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 NAME : KIRAN CHENARAM
POONIYA
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CLASS : 11 SCIENCE
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ROLL NO. : 09


SUBJECT : BIOLOGY
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SCHOOL NAME: R.M.G


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MAHESHWARI ENGLISH SCOOL

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  TOPIC : ‘USEFUL P LANTS AND
ANIMALS’

INTRODUCTION

WE HAVE TO LIVE IN HARMONY WITH OUR SURROUNDINGS. WE ARE HELPED BY

SEVERAL ANIMALS AND PLANTS AROUND AS AND IN TURN, WE MUST
UNDERSTAND AND FULFILL THEIR REQUIREMENTS. IT IS THUS VERY ESSENTIAL
FOR US TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN USEFUL AND HARMFUL PLANTS AND
ANIMALS. IN THIS PROJECT WE WILL STUDY ABOUT VARIOUS PLANTS AND
ANIMALS WHICH ARE USEFUL TO US AND ALSO ABOUT THOSE CAUSE US HARM.

Useful plants:
DEFINITION: A large number of plants and their products are used for the well being of
mankind. They provide us with food, clothing and shelter. They also provide raw materials for
many industrial products. Numerous plants have medicinal properties. Ornamental plants add to
beauty. Many of the useful plants occur in nature in forests and a good number of them are
cultivated for food and industry.

In general, the useful plants can be grouped into the following categories:

1. Food producing:
2. Fiber yielding
3. Timber yielding
4. Medicinal
5. Ornamental plants
6. Other useful plants

FOOD PRODUCING PLANTS:

The early nomadic men gathered wild plants and hunted animals for their food. As They
Marked The Beginning of them agriculture. The following are some of the major food
plants cultivated in India: cereals, pulses, vegetables and fruits.

All cereals are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins A, B and C. they are cultivated as
annual crops. Rice, wheat and maize are the major cereals while JOWAR and BAJAR are
millets. Cereal cultivation in India occupies about 60% of the total land under cultivated.

PULSES:
The seeds of some plants are used as food. These seeds are known as pulses and they
contain proteins in large amounts in addition to carbohydrates and vitamins.

VEGETABLES:
Vegetables constitute an important part of the daily diet. There are variety of plants
whose edible parts are caten raw or are cooked for preparing delicious dishes. The
vegetables include roots, leaves, flowers and even very important because they contain
minerals salts and vitamins.
FRUITS:
In economics botany, the term fruit is commonly used for only those which are eaten
without cooking. A large number of plants are cultivated in India for their fruits.
Some, like mangoes and bananas, are even exported. Other fruits common in India are
guava, papaya, pineapple, orange, pear, custard apple, grapes, litchi, etc.
They provide not only carbohydrates but also vitamins.
 EDIBLE OILS:
We get oils which are used as cooking media from plants. Oils are changed into fats in
our bodies. Groundnut oil and coconut oil are some of the commonly used oils. Oils are also
utilized for the manufacture of soaps.

SPICES:
The edible materials which are used more for their aromatic flavor than for their food value are
known as spices. Spices are generally derived from different parts of the plants, like shoots,
stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, etc. ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, saffron, chilies
(red and green peppers), black pepper, fennel coriander, cumin, mustard seeds are commonly,
used as spices and condiments.
FIBER YIELDING PLANTS:
The fiber yielding plants are second only to the food yielding plants in importance. Man has been
dependent on these plants for plant for his clothing and for a variety of other needs from times
immemorial.

TIMBER YIELDING PLANTS:

All trees can yield wood which can be used as fuel when they are dried.

MEDICINAL PLANTS:
The most important of all the plant products used as medicines are antibiotics. Antibiotics are
substances produced by micro-organisms like fungi and bacteria e.g. penicillin produced
penicillium.

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS:
Flowering plants that are grown in private and public gardens for their beauty are called
ornamental plants. Rose, magnolia, bougainvillea, zinnia, balsam, lily, money plants and many
other plants are grown for their beautiful flowers.
OTHER USEFUL PLANTS:
GUM: gums are the familiar exudates of the plants of the dry region.

Resins: resins occur as secretion in special ducts and canals in different parts of the plants.

TANNINS:
Tannins are found in almost all the plants but only some plants

Contain substantial amount.

RUBBER:
Rubber which we use in the manufacture of tiers, tubes, raincoats, belts, sports goods, etc.

PERFUMES:
Perfumes are sweet smelling oils extracted or obtained from flowers like rose, jasmine,
lavender, champa, saffron etc.

HARMFUL PLANTS:
Most of flowering plants are cultivated and used by man for his benefit. But many are
known to produce poison. Poison can be described as a substance which is injurious to health or
which can destroy life. white cedar is a small neem-like tree with attractive yellow fruits. These
are lethal if taken by children and cause vomiting, diarrhea and difficulty in breathing in adults.
Datura poison, when administered in small does over a long period can act as obtained from
poppy seeds in mild doses serves as a sedative but an overdose can cause death.
 USEFUL ANIMALS

DEFINITION: since the beginning of human civilization man has been

domesticating animals to use them for his own work and food. But unlike plants, the number of
useful animals play a significant role in the welfare of mankind. We keep certain animals not
only as pets but also to serve some specific purposes. E.g. hens for eggs and cows for milk, etc.

ANIMALS HUSBANDRY
The study of all the aspects of rearing the livestock is collectively known as animals
husbandry. In the rearing of animals, four factors have to be considered they are:
1. Breeding
2. Feeding
3. Weeding
4. Heeding
 BREEDING: we want the animals with desired characters. The controlled
multiplication of animals to maintain or improve their qualities is known
as selective breeding. Man has been able to produce many breeds of
different animals which meet his requirement.

 FEEDING: food is essential for all living beings. When the young calves
start taking solid food, they need to be given balanced diet in the farm to
get healthy animals. The feed normally given in a cattle farm is a mixture
of ordinary grasses and alfa-alfa (a legume) with clover (also a legume
rich in protein).
 WEEDING: when some animals of the livestock develop certain
undesirable qualities, they have to be eliminated in order to prevent
the spreading of these qualities to the other animals and the next
generations. Also it is uneconomical to house and feed these animals.
 This elimination is known as weeding.

 HEEDING: heeding means the proper care and management of

animals. Care must be taken to maintain the health of the livestock.
Some very simple practices are followed by farmers on caring their
animals. These are ;

1}providing the animals food regularly and properly.

2}cleaning out their drinking trough and putting in clean water.
3}erecting the sheds away from human habitations to maintain
sanitary conditions and cleaning the sheds regularly.
4} cleaning the animals regularly.

SMALLER ANIMALS:
Many smaller animals are useful to us. Goat, pig, chicken and fish are used as food. Sheep are
used for fur and wool. The other kinds are small insects like lac insect, silkworm and the
honeybee. They produce certain materials at some stage of their life-cycle which are of great
economics importance to man. Because of this, these insects are reared on a large scale.

SHEEP AND GOAT:

Sheep and goat are reared for their wool, milk, fur and hide. They move about in groups known
as ‘flacks’ and the reared in dry lands with low rainfall.

PIGS:
Pigs are domesticated for their meat (pork) and hide. The management and breeding of
pigs are together known as piggery.

The shelters for pigs called sties are made of are made of straw and bamboo or wood.