
H V
LV
Examples (Review)
p. 54, Nr. 8 (contd)
The result of a 400 V/200 V transformer test is the following:
.Open-circuit test (LV side): V = 200 V; I = 0.7 A; P = 95 W.
.Short-circuit test (HV side): V = 15 V; I = 20 A; P = 130 W.
Find the transformers equivalent circuit referred to low-voltage side!
jXe/a2
Solution
V1/a
.Open-circuit test -> Rc and Xm
R c = V02 2/ P0 = 422 .
Xm
V0
388
Q0
(Q0
S0 P0
.Short-circuit test -> Xe and Re
Re/a2
I2
aI1
Rc
jXm
V2
102.83 VAR)
-> this test was done at 400-V side
Ze = Vsc / Isc = 0.75 .

Re = Psc / Isc2 = 0.325 .
X e Z e2 Re2 0.675
!!Then calculate the parameters to LVside referred (Re/a2 and Xe/a2)
ZL
10
Transformer Voltage Regulation (1)
A real transformer has series impedance

within it.
Therefore, the output voltage varies with
the load, even if the input voltage remains
constant.
To conveniently compare transformers in
this respect, its customary to define a
quantity called voltage regulation.
11
Transformer Voltage Regulation (2)
Full-voltage regulation:
V2,nl V2, fl
compares output voltage at
VR
100%
V2, fl
no-load with output voltage at
full-load
At no-load, V2 = V1/a
VR
V1
a
V2, fl
V2, fl
100%
For an ideal transformer,

VR = 0%
12
The Transformer Phasor Diagram (1)
To determine VR, we should understand the

voltage drop within it -> we deal with
current phase angle -> phasor diagram.
jXe
V1/a
Re
I2
aI1
Rc/a
jXm/a
V2
Phasor voltage V2 is the reference.

Phasor voltage V2 is assumed at an angle 0.
13

jXe
V1/a
Re
I2
aI1
Rc/a
jXm/a
V2
Applying Kirchoffs voltage law:

V1
a
Re I 2 jX e I 2 V2
V1/a
I2
V2
jXeI2
Re I 2
14

V1/a
V2
I2
jXeI2
ReI2
V1/a
jXeI2
I2
V2
Re I 2
V1/a
jXeI2
I2
V2
Re I 2
15
Rugi-rugi dan efisiensi :

Rugi Tembaga
Sumber
Kumparan
Primer
Fluks
Bersama
Kumparan
Sekunder
Rugi Fluks Bocor

Rugi Besi;
Histerisis dan
Eddy current
Out put
Rugi Tembaga (PCu) :
PCu I R
2
Rugi Besi (Pi) :

1 .6
Ph K h fBmaks
2
Pe K e f 2 Bmaks
Pi Ph Pe
watt
watt
Rugi Histerisi
Rugi eddy current
Efisensi :
daya keluar
daya keluar
daya masuk daya keluar rugi rugi
rugi rugi
daya masuk
rugi rugi PCu Pi

Perubahan efisiensi terhadap beban :
V2Cos
V2Cos I 2 R2ek
Pi
I2
Perubahan efisiensi terhadap faktor kerja cos beban :
X
X / cos
1
cos X
1 X / cos
19
Examples: 2-5 (Chapman)
A 15-kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is tested (both tests

are done in the primary side!!):
.OC Test
.SC Test
VOC = 2300 V
VSC = 47 V
a.
b.
c.
d.
IOC = 0.21 A
ISC = 6 A
POC = 50 W
PSC = 160 W
Find the equivalent circuit referred to high-voltage side!

Find the equivalent circuit referred to low-voltage side!
Calculate full-load VR at 0.8 lagging power factor!
What is the efficiency of the transformer at full load
with a power factor of 0.8 lagging?
20
Examples: 2-5 (Chapman) Solution (1)

SC test
Re = Psc / Isc2 = 4.44 .
a. OC test
R c = V02 / P0 = 105800 .
Xm
Xe = 6.45
V0 2
11011
Q0
Because both tests are done in the primary side, these parameters
are also referred to the primary side.
jXe
V1
I1
Re
I2= I2 /a
Rc
jXm
aV2
21

b. To obtain the equivalent circuit referred to sec side, we divide the
impedance by a2.
Rc = 1058 .
Re = 0.044 .
Xm = 110
Xe = 0.065
jXe/a2
V1/a
Re/a2
I2
aI1
Rc/a
jXm/a
V2
22

c. Full-load VR:
VR
V2, fl
V1
a
V2, fl
100%
V1/a
V2
I2
V1
a
jXeI2
Re I 2
I 2Re jI 2 X e V2
Full-load current in the secondary:

Srated
I 2,rated
65.2 A
V2,rated
At pf = 0.8 lagging, current I2 = 65.2<-36.9 A.
Then V1/a = 234.84<0.40 V
VR
234 .85 230

100 % 2.1%
230
23

d. To find efficiency, first find its losses.
The copper losses are:
Pcu = (I2)2 x Re = (65.2)2 x 0.045 = 189 W
The core losses are:
Pcore
V1
a
RC
234.85 2
1050
52.5W
The output power of the transformer at this power factor is:

Pout = V2I2cos
= (230V)(65.2A)cos 36.9 = 12000W.
The efficiency:
P
Pout
out 100%
100% 98.03%
Pin
Pcopper Pcore Pout
24
Contoh 1 :
Pengukuran hubungan singkat transformator fasa tunggal 15 kVA yang
mempunyai perabandingan tegangan 2400 volt / 240 volt, f = 50 Hz,
menghasilkan data pengukuran sebagai berikut :
Arus hubung singkat Ihs = 6.25 A
Tegangan yg dipasang Vhs = 131 V
Daya masuk Phs = 214 W
Hitung prosentase pengaturan untuk beban dengan cos = 0.8 lagging
Is c
sc
A
R educed
v o lt a g e
sh o rt
c irc u it
sc
H V
LV
Penyelesaian contoh 1 :
Cos
Phs
214
0.261 70054'
Vhs I hs 131 6.25
( Tertinggal )
Vhs
13100
0
'
Z ek
20
.
96
74
54
I hs 6.25 74054'
Rek 20.90 Cos 74054 ' 5.49

X ek 20.90 Sin74054' 19.97
V1 2400(0.8 j 0.6) 6.25(5.49 j19.97)
1920 j1440 34.3 j124.8
1954.3 j1564.8
2502.2 volt
% pengaturan
2502.2 2400
x100% 4.26%
2400
-Ende-
27
Transformer
Questions to ponder.
Why the discovery of the transformer accelerated the development

of the use of electricity ?
Why the iron or magnetization losses are more important than the
losses caused by the winding resistance ?
Why the transformer has to be cooled ? How it is done ?
What is the connection of the transformer that supplies your

house and where is it ?
28
Transformer
A 25 kVA, 2400 V / 240 V single phase transformer was tested.
In the short-circuit tests, the HV side was shorted and the
parameters were measured at the LV side.
In the open-circuit test, the LV side was opened and the
parameters were measured at the HV side.
The results of the tests are :
Short-circuit test (HV shorted) Vs = 80 volt,
Is = 400 amp,
PS = 800 watt
Open-circuit test (LV open)
Vo = 2400 volt, Io = 2 amp,
Po = 300 watt
29
Transformer
a) Calculate the transformer parameters.
b) Draw the simplified equivalent circuit
c) Calculate and plot the transformer voltage regulation vs. load
and determine the load when the regulation is 5%
d) Calculate and plot the efficiency vs. load. Determine the load
when the efficiency is maximum and the maximum efficiency
Assume: power factor 0.8 lagging and load voltage = rated
voltage
30
31
The use of iron core and magnetic

core.
Iron core
32

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1-phase Transformer

1. Theraja, B. L., Electrical Technology, S.

.Equivalent circuit of a transformer (2)

Equivalent circuit (4)

Referred to the primary side

Referred to the secondary side

Referred to the primary side

.Short-circuit test -> Xe and Re

-> this test was done at 400-V side

Ze = Vsc / Isc = 0.75 .

!!Then calculate the parameters to LVside referred (Re/a2 and Xe/a2)

Transformer Voltage Regulation (1)

A real transformer has series impedance

Transformer Voltage Regulation (2)

For an ideal transformer,

The Transformer Phasor Diagram (1)

To determine VR, we should understand the

Phasor voltage V2 is the reference.

The Transformer Phasor Diagram (2)

Applying Kirchoffs voltage law:

The Transformer Phasor Diagram (3)

Rugi-rugi dan efisiensi :

Rugi Fluks Bocor

Rugi Tembaga (PCu) :

Rugi Besi (Pi) :

Rugi eddy current

daya masuk daya keluar rugi rugi

rugi rugi PCu Pi

Perubahan efisiensi terhadap faktor kerja cos beban :

Examples: 2-5 (Chapman)

A 15-kVA, 2300/230-V transformer is tested (both tests

Find the equivalent circuit referred to high-voltage side!

Examples: 2-5 (Chapman) Solution (1)

Examples: 2-5 (Chapman) Solution (2)

Examples: 2-5 (Chapman) Solution (3)

Full-load current in the secondary:

234 .85 230

Examples: 2-5 (Chapman) Solution (4)

The output power of the transformer at this power factor is:

Rek 20.90 Cos 74054 ' 5.49

Why the discovery of the transformer accelerated the development

Why the transformer has to be cooled ? How it is done ?

What is the connection of the transformer that supplies your

The use of iron core and magnetic

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