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Volume – 3

Quantitative Aptitude
 EPFO SSA (Social Security Assistant)
S.No. Chapter Page No.

Simplification 1
Number System 12
Ratio & Proportion 23
Average 30
LCM & HCF 38
Profit & Loss 44
Partnership 51
Mixture & Alligation 56
Speed, Time & Distance 62
Boat & Stream 69
Simple Interest 76
Compound Interest 83
Time & Work 91
Inequalities 99
Probability 116
Mensuration 127
Permutation and Combination 148
Data Interpretation 157
Data Sufficiency 188
 Simplification
• In simplification, we represent the given data in a simple form, such as the data is done in
fraction, in decimal, in division, in power and by solving or changing the mathematical
operation.
• If different types of operations are given on some number, then how can we solve it so that
the answer to the question is correct, for that there is a rule which we call the rule of
VBODMAS.
• Which operation we should do first, it decides the rule of VBODMAS.
V B O D M A S

Vinculum OF
(+) Addition
Bracket[{()}]
Multiplication (×) Subtraction (–)
Divide (/)
• The first of all these mathematical operations is V which means Vinculum (line bracket). If
there is a line bracket in the question, then first we will solve it and then (BODMAS) Rule
will work in it.
• B (Bracket) in the second place means brackets which can be –
1. Small bracket ( )
2. Middle/curly bracket { }
3. Big bracket/ [ ]
• First the small brackets, then the curly bracket, and then the big brackets are solved.
• In the third place is "O" which is formed from "of" or "order", which means "multiply" or
"of".
• In the fourth place is "D" which means "Division", in the given expression do the first
division in different actions if given.
• There is “M” in the fifth place which means “Multiplication”, in the given expression after
“Division” we will do “Multiplication”.
• Sixth position is held by “A” which is related to “Addition”. Addition action takes place after
division and multiplication.
• There is "S" in the seventh place which is made of "Subtraction".

Q. Simplify –
 1  1 1  1 1 1    1 1
3  1   2       of 4 
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3
Sol: Step 1 – Convert the mixed fraction into simple fraction
 13  5 1  5 1 1    1 13 
           of 
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3 
1
 Now, according to VBODMAS –
 13  5 1  5 3  2   1 13 
Step 2 –          of 
 4  4 2  2 12    2 3 
 13  5 1  5 1  13
Step 3 –         
 4  4 2  2 12  6
 13  5 1  30  1  13
Step 4 –        
 4  4 2  12   6
 13  5 1 29  13
Step 5 –  4   4  2  12   6
  
 13  30  29  13
Step 6 –  4   24   6
  
 13 1  13
Step 7 –  4  24   6
 13  13
Step 8 –  4  24   6
6
Step 9 – 13  6 
13
= 36 Ans.

Algebraic Formulas –
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
3. (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
4. (a2 – b2) = (a + b) (a – b)
5. a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2(ab + bc + ca)
2
1  1
6. a  2  a  2
2

a  a
1
a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca   a  b   b  c    c  a 
2 2 2
7.
2
8. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
9. a3 – b3 = (a – b) 3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
10. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

=
1
2

 a  b  c   a  b   b  c    c  a 
2 2 2

If a + b + c = 0 , then
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

2
 3
1  1  1
11. a  3   a    3  a  
3

a  a  a
3
1  1  1
12. a  3   a    3  a  
3

a  a  a

Square and Square Root Table

Square Square Root Square Square Root
12 =1 1 1 162 = 256 256  16
22 = 4 4 2 172 = 289 289  17
32 = 9 9 3 182 = 324 324  18
42 = 16 16  4 192 = 361 361  19
52 = 25 25  5 202 = 400 400  20
62 = 36 36  6 212 = 441 441  21
72 = 49 49  7 222 = 484 484  22
82 = 64 64  8 232 = 529 529  23
92 = 81 81  9 242 = 576 576  24
102 = 100 100  10 252 = 625 625  25
112 = 121 121  11 262 = 676 676  26
122 = 144 144  12 272 = 729 729  27
132 = 169 169  13 282 = 784 784  28
142 = 196 196  14 292 = 841 841  29
152 = 225 225  15 302 = 900 900  30

Cube and Cube Root Table

Cube Cube Root Cube Cube Root
13 = 1 3
1 1 163 = 4096 3
4096  16
23 = 8 3
8 2 173 = 4913 3
4913  17
33 = 27 3
27  3 183 = 5832 3
5832  18
43 = 64 3
64  4 193 = 6859 3
6859  19
53 = 125 3
125  5 203 = 8000 3
8000  20
63 = 216 3
216  6 213 = 9261 3
9261  21
73 = 343 3
343  7 223 = 10648 3
10648  22
83 = 512 3
512  8 233 = 12167 3
12167  23
93 = 729 3
729  9 243 = 13824 3
13824  24

3
 103 = 1000 3
1000  10 253 = 15625 3
15625  25
113 = 1331 3
1331  11 263 = 17576 3
17576  26
123 = 1728 3
1728  12 273 = 19683 3
19683  27
133 = 2197 3
2197  13 283 = 21952 3
21952  28
143 = 2744 3
2744  14 293 = 24389 3
24389  29
153 = 3375 3
3375  15 303 = 27000 3
27000  30

Arithmetic Progression
The series in which each term can be found by adding or subtracting with its preceding term is
called the arithmetic progression.
E.g. 2, 5, 8, 11, …….
nth term of an Arithmetic Progression
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Where, a = First term
d = Common difference (2nd term – 1st term)
n = Number of all terms.
Addition of nth terms of an Arithmetic Progression –
n
Sn  2a  (n  1)d
2
If the first and last term is known –
n
Sn  a  
2
Where,  Last term
Arithmetic progression between the two variables
ab
A [The arithmetic progression of a & b is A]
2
Geometric Progression
If the ratio of each term of the series to its preceding term is a certain variable, then it is called
a geometric series. This fixed variable is called the common ratio.
nth term of Geometric Series –
Tn = a.rn-1
Where, a = First term r = Common ratio n = Number of terms

Addition of nth terms of Geometric Series –

 1  rn 
Sn  a  ; When r  1
 1 r 
 rn  1 
Sn  a  ; when r  1
 r 1 
4
1. Geometric series between two variables G  ab
2. If the arithmetic mean and geometric mean between two positive quantities a and b are A
ab
and G, then A > G,  ab
2
Harmonic Progression
If the reciprocals of the terms of a series are written in the same order and it is in arithmetic
progression, then this is known as harmonic series.
nth term of a Harmonic Progression –
1
Tn =
a  (n  1)d
2ab
Harmonic series (H) =
ab
Relation between Arithmetic Mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean
Let A, G and H be the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean between two
quantities a and b respectively, then
G2  AH and A  GH

Examples
Ex.1 The value of 24  2  12 + 12  6 of 2  (15  8  4) of (28  7 of 5) is –
32 8 2 1
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 4
75 75 3 6
Sol: (d)
24  2  12 + 12  6 of 2  (15  8  4) of (28  7 of 5)
= 24  (2/12) + 12  12  [(15/8)  4] of (28  35)
= 4 +1  (15/2) of 4/5
= 4 +1  6
= 4 + 1/6
1
= 4 Ans.
6

Ex.2 Simplify –
 1  1 1  1 1 1    1 1
3  1   2       of 4 
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3
Sol: According to question –
 1  1 1  1 1 1    1 1
 3  1   2       of 4 
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3
 13  5 1  5 1 1    1 13 
             
 4  4 2  2 4 6    2 3 

5
  13  5 1  30  3  2   13
       
 4  4 2  12   6
 13  5 1 25  13
       
 4  4 2 12  6
 13  5 25  13
      
 4  4 24  6
 13  30  25  13
    
 4  24  6
 13 5  13
  
 4 24  6
13 24 6
  
4 5 13
36 1
 7
5 5

Ex.3 Evaluate –
3 5 7 1 1 5 3 3
2  1        of
4 6 8 3 4 7 4 7
56 49 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
77 80 3 9
Sol: According to question –
 3
24  7 1 1  5 3 3
 5         of
1  8 3 4 7 4 7
 6
11
7 7 5  3 3
 4      
11 8 12 7  4 7 
6
3 8 7 5 28
    
2 7 12 7 9
20
1
9
29 2
  3 Ans.
9 9

Ex.4 If (102)2 = 10404 then the value of 104.04  1.0404  0.010404 is equals to?
(a) 0.306 (b) 0.0306 (c) 11.122 (d) 11.322
Sol: (d)
According to question –
 104.04  1.0404  0.010404
6
 10404 10404 10404
  
100 10000 1000000
102 102 102
  
10 100 1000
= 10.2 + 1.02 + 0.102 = 11.322
1
 2
Ex.5 If a = 64 & b = 289 then find the value of  a b  b a 
 
(a) 21/2 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) -2
Sol: (a)
a = 64, b = 289

 
1

 a b  b a
2

 
1

64  289  289  64
2

1
  8  17  17  8  2

1
  25  9  2

1 1
  5  3 2  (2)2  2

Ex.6 The cube root of 175616 is 56 then find the value of

3
175.616  3 0.175616  3 0.000175616 ?
(a) 0.168 (b) 62.16 (c) 6.216 (d) 6.116
Sol: (c)
According to question –
 3 175.616  3 0.175616  3 0.000175616
175616 3 175616 3 175616
3  
1000 1000000 1000000000
56 56 56
  
10 100 1000
 5.6 + 0.56 + 0.056 = 6.216

Ex.7 What is the smallest number to be added to 710 so that the sum becomes a perfect cube?
(a) 29 (b) 19 (c) 11 (d) 21
Sol: (b)
Clearly, 3 729  9
 19 must be added to 710 to get a perfect cube.

7
Ex.8 Find the value of the following –
5
4 is
1
1
1
3
1
2
4
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 64 16 32
Sol: (a)
Expression
5
4
1
1
1
3
8 1
4
5 5
= 4 = 4
1 1
1 1
4 27  4
3
9 9
5 5
= 4 = 4
9 31  9
1
31 31
5  31 160  155
= 4 
40 40
5 1
= 
40 8

1
Ex.9 If 2  x  then find the value of x ?
1
1
1
3
4
18 21 13 12
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17
Sol: (b)
According to question –
1
If 2  x 
1
1
1
3
4
1
 2x
4
1
12  1

8
 1 13
2=x+  2x
4 17
1
13
13 34  13
 x 2 x=
17 17
21
 x
17

998
Ex.10 999  999 equals to ?
999
(a) 998999 (b) 999899 (c) 989999 (d) 999989
Sol: (a)
998
 999  999
999
 998 
  999    999
 999 
= 9992 + 998
= (1000-1)2 + 998
= 1000000 – 2000 + 1 + 998
= 998999

(0.03)2  (0.01)2
Ex.11 Find the value of ?
0.03  0.01
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.004 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.04
Sol: (d)
According to question –
(0.03)2  (0.01)2
0.03  0.01
(0.03  0.01)(0.03  0.01)
=
 0.03  0.01
[∵ a2–b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (0.03 + 0.01)
= 0.04
2
 1 
Ex.12  2   equals to ?
 2
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
2 2 2 2
Sol: (c)

9
 According to question –
2
 1  
 2   a  b 2  a2  b2  2ab 
 2 
2

   1  1
2
 2    2 2 
 2 2
1 4 1 4
 2 2 
2 2
9 1
 4
2 2

0.051  0.051  0.051  0.041  0.041  0.041

Ex.13 Find the value of ?
0.051  0.051  0.051  0.041  0.041  0.041
(a) 0.92 (b) 0.092 (c) 0.0092 (d) 0.00092
Sol: (b)
According to question –
0.051  0.051  0.051  0.041  0.041  0.041
0.051  0.051  0.051  0.041  0.041  0.041
We know that,
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)


 0.051   0.041
3 3

 0.0512   0.0412  0.051 0.041

0.051  0.041  0.0512   0.0412  0.051 0.041

 0.0512   0.0412  0.051  0.041
 
= 0.051 + 0.041 = 0.092 Ans.

Ex.14 Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 less than 50 ?

(a) 400 (b) 408 (c) 404 (d) 412
Sol: (b)
3 + 6 + 9 …………….. + 48
48
Here, a = 3, d = 3, n = = 16
3
n
Sn = [2a + (n-1) d]
2
16
 2  3  16  1 3
2
= 8 [6+45]
= 8  51 = 408 Ans.

10
Ex.5 How many terms are there in the following arithmetic series?
7, 13, 19, .............. , 205
Sol: a = 7, d = 13 - 7 = 6, Tn = 205
Tn = a + (n - 1)d
 205 = 7 + (n – 1) 6
 205 – 7 = (n – 1) 6
 198 = (n – 1)6
 n – 1 = 33
 n = 33 + 1
 n = 34
There are 34 terms in this series.
Ex.16 If the sum of two numbers is 22, and the sum of their squares is 404, then find the product
of those numbers?
(a) 40 (b) 44 (c) 80 (d) 89
Sol: (a)
According to question –
x + y = 22 …….. (i)
x2 + y2= 404 ……. (ii)
 (x + y) = x + y + 2xy
2 2 2

 (22)2 = 404 + 2 xy
 484 = 404 + 2 xy
 2xy = 80
 xy = 40 Ans.
Ex.17 When a two digit number is multiplied by the sum of its digits, the product is 424. When
the number obtained by interchanging its digits is multiplied by the sum of the digits, the
result is 280. What is the sum of the digits of the number?
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 8
Sol: (d)
Let the unit digit number be x and the tenth digit number be y, then the number =10y + x
According to question –
(10y + x)  (x + y) = 424 ----(1)
(10x + y)  (x + y) = 280 ----(2)
On dividing the equation (1) & (2) –
 (10y + x)/ (10x + y) = 424/280
 (10y + x)/ (10x + y) = 53/35
(10y + x)/ (10x + y) = (50 + 3)/ (30 + 5)
(After solving in detail we can find the value of x and y)
 x = 3 and y = 5
So, we can say that the digit of the number is 5 and 3.
Hence, sum of the digits = 5+ 3 = 8
11
 Number System

Complex Number (Z)

Z = Real numbers + Imaginary numbers

Z = a + ib

Where, a = Real numbers.

b = Imaginary numbers.

Real Numbers
Rational and irrational numbers together are called real numbers. These can be represented on
the number line.

Imaginary Numbers
Numbers that can not be represented on the number line.

Integer Numbers
A set of numbers which includes whole numbers as well as negative numbers, is called integer
numbers, it is denoted by I.
I = {–4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…..}

12
Natural Numbers
The numbers which are used to count things are called natural numbers.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……}

Whole Numbers
When 0 is also included in the family of natural numbers, then they are called whole numbers.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …..}
The product of four consecutive natural numbers is always exactly divisible by 24.

Even Numbers
Numbers which are completely divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
nth term = 2n
Sum of first n even natural numbers = n(n+1)
2n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sum of square of first n even natural numbers =
3
 Last term 
n = 
 2 

Odd Numbers
The numbers which are not divisible by 2 are odd numbers.
Sum of first n odd numbers = n2
 Last term + 1 
n = 
 2 

Natural Numbers
n(n + 1)
Sum of first n natural numbers =
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sum of square of first n natural numbers =
6
2
 n(n + 1) 
Sum of cube of first n natural numbers = 
 2 
The difference of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is equal to their sum.
Example - 112 = 121
122 = 144
11 + 12  23 Difference 144 – 121 = 23
Prime Numbers – Which have only two forms - 1 × numbers
E.g. - {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19……..}
Where, 1 isn’t a Prime Number.

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 The digit 2 is only even prime number.
 3, 5, 7 is the only pair of consecutive odd prime numbers.
 Total prime numbers between 1 to 25 ¾ 9
 Total prime numbers between 25 to 50 ¾ 6
 There are total of 15 prime numbers between 1-50.
 There are total of 10 prime numbers between 51 – 100.
So there are total 25 prime numbers from 1-100.
 Total prime numbers from 1 to 200 ¾ 46
 Total prime numbers from 1 to 300 ¾ 62
 Total prime numbers from 1 to 400 ¾ 78
 Total prime numbers from 1 to 500 ¾ 95

Co-prime Numbers
Numbers whose HCF is only 1.
E.g. - (4,9), (15, 22), (39, 40)
HCF = 1

Perfect Number
A number whose sum of its factors is equal to that number (except the number itself in the
factors)
E.g. - 6  1, 2, 3  Here 1 + 2 + 3  6
28  1, 2, 4, 7, 14  1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14  28

Rational Numbers
Numbers that can be written in the form of P/Q, but where Q must not be zero and P and Q must
be integers.
10 7
E.g. - 2/3, 4/5, ,
11 8

Irrational Numbers
These cannot be displayed in P/Q form.
E.g. - 2, 3, 11, 19, 26...
Perfect square numbers

Unit Digit which can be of square Which can't be square
0 2 –––
1 3 –––
4 7 –––
5 or 25 8 –––
6
9

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 The last two digits of the square of any number will be the same as the last two digits of the
square of numbers 1-24.

Note: Therefore, everyone must remember the squares of 1-25.

Convert to Binary and Decimal –
1. Convert Decimal Number to Binary Number
To find the binary number equivalent to a decimal number, we continuously divide the
given decimal number by 2 until we get 1 as the final quotient.
E.g.
2 89 2 × 44 = 88 ; 89 – 88 = 1
2 44 2 × 22 = 44; 44 – 44 = 0
2 22 2 × 11 = 22 ; 22 – 22 = 0
2 11 2 × 5 = 10 ; 11 – 10 = 1
2 5 2×2=4;5–4=1
2 2 2×1=2;2–2=0
1 Final quotient

Hence, binary number equivalent to 89 = (1011001)2

2. Convert Binary to Decimal Nubmer
In binary system the value of 1 when it moves one place to its left every time it doubles
itself and wherever 0 comes its value is 0.
E.g.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Now
(1011001)2 = 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 24 × 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 ×21 + 1 × 20
= 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 8 + 0 + 1 {20 = 1}
= 89

Finding the Number of Divisors or Number of Factors

First we will do the prime factorization of the number and write it as Power and multiply by
adding
One to each power, then the number of divisors will be obtained.
E.g. By how many total numbers can 2280 be completely divided?
Sol. 2280 = 23 × 31 × 51 × 191
Number of divisors = (3 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
= 4 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32

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