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    9.1. Energy and Life

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    hanatabbal19
    1. ATP is an important molecule that cells use to store and release energy. It provides energy for processes like active transport, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis through the breaking of phosphate bonds. 2. Cells constantly need to produce ATP since it is used up quickly. Heterotrophs get the energy to produce ATP from food molecules, ultimately derived from autotrophs like plants that produce food molecules from sunlight through photosynthesis. 3. Photosynthesis allows plants to capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrate molecules like sugars. This stored chemical energy in food molecules powers the production of ATP in living cells.

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    9.1. Energy and Life

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    hanatabbal19
    109 views19 pages
    1. ATP is an important molecule that cells use to store and release energy. It provides energy for processes like active transport, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis through the breaking of phosphate bonds. 2. Cells constantly need to produce ATP since it is used up quickly. Heterotrophs get the energy to produce ATP from food molecules, ultimately derived from autotrophs like plants that produce food molecules from sunlight through photosynthesis. 3. Photosynthesis allows plants to capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrate molecules like sugars. This stored chemical energy in food molecules powers the production of ATP in living cells.

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    1. ATP is an important molecule that cells use to store and release energy. It provides energy for processes like active transport, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis through the breaking of phosphate bonds. 2. Cells constantly need to produce ATP since it is used up quickly. Heterotrophs get the energy to produce ATP from food molecules, ultimately derived from autotrophs like plants that produce food molecules from sunlight through photosynthesis. 3. Photosynthesis allows plants to capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrate molecules like sugars. This stored chemical energy in food molecules powers the production of ATP in living cells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views19 pages

    9.1. Energy and Life

    Uploaded by

    hanatabbal19
    1. ATP is an important molecule that cells use to store and release energy. It provides energy for processes like active transport, muscle contraction, and protein synthesis through the breaking of phosphate bonds. 2. Cells constantly need to produce ATP since it is used up quickly. Heterotrophs get the energy to produce ATP from food molecules, ultimately derived from autotrophs like plants that produce food molecules from sunlight through photosynthesis. 3. Photosynthesis allows plants to capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in carbohydrate molecules like sugars. This stored chemical energy in food molecules powers the production of ATP in living cells.

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    9.1.

    Energy
    and Life
    Grade 9
    Ihsan International School
    Ms. Hana EL Tabbal
    Vocabulary
    • ATP
    • Photosynthesis
    Chemical Energy and ATP

    • Energy is the ability to do work. Without


    energy, lights, appliances, and computers
    stop working.
    • Living things depend on energy, too.
    • Even when you are sleeping, your cells
    are busy using energy to synthesize new
    molecules, contract muscles, and carry
    out active transport.
    • Simply put, without the ability to obtain
    and use energy by converting from one
    form to another, life would cease to exist.
    Chemical Energy and ATP
    • Energy comes in many forms, including light, heat, and
    electricity.
    • Energy can be stored in chemical compounds, too.
    • For example, when you light a candle, the wax melts, soaks
    into the wick, and is burned. As the candle burns, chemical
    bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms in the wax are
    broken.
    • New bonds then form between these atoms and oxygen,
    producing CO2 and H2O (carbon dioxide and water).
    • These new bonds are at a lower energy state than the
    original chemical bonds in the wax.
    • The energy lost is released as heat and light in the glow of
    the candle's flame.
    Storing Energy
    • Whether they get energy from food or from
    sunlight, all living cells store energy in the
    chemical bonds of certain compounds.
    • One of the most important compounds is
    adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP.
    • As shown in the figure, ATP consists of
    adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and
    three phosphate groups.
    • Those phosphate groups are the key to
    ATP's ability to store and release energy.
    Storing Energy
    • Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a
    compound that looks almost like ATP,
    except that it has two phosphate groups
    instead of three.
    • This difference is the key to the way in
    which living things store energy.
    • When a cell has energy available, it can
    store small amounts of it by adding
    phosphate groups to ADP to produce ATP.
    Releasing
    Energy
    • Cells can release the energy stored in
    ATP by the controlled breaking of the
    chemical bonds between atoms in the
    second and third phosphate groups.
    • As the figure shows, this means that
    ATP functions a little bit like a
    rechargeable battery.
    • Because energy is used to add a
    phosphate group to ADP to generate
    ATP, and energy is released when a
    phosphate group on ATP is split off
    and released, ATP serves the cell as a
    way of storing and releasing energy as
    needed.
    Releasing
    Energy
    • ATP can release and store energy by breaking and re-
    forming the bonds between its phosphate groups.
    • This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as
    a basic energy source for all cells.
    How Cells Use ATP
    • What do cells use ATP for?
    • One way cells use the energy provided by
    ATP is for carrying out active transport.
    • Many cell membranes contain sodium-
    potassium pumps, membrane proteins that
    pump sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and
    potassium ions (K +) into it.
    • ATP provides the energy that keeps this
    pump working, maintaining a carefully
    regulated balance of ions on both sides of
    the cell membrane.
    • The energy stored in ATP also enables cells to move,
    providing power for motor proteins that contract muscle
    How Cells Use ATP and power the wavelike movement of cilia and flagella.
    How Cells Use ATP
    • Energy from ATP can be transferred to other
    molecules in the cell to power processes such as
    protein synthesis and responses to chemical signals
    at the cell surface.
    • The chemical energy from ATP can even be
    converted to light.
    • In fact, the blink of a firefly on a summer night
    comes from an enzyme that is powered by ATP!
    How Cells Use ATP
    • ATP is such a useful source of energy that you might
    think cells would be packed with ATP to get them
    through the day—but this is not the case.
    • In fact, most cells have only a small amount of ATP,
    enough to last for a few seconds of activity. Why?
    • Even though ATP is a great molecule for transferring
    energy, it is not a good one for storing large amounts
    of energy over the long term.
    • A single molecule of the sugar glucose, for example,
    stores more than 90 times the energy required to add
    a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP.
    • Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using
    the energy in foods like sugar. As you will see, that's
    exactly what they do.
    Question !
    • How does ATP provide the energy cells
    need ?
    Answer…
    • ATP releases energy when a bond to
    its third phosphate group is broken.
    This energy is used for processes such
    as active transport, movement, and
    protein synthesis.
    Heterotrophs and
    Autotrophs
    • Cells have to produce ATP constantly
    because it gets used up quickly in an
    active cell.
    • So, where do living things get the
    energy they use to produce ATP? There
    are several ways.
    • Most animals obtain the chemical
    energy they need from food.
    • Organisms that obtain food by
    consuming other living things are
    known as heterotrophs.
    • Some heterotrophs get their food by
    eating plants such as grasses. Other
    heterotrophs, such as the heron, obtain
    food from plants indirectly by feeding
    on other animals.
    Heterotrophs and
    Autotrophs
    • Still other heterotrophs obtain
    food by absorbing nutrients from
    decomposing organisms in the
    environment.
    • Mushrooms obtain food this way.
    Heterotrophs and
    Autotrophs
    • Originally, however, the energy in food
    comes from the sun.
    • Plants, algae, and some bacteria are
    able to use energy from sunlight to
    synthesize food molecules.
    • Organisms that make their own food
    are called autotrophs.
    • Ultimately, nearly all life on Earth
    depends on the ability of autotrophs
    to capture and convert the energy
    from sunlight to synthesize high-
    energy carbohydrates—sugars and
    starches— that can be used as food.
    Heterotrophs and
    Autotrophs
    • This process is known as photosynthesis.
    • The word photosynthesis comes from the
    Greek words photo, meaning "light," and
    synthesis, meaning "putting together.“
    • Therefore, photosynthesis means "using
    light to put something together.“
    • In the process of photosynthesis, plants
    convert the energy of sunlight into
    chemical energy stored in the bonds of
    carbohydrates.

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