Chapter 2 System Services, System Calls.....

Week#2,Lecture 3
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Recap
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Definition
OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
OS is a System Software that runs all the time
OS is responsible to manage all the operations and
services in systematic way.
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
Depends on the point of view

Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
Don’t care about resource utilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
Computer Startup
bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known
as firmware
Initializes all aspects of system
Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles
Computer-System Operation
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
Each device controller type has an operating system device driver
to manage it
CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by
causing an interrupt
Functions of OS
Services
Operating System Services
Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs
and services to programs and users
One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user:
User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user
interface (UI).
 Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User
Interface (GUI), touch-screen, Batch
Program execution - The system must be able to load a program
into memory and to run that program, end execution, either
normally or abnormally (indicating error)
I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may
involve a file or an I/O device
File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular
interest. Programs need to read and write files and directories,
create and delete them, search them, list file Information,
permission management.
Operating System Services (Cont.)
One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user (Cont.):
Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the
same computer or between computers over a network
 Communications may be via shared memory or through
message passing (packets moved by the OS)
Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible
errors
 May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in
user program
 For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action
to ensure correct and consistent computing
 Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and
programmer’s abilities to efficiently use the system
Operating System Services (Cont.)
Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation
of the system itself via resource sharing
Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs
running concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them
 Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file
storage, I/O devices.
Logging - To keep track of which users use how much and what
kinds of computer resources
Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a
multiuser or networked computer system may want to control use
of that information, concurrent processes should not interfere with
each other
 Protection involves ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled
 Security of the system from outsiders requires user
authentication, extends to defending external I/O devices from
invalid access attempts
Task Manager
Features of OS
Here is a list important features of OS:
• Protected and supervisor mode
• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection
Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles
Device Manager
Computer-System Operation
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
Each device controller type has an operating system device driver
to manage it
CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by
causing an interrupt
LECTURE # 3
Common Functions of Interrupts
Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine

generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted
instruction
A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused
either by an error or a user request
An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupt Handling
The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by

storing the registers and the program counter
Determines which type of interrupt has occurred:
Separate segments of code determine what action should
be taken for each type of interrupt
Interrupt-drive I/O Cycle
I/O Structure
Two methods for handling I/O

After I/O starts, control returns to user program only
upon I/O completion
After I/O starts, control returns to user program without
waiting for I/O completion
I/O Structure (Cont.)
After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O
completion
Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt
Wait loop (contention for memory access)
At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no
simultaneous I/O processing
After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for
I/O completion
System call – request to the OS to allow user to wait for I/O
completion
Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device
indicating its type, address, and state
OS indexes into I/O device table to determine device status
and to modify table entry to include interrupt
Storage Structure
Storage Structure
Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly
Random access
Typically volatile
Typically random-access memory in the form of
Dynamic Random-access Memory (DRAM)
Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides
large nonvolatile storage capacity
Storage Structure (Cont.)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid metal or glass platters covered
with magnetic recording material
Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided
into sectors
The disk controller determines the logical interaction between
the device and the computer
Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices– faster than hard disks,
nonvolatile
Various technologies
Becoming more popular as capacity and performance increases,
price drops
Storage Definitions and Notation Review
The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two
values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits.
Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can represent:
numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name
a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest convenient
chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to
move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word,
which is a given computer architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made
up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer that has 64-bit registers and
64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer
executes many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.
Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally

measured and manipulated in bytes and collections of bytes. A kilobyte, or
KB , is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes; a gigabyte, or GB, is
1,0243 bytes; a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes; and a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245
bytes. Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that
a megabyte is 1 million bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking
measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits
(because networks move data a bit at a time).
Storage Hierarchy
Storage systems organized in hierarchy
Speed
Cost
Volatility
Caching – copying information into faster storage system; main
memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage
Device Driver for each device controller to manage I/O
Provides uniform interface between controller and kernel
Storage-Device Hierarchy
A Broader View of Operating System Services
System Calls
Programming interface to the services provided by the OS

Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)
Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application
Programming Interface (API) rather than direct system call use
Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX API for
POSIX-based systems (including virtually all versions of UNIX, Linux,
and Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java virtual machine (JVM)
Note that the system-call names used throughout this text are
generic
Example of System Calls
System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another file
Example of Standard API
System Call Implementation
Typically, a number is associated with each system call

System-call interface maintains a table indexed according to
these numbers
The system call interface invokes the intended system call in OS
kernel and returns status of the system call and any return values
The caller need know nothing about how the system call is
implemented
Just needs to obey API and understand what OS will do as a
result call
Most details of OS interface hidden from programmer by API
 Managed by run-time support library (set of functions built into
libraries included with compiler)
API – System Call – OS Relationship
System Call Parameter Passing
Often, more information is required than simply identity of desired

system call
Exact type and amount of information vary according to OS and
call
Three general methods used to pass parameters to the OS
Simplest: pass the parameters in registers
 In some cases, may be more parameters than registers
Parameters stored in a block, or table, in memory, and address of
block passed as a parameter in a register
 This approach taken by Linux and Solaris
Parameters placed, or pushed, onto the stack by the program and
popped off the stack by the operating system
Block and stack methods do not limit the number or length of
parameters being passed
Types of System Calls (Cont.)
File management
create file, delete file
open, close file
read, write, reposition
get and set file attributes
Device management
request device, release device
read, write, reposition
get device attributes, set device attributes
logically attach or detach devices
Information maintenance
get time or date, set time or date
get system data, set system data
get and set process, file, or device attributes
Communications
create, delete communication connection
send, receive messages if message passing model to host
name or process name
 From client to server
Shared-memory model create and gain access to memory
regions
transfer status information
attach and detach remote devices
Protection
Control access to resources
Get and set permissions
Allow and deny user access
Examples of Windows and Unix System Calls
Standard C Library Example
C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write() system call
System Services
System programs provide a convenient environment for program
development and execution. They can be divided into:
File manipulation
Status information sometimes stored in a file
Programming language support
Program loading and execution
Communications
Background services
Application programs
Most users’ view of the operating system is defined by system
programs, not the actual system calls
System Services (Cont.)
Provide a convenient environment for program development and
execution
Some of them are simply user interfaces to system calls; others
are considerably more complex
File management - Create, delete, copy, rename, print, dump, list,

and generally manipulate files and directories
Status information
Some ask the system for info - date, time, amount of available
memory, disk space, number of users
Others provide detailed performance, logging, and debugging
information
Typically, these programs format and print the output to the
terminal or other output devices
Some systems implement a registry - used to store and
retrieve configuration information
File modification
Text editors to create and modify files
Special commands to search contents of files or perform
transformations of the text
Programming-language support - Compilers, assemblers,
debuggers and interpreters sometimes provided
Program loading and execution- Absolute loaders, relocatable
loaders, linkage editors, and overlay-loaders, debugging systems for
higher-level and machine language
Communications - Provide the mechanism for creating virtual
connections among processes, users, and computer systems
Allow users to send messages to one another’s screens, browse
web pages, send electronic-mail messages, log in remotely,
transfer files from one machine to another
Background Services
Launch at boot time
 Some for system startup, then terminate
 Some from system boot to shutdown
Provide facilities like disk checking, process scheduling, error
logging, printing
Run in user context not kernel context
Known as services, subsystems, daemons
Application programs
Don’t pertain to system
Run by users
Not typically considered part of OS
Launched by command line, mouse click, finger poke

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Week#2,Lecture 3

Depends on the point of view

bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine

The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by

Two methods for handling I/O

Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally

Programming interface to the services provided by the OS

Typically, a number is associated with each system call

Often, more information is required than simply identity of desired

File management - Create, delete, copy, rename, print, dump, list,

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