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St. WILFRED'S SCHOOL

CBSE AFFILATION NO.1130474

SHEDUNG, PANVEL
Ilfred
Schcoh7

TOPIC:- 4

TO STUDY EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD USING

TANGENT GALVANOMETER"

By:- Riya Rajendra Patil.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE CBSE GRADE XI|
(SCIENCE) IN PHYSICS.
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 Introduction
Construction Bibliography
Application
Limitations
Conclusion
INDEX Principle
Theory Working
Aim
A
 or set magnetic
Servais norththe directly theB'. aftervector
ofmiddle produces is thushas
form
first Earth
B; is field
B' is dle
current.
by is
sensitive and
is is and The thecurrent nee
it
1837 galvanometer, and coil magnetic
the no coil, coil B orientation.
of the
the of field which
an aligned
the
with at carries sum the
needle thethe by Earth's
in this produced vector
magnetic
current,
INTRODUCTION
described through
of through
emploved it original
the compass when plane component
the
use the thethe
angle
coil sentthe field alongits sinceon
first To coil
later the
law. souththe nowto from directly the
was who magnetic
perpendicular itself B/B'.
Ohm's the of is Ø of
galvanometer and plane measuredcurrent. horizontal
surface =
alignsangle tangent
Pouillet, that depends
verify the the tan
means the an that
needle
with be of the
to field, the
of
magnitudethrough B to
Mathias level to magnitude shows
tangent
galvanometer
This to
parallel tional
magnetic
current
compass and proportional
a direction. constant,
diagram
rotating
Claude on propor turned.
is The the
Ihe up coil The
a
 value
its
find
arnd
Magnetic
Earth's
thegalvanometer.
AIM study
to
is
project
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the
a
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The(BH)
 CONSTRUCTION
The Tangent Galvanometer consist of the following:
A COILS HAVING A LARGE NUMBER OF TURNS

The coil consist of an insulated copper wire bound on an vertical circular

trame.The frame is made-up of non magnetic material like ebonite.
The frame is fixed vertically on a horizontal base with leveling screw.the
coil is provided with two or more coils of a different number of
turns.Thus the number of returns can be changed.
A Small Magnetic Needle
A magnetometer Box with a magnetic needle escaped at the centre of
the coil in a horizontal plane. The magnetic needle is pivoted at the
center of the coil and can rotate in a horizontalplane. Alight aluminium
pointer is pivoted at the right angle to the magnetic needle. When the
needle turns through a certain angle the aluminum pointers also turn
through the same angle. The deflection can be read on a circular degree
scale amirror is placed below the pointer to avoid aerror due to parallax.
ADJUSTMENT

" All nearby magnets add amagnetic materials are removed away
from instrument.
" The instrument is fixed in first level using the spirit level by
adjusting the leveling screw at the base so that the needle is exactly
horizontal and the coil isexactly vertical.
" The coil is then rotated about its vertical axis so that its plane is
parallel to the needle thus the coil remains in the magnetic
Meridian.The magnetometer box is rotated so that the pointer
reads 0 degree to zero degree.
 WORKING

The working of tangent galvanometer is based on the tangent law. It is

stated as when a magnet is susp ended freely in magnetic field Fand H,
the magnet comes to rest making an angle with the direction Hsuch
that,
F= Htan ----(1)
When a bar magnet is suspended in two magneticbfields B and Bh it
comes to rest making an angle with the directions of Bh.
Let a current Ibe passed through the coil of radius R, having turns N. the
magnetic field produced at the centre of the coil is,
F= u02 IN/4 R Let------(2)
Histhe horizontal component of earth's magnetic field and the magnetic
needle comes to rest at angle with the direction of H,
then according Eq.(1),
Htan@= u02 TIN/4TR
Htan=10 17*2IN/RH=2*1017IN/Rtan ---.-(3)
By substituting the value of current I, from Eq.(3),
Tan@/1=(uo/4r)*( 2rN/RH) ---(4)
Radius of coil of galvanometer R,deflection and N, the value of Hcan
be calculated.
 PRINCIPLE
Thetangent galvanometer works on
the principle of tangent laW.
Tangent lawof Magnetism

The tangent law of magnetism states that the of a tangent of the

compass needle which is due to the movement under the influence of
magnetic field is directly proportional to the ratio of Strengths Oftwo
perpendicular magnetic fields. In simpler words, the tangent of the angle
made by the moving needle under the magnetic field directiy indicates
the strength of the perpendicular magnetic fields.
 THEORY
for small
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument
Wound on
electric Currents. It consists of a coil of insulated copper wire
aCircular nonmagnetic frame. Its working is based on the principle of the
tangent law of magnetism.When a current is passed through the circular
coil, a magnetic field (B) is produced at the center of the coil in a direction
perpendicular to the plane of the coil.
DIFFERENCE BETWEENMCG AND TG

Moving Coil Tangent

Galvanometer Galvanometer:

Magnet is fixed and The coil is fixed

the coil is free to and the magnet
rotate is free to rotate.

Current is
directly
Current is directly proportional to
proportional to the
the tangent of
angle of deflection
the angle of
deflection

Initial adjustment of Initially, the coil

the instrument with
must be set in
respect to the
magnetic meridian is the magnetic
meridian.
not necessary.

Stray magnetic Stray magnetic

fields do not affect fields affect the
the reading. reading.
 LIMITATIONS
Magnetic field should be perpendicular to each other in a same
plane.
Atorque willact on a magnet when it is placed in a magnetic field.
If the number of turns of coil is increased the radius of coil will not
be the same for every turn and the magnetic induction At the
center is not uniform.
" The increase in number of turns increases, the resistance of coil of
galvanometer.
If the radius of the coil is made small the magnetic field at the
centre will be uniform.
If theta is kept small accuracy decreases. Acuracy is maximum
when theta is equal to 45 degree.

APPLICATION
1.T.G can be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal
component of the geomagnetic field.
2.The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer constant.

CONCLUSION
Experiment in tangent galvanometer gives the reduction factor
of galvanometer and horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetic
field
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.scribd.com
www.slideshare.com
www.wikipedia.com
NCERT Physics lab manual

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