Lab 1 Introduction To Microbial Genetics

Microbial Genetics
Lab 1
Introduction to Microbial
Genetics
‫ دمحم اسماعيل ابراهيم‬.‫م‬. ‫م‬
‫ م‬2022
What is Life made of?
What is Life made of?
 All living things are made of Cells.
 Fundamental working units of every living system.
 Every organism is composed of one of two
basic different types of cells:
• Prokaryotic cells or
• Eukaryotic cells.
 A cell is a smallest structural unit of an organism that
is capable of independent functioning
 All cells have some common features.
The Cell
 Living cells are constructed from a small number of different
types of molecules.
 Most biomolecules contain carbon and many contain nitrogen.
 Three levels of organization:
 The simplest level- individual elements (carbon, nitrogen,
or oxygen).
 The basic elements “building blocks”- amino acids.
 Macromolecules- nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates
Components involve in Genetics
DNA
RNA
Protein
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Single cell Single or multi cell
No nucleus Nucleus
No organelles Organelles
One piece of circular DNA Chromosomes
No mRNA post Exons/Introns splicing

transcriptional modification
Overview of organizations of life
 Nucleus = library
 Chromosomes = bookshelves
 Genes = books
 Almost every cell in an organism contains the same
libraries and the same sets of books.
 Books represent all the information (DNA) that every
cell in the body needs so it can grow and carry out its
various functions.
Gene : Unit of heredity
 The DNA segments that carries
genetic information are called
genes.
 It is normally a stretch of DNA
that codes for a type of protein or
for an RNA chain that has a
function in the organism.
 Genes hold the information to
build and maintain an organism's
cells and pass genetic traits to
offspring.
Genetic Materials
 Nucleic Acids
 Composed of chains of nucleotides.
 Nucleic acid molecules are usually composed of
4 different nucleotides.
 A nucleic acid molecule may contain several thousands or
millions of nucleotides.
 Each nucleic acid molecule has its own order, or
“sequence,” of nucleotides.
 The correct sequence of nucleotides is essential for the
nucleic acid’s function.
General Structure of Nucleic Acid
• DNA and RNA are long

chain polymers of small
chemical compound called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides
Nucleotides; ring shaped structures composed of:
 Nitrogenous base; these bases are classified based on their
chemical structures into two groups:
 Purine; double ringed structure (fused five- and six-
membered heterocyclic compounds).
 Pyrimidine; single ring structures (six-membered rings).
 Pentose sugars:
 Ribose (found in RNA).
 Deoxyribose (found in DNA).
 Phosphate group.
Sugar +Base = nucleoside
nucleoside
Phosphate+ sugar + Base = nucleotide

Bases
 Types:- Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) – Purines
 Cytosine (C) & Thymine (T) -Pyrimidines.

 A fifth pyrimidine base, called Uracil (U), usually takes the
place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking
a methyl group on its ring.
 PAIRING : A =T and A=U
G≡C
Genetic Materials
 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
 Pentose sugar: 2’-deoxyribose
 Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine and guanine (purines)
Cytosine and thymine (pyrimidines)
 Structure is typically a double-stranded helix
 Nucleotide sequences of the strands are complementary
to each other, A pairing with T and C pairing with G.
Genetic Materials
 RNA: Ribonucleic acid
 Pentose sugar: Ribose
 Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine and guanine (purines)
Cytosine and uracil (pyrimidines)
 Structure is typically single-stranded.
 An RNA strand can also form a double-stranded
structure with a DNA strand; in this case, the U on the
RNA will base-pair with the A on the DNA.
Genetic Materials
 The RNA in the cell has at least four different functions:
 Messenger RNA (mRNA).
 Transfer RNA (tRNA).
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
 Some small, stable RNAs.
Genetic Materials
 Overall function:
 The nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encodes
the amino acid sequence of a protein.
 Genome: The entire nucleotide sequence of an organism;
transmitted to offspring during reproduction.
 DNA molecules serve as the genome for the proteins of all
cellular organisms, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic. DNA
also serves as the genome for certain viral groups.
 RNA molecules serve as an intermediate in gene expression
in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, as well as some
viruses. RNA serves as the genome for certain viral groups.
Genetic Materials
 Important Processes in Genetics:
 DNA Replication: The sequence of a nucleotides in a DNA
molecule serves as a template to copy itself, so two identical
copies of the DNA helix are formed.
 Transcription: The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of an RNA
molecule; typically, only a small segment of the DNA is
copied. This is the first step in gene expression.
 Translation: The sequence of nucleotides in an RNA
molecule serves to direct the assembly of amino acids into a
protein chain on a ribosome. This is the second step in gene
expression.

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Microbial Genetics

‫ دمحم اسماعيل ابراهيم‬.‫م‬. ‫م‬

Single cell Single or multi cell

One piece of circular DNA Chromosomes

No mRNA post Exons/Introns splicing

• DNA and RNA are long

 Deoxyribose (found in DNA).

Phosphate+ sugar + Base = nucleotide

 Cytosine (C) & Thymine (T) -Pyrimidines.

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