Investigatory project-

‘group-18th’

SESSION : 2019-20

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Ankush Agarwal Anmol Upadhyay
P.G.T.,HOD of chemistry XII-A
 INDEX…

SR.NO PARTICULARS REMARK & SIGN.

1. certificate
2. acknowledgement

3. Introduction

4. History

5. Occurrence
6. ATOMIC PROPERTIES

7. Electronic configuration

8. Ionisation enthalpy

9. Atomic radii

10. Electron gain enthalpy

11. PHYSICAL PROPETIES

12. PROPERTIES CHART

13. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

14. Electronic configuration

15. compounds
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the chemistry
investigatory project titled ‘GROUP-
18TH ELEMENT’ has been successfully
completed by ANMOL UPADHYAY of
class 12TH in the partial fulfilment to
the curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
[C.B.S.E.] leading to the award of
board examination in the session
2019-20.

……………………….
MR. ANKUSH AGARWAL
P.G.T. [ HEAD OF CHEMISTRY DEPT.]
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
we are thankful to our chemistry
teacher ‘MR. ANKUSH AGARWAL’
who helped and guided me while
making this project file. We would also
like to thank chemistry department of
our school ‘SARASWATI VIDYA
MANDIR SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL’ who helped and gave time
for the completion of this project file.

-ANMOL UPADHYAY
 TH
GROUP-18
ELEMENTS-
 Helium
 Neon
 Argon
 Krypton
 Xenon
 radon
INTRODUCTION-
The Group 18th is located in the far right of
the periodic table and were previously referred to
as the "inert gases" due to the fact that their filled
valence shells (octets) make them extremely
nonreactive.
The Group 18 elements include Helium(He),
Neon(Ne), Argon(Ar), Krypton(Kr), Xenon(Xe), and
Radon(Rn).
For the first six periods of the periodic table, the
noble gases are exactly the members of group 18.
The Group 18 elements are typically highly
unreactive except when under particular extreme
conditions. The inertness of noble gases makes
them very suitable in applications where reactions
are not wanted. The properties of the The Group 18
elements can be well explained by modern theories
of atomic structure: their outer shell of valence
electrons is considered to be "full", giving them
little tendency to participate in chemical reactions,
and it has been possible to prepare only a few
hundred noble gas compounds.
The melting and boiling points for a given The
Group 18 elements are close together, differing by
less than 10 °C (18 °F); that is, they are liquids over
only a small temperature range.
Group 18th elements have several important
applications in industries such as lighting, welding,
and space exploration.
HISTORY-
The name makes an analogy to the term "noble
metals", which have low reactivity. The noble gases
have also been referred to as inert gases, but this
label is deprecated for many noble compounds are
now known.
Pierre Janssen and Joseph N.Lockyer discovered a
new element on August 18, 1868 while looking at
the chromosphere of the Sun, and named
it helium after the Greek word for the Sun.
Scottish scientist William Ramsay theorized that
the nitrogen extracted from air was mixed with
another gas, leading to an experiment that
successfully isolated a new element, argon and in
1898, he discovered the elements krypton, neon
and xenon.
In 1962, Neil Bartlett discovered the first chemical
compound of a noble gas,xenon hexafluroplatinate.
Compound of other noble gases were discovered
soon after: in 1962 for radon, RnF2 which was
identified by radiotracer techniques and in 1963 for
krypton, krypton difluoride(KrF2). The first stable
compound of argon was reported in 2000
when argon fluorohydride (HArF).
 OCCURRENCE-
All of these elements occur in a free state in
the atmosphere. Apart from Radon, every other
noble gas exists in the atmosphere. Argon alone
constitutes 0.93% of the total atmosphere. We can
prepare this element by the fractional distillation of
liquid air. We can find neon, helium and argon in
certain water springs as disintegrated gasses. Also,
we can obtain Radon by the decay of radium and
thorium minerals.

Abundance Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon

Solar System
5.515 × 5.391
(for each atom 2343 2.148 0.1025 –
10−5 × 10−6
of silicon)

Earth's
atmosphere
(0.06–18) ×
(volume 5.20 18.20 9340.00 1.10 0.09
10−19
fraction
in ppm)

Igneous rock
7×
(mass fraction 3 × 10−3 4 × 10−2 – – 1.7 × 10−10
10−5
in ppm)
ATOMIC PROPERTIES-
 Electronic configuration-
All noble gases have general electronic
configuration ns2np6 except helium which has 1s2
(Table 7.12). Many of the properties of noble gases
including their inactive nature are ascribed to their
closed shell structures.

 Ionisation enthalpy-
Due to stable electronic configuration these gases
exhibit very high ionisation enthalpy. However, it
decreases down the group with increase in atomic
size.

 Atomic radii-
Atomic radii increase down the group with increase
in atomic number.

 Electron gain enthalpy-

Noble gases have stable electronic
configurations, so they have no tendency
to accept the electron and have large
positive values of electron gain enthalpy.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES-
 Because of their stable nature, we find these
elements as monatomic gases in a free state.
 They are colourless, tasteless and odourless
gases. The particles of these elements have
weak Van der Waals forces. This force increases
on moving down the group. This is due to an
expansion in the polarising capacity of the
molecules.
 They exhibit low melting and boiling points. We
can attribute this to the weak Van der Waals
forces. The melting and boiling points increase
as we move down the group.
 We can condense these elements at extremely
low temperatures. As the size of the atoms
increases down the group, the ease of
liquification also increases.
  PROPERTIES CHART-

Property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon

Density (g/dm3) 0.1786 0.9002 1.7818 3.708 5.851 9.97

Boiling point (K) 4.4 27.3 87.4 121.5 166.6 211.5

Melting point (K) – 24.7 83.6 115.8 161.7 202.2

Enthalpy of
0.08 1.74 6.52 9.05 12.65 18.1
vaporization (kJ/mol)

Solubility in water at
8.61 10.5 33.6 59.4 108.1 230
20 °C (cm3/kg)

Atomic number 2 10 18 36 54 86

Atomic
radius (calculated) 31 38 71 88 108 120
(pm)

Ionization
2372 2080 1520 1351 1170 1037
energy (kJ/mol)

electronegativity 4.16 4.79 3.24 2.97 2.58 2.60

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES-
The noble gases are colourless, odourless,
tasteless, and non-flammable under standard
conditions. They were once labeled group 0 In
the periodic table because it was believed they
had a valence of zero, meaning
their atoms cannot combine with those of other
elements to form compounds. However, it was
later discovered some do indeed form
compounds, causing this label to fall into
disuse.

1) Electronic configuration :
The noble gases have full valence electron shells
so, do not tend to form chemical bonds and have
tendency to gain or lose electrons. However,
heavier noble gases such as radon are held less
firmly together by electromagnetic force than
lighter noble gases such as helium, making it easier
to remove outer electrons from heavy noble gases.

2) Compounds-
consequently, only a few hundred noble gas
compounds have been formed.
Neutral compounds in which helium and neon are
involved in chemical bonds have not been formed ,
while xenon, krypton, and argon have shown only
minor reactivity.

i. Xenon-fluorine compounds-
Xe + F2 → XeF2
Xe + 2F2 → XeF4
Xe + 3F2 → XeF6
Some of these compounds have found use
in chemical synthesis as oxidizing agents; XeF2, in
particular, is commercially available and can be
used as a fluorinating agent. As of 2007, about five
hundred compounds of xenon bonded to other
elements have been identified, including
organoxenon compounds (containing xenon
bonded to carbon), and xenon bonded to nitrogen,
chlorine, gold, mercury, and xenon
itself. Compounds of xenon bound to boron,
hydrogen, bromine, iodine, beryllium, sulphur,
titanium, copper, and silver have also been
observed but only at low temperatures in noble
gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets.

ii. Xenon-oxygen compounds-

Hydrolysis of XeF4 and XeF6 with water gives Xe03.
6XeF4 + 12 H2O  4Xe + 2Xe03 + 24 HF + 3 O2
XeF6 + 3 H2O  XeO3 + 6 HF
Partial hydrolysis of xeF6 gives oxyfluorides, XeOF4
and XeO2F2.
 Xe
Xe

(linear) (square planer)

XeO3 is a colourless explosive solid and has

a pyramidal molecular structure. XeOF4 is a
colourless volatile liquid and has a square
pyramidal molecular structure.

Xe
Xe Xe

(distorted octahedral) (square pyramidal) (pyramidal)

APPLICATIONS-
• Noble gases have very low boiling and melting
points, which make as cryogenic refrigerants.

• In particular, liquid helium, which boils at 4.2 K

is used for superconducting magnets, such as
those needed in nuclear magnetic resonance
imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance.

• Liquid neon, although it does not reach

temperatures as low as liquid helium, also finds
use in cryogenics.

• Helium is used as component of breathing

gas to replace nitrogen, due its low solubility in
fluids, especially in lipids.

• Argon is used in the synthesis of air-sensitive

compounds that are sensitive to nitrogen.

• . Solid argon is also used for the study of very

unstable compounds, such as reactive
intermediates.

Helium is used as the carrier medium in gas
chromatography, as a filler for thermometers,
and in devices for measuring radiation, such as
the Geiger counter and the bubble chamber.

• Helium and argon are both commonly used to

shield welding arcs and the surrounding base
metal from the atmosphere during welding and
cutting, as well as in other metallurgical
processes and in the production of silicon for
the semiconductor industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY-
1.https://www.google.com
2.ncert class 12th chemistry
3.youtube.com/edushop
4. https://www.wikipedia.org