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    Lecture - 3 The Skeletal System

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    mido_20067581
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular. Bones change and grow during development until maturity. Fractures are breaks in bones that are treated through reduction, immobilization, and formation of a bony callus during healing.

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    Lecture - 3 The Skeletal System

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    mido_20067581
    44 views7 pages
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular. Bones change and grow during development until maturity. Fractures are breaks in bones that are treated through reduction, immobilization, and formation of a bony callus during healing.

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    Lecture- 3 the Skeletal System

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    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular. Bones change and grow during development until maturity. Fractures are breaks in bones that are treated through reduction, immobilization, and formation of a bony callus during healing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    44 views7 pages

    Lecture - 3 The Skeletal System

    Uploaded by

    mido_20067581
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular. Bones change and grow during development until maturity. Fractures are breaks in bones that are treated through reduction, immobilization, and formation of a bony callus during healing.

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    The Skeletal System

     Parts of the skeletal system


    1. Bones (skeleton)
    2. Joints
    3. Cartilages
    4. Ligaments

     The skeletal system Divided into two divisions


    1. Axial skeleton
    2. Appendicular skeleton

    Functions of Bones
    1. Support of the body
    2. Protection of soft organs
    3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
    4. Storage of minerals and fats
    5. Blood cell formation

    Bones of the Human Body


     The skeleton has 206 bones

     Two basic types of bone tissue


    1. Compact bone
     Homogeneous
    2. Spongy bone
     Small needle-like pieces of bone
     Many open spaces

    Classification of Bones
    1. Long bones
     Typically longer than wide
     Have a shaft with heads at both ends
     Contain mostly compact bone
     Examples: Femur, humerus

    2. Short bones
     Generally cube-shape
     Contain mostly spongy bone
     Examples: Carpals, tarsals

    3. Flat bones
     Thin and flattened
     Usually curved
     Thin layers of compact bone around of spongy bone
     Examples: Skul, ribs, sternum

    4. Irregular bones
     Irregular shape
     Do not fit into other bone classification categories
     Example: Vertebrae and hip
    Changes in the Human Skeleton
     In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
     During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
     Cartilage remains in isolated areas
    1. Bridge of the nose
    2. Parts of ribs
    3. Joints

    Bone Growth
     Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
     Bones change shape somewhat
     Bones grow in width

    Bone Fractures
     A break in a bone
     Types of bone fractures
    1. Closed (simple) fracture - break that does not penetrate the skin
    2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
     Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
     Realignment of the bone

    Common Types of Fractures


    Repair of Bone Fractures

     Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed


     Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
     Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
     Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

    Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

    The Axial Skeleton


     Forms the longitudinal part of the body
     Divided into three parts
    1. Skull
    2. Vertebral column
    3. Bony thorax

    The Skull
     Two sets of bones
    1. Cranium
    2. Facial bones
     Bones are joined by sutures
     Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
    Paranasal Sinuses
     Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
     Functions of paranasal sinuses
    1. Lighten the skull
    2. Give resonance and amplification to voice

    The Hyoid Bone


     The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
     Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

    The Fetal Skull


     The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
     Fontanelles - fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
     Allow the brain to grow
     Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

    The Vertebral Column

     Vertebral separated by intervertebral discs


     The spine has a normal curvature
     Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
    The Bony Thorax

     Forms a cage to protect major organs


     Made-up of three parts
    1. Sternum
    2. Ribs
    3. Thoracic vertebrae

    The Appendicular Skeleton

    1. Limbs (appendages)
    2. Pectoral girdle
    3. Pelvic girdle

    The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

     Composed of two bones


    1. Clavicle - collarbone
    2. Scapula - shoulder blade
     These bones allow the upper limb to have
    exceptionally free movement

    Bones of the Upper Limb

     The arm is formed by a single bone  The forearm has two bones  The hand
    1. Humerus 1. Ulna 1. Carpals - wrist
    2. Radius 2. Metacarpals - palm
    3. Phalanges - fingers
    Gender Differences of the Pelvis

    Bones of the Pelvic Girdle


     Hip bones
     Composed of three pair of fused bones
    1. llium
    2. Ischium
    3. Pubic bone
     The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
     Protects several organs
    1. Reproductive organs
    2. Urinary bladder
    3. Part of the large intestine

    Bones of the Lower Limbs


    The thigh has one bone The leg has two bones The foot

    Femur - thigh bone Tibia Tarsus - ankle

    Fibula Metatarsals - sole

    Phalanges - toes

    Arches of the Foot

     Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches


     Two longitudinal
     One transverse

    Joints
     Articulations of bones  Functions of joints  Ways joints are classified
    1. Hold bones together 1. Functionally
    2. Allow for mobility 2. Structurally

    Structural Classification of Joints


    1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints
     Generally immovable  Immovable or slightly  Freely moveable
    moveable
    Fibrous Joints
     Bones united by fibrous tissue
     Examples
    1. Sutures
    2. Syndesmoses
     Allows more movement than sutures
     Example : distal end of tibia and fibula

    Cartilaginous Joints
     Bones connected by cartilage
     Examples
    1. Pubic symphysis
    2. Intervertebral joints

    Synovial Joints
     Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
     Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

    Features of Synovial Joints


     Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
     Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
     Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
     Ligaments reinforce the joint

    Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint


     Bursae - flattened fibrous sacs
     Lined with synovial membranes
     Filed with synovial fluid
     Not actually part of the joint
     Tendon sheath
     Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

    Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

    Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System


     At birth, the skull bones are incomplete
     Bones are joined by fibrous membranes - fontanelles
     Fontanelles are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth

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