Types of Clauses and Sentences

Clauses or not clauses? Why (not)?
1. to gradually increase over time
2. after a sudden change
3. the environment needs to be protected from the effects of logging
4. when soil erodes
5. including water pollution and habitat loss
6. If there are no plants to hold the soil, it starts to erode
What is a clause?
a group of words that has (at least) a subject and a verb
1. The sunIndependent
rose. clauses
2. Water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones.
3. when the sun rose
4. because water evaporates rapidly in warm

Dependent clauses
climate zones
Independent clauses
Subject Verb Complement

The sun rose
Water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones
Dependent clauses
Subordinator Subject Verb Complement
…when the sun rose…
…because water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones…
Independent clauses
Subject Verb Complement

The sun rose
water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones
➢ Having a subject and a verb and often a complement
➢ Expressing a complete thought

Dependent clauses
Subordinator Subject Verb Complement
…when the sun rose…
…because water evaporates rapidly in warm climate zones…
➢ Beginning with a subordinator
➢ Being formed with a subordinator, a subject, and a verb
➢ Not expressing a complete thought => incomplete sentence
➢ Being also called a sentence fragment
Subordinators
After Before That When Which although

Even though Though Whenever While As How
Unless Where Who As if If Until
Wherever What Whose Because So that …
Review
Clauses
Independent Dependent
S, V, C complete Subor, S, V, C Incomplete

thought thought
Sentences
1. Fresh water boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degree Celsius.
2. Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities, for they eat
healthful diets.
3. A citizen can vote in the United States when he or she is 18 years old.
What’s a sentence?
➢ Having one or more clauses
➢ Expressing a complete thought

Kinds of sentences
Sentences
Compound-
Simple Compound Complex
complex
A. Simple sentences
• One independent clause
e.g. She played soccer yesterday.
Tom and Jerry are now friends.
I loved both him and his brother.
She is friendly and enthusiastic.
We sang and danced all night.
Notes:
➢ two subjects => a compound subject
➢ two verbs => a compound verb
B. Compound sentences
Two independent clauses
With a coordinator
With a conjunctive adverb
With a semicolon
1. Compound sentences with coordinators

Indep. Clause, + coordinator + Indep. clause
e.g. They eat a lot of fish and vegetables, and they eat slightly.
Coordinators Meaning
For to add a reason
And to add a similar, equal idea
Nor to add a negative equal idea
But to add an opposite idea
Or to add an alternative possibility
Yet to add an unexpected or surprising continuation
So to add an expected result
2. Compound sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs
Indep. Clause; + Conjunctive Adverbs, + Indep. clause
e.g. Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater;

therefore, food cooks faster in salt water.
Conjunctive adverbs Meaning
also; besides; furthermore; in To add a similar, equal idea
addition; moreover; as well; too
however; nevertheless; To add an unexpected or surprising
nonetheless; still continuation
on the other hand; in contrast To add a complete contrast
otherwise To give an alternative possibility
accordingly; as a result; To add an expected result
consequently; hence; therefore;
thus
for example; for instance To add an example
3. Compound sentences with Semicolons
Indep. Clause; Indep. clause
e.g. We don’t have a pet ; we can’t take care of them.

consist of two or more
A co-ordinator
independent clauses
e.g. She always travels by bus, for she can’t afford a

motorbike.
A conjunctive adverb
e.g. He doesn’t smoke; moreover, he hates drinking beer.
A semi-colon
e.g. We don’t have a pet; we can’t take care of
them.
C. Complex sentences
One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
With an adverb clause
With an adjective clause
With a noun clause

C. Complex sentences
1. Complex sentences with Adverb Clauses
She studied English because she wanted to get a better job.
Indep. clause Dep. Adverb clause
Beginning with subordinators (when, whole, because, although, if …)
2. Complex sentences with Adjective Clauses

I don’t like people who lose their temper easily.
Dep. Adjective clause
Beginning with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, whose or that…)
a relative adverb (where, when)
3. Complex sentences with Noun Clauses
Scientists know what causes it.

Dep. Noun clause
Beginning with a wh-question word, that, whether/ if

D. Compound-complex sentences
➢ Two independent clauses

➢ One or (more) dependent clauses
I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had to go to work

immediately.
I could not decide where I should work or what I should do, so at first I did
nothing.
Kinds of sentences
Sentences
Compound-
Simple Compound Complex
complex
▪ A coordinator ▪ An adverb clause

▪ A conjunctive adverb ▪ An adjective clause
▪ A semicolon ▪ A noun clause

Types of Clauses and Sentences

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Types of Clauses and Sentences

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Clauses or not clauses? Why (not)?

1. to gradually increase over time

2. after a sudden change

3. the environment needs to be protected from the effects of logging

4. when soil erodes

5. including water pollution and habitat loss

6. If there are no plants to hold the soil, it starts to erode

4. because water evaporates rapidly in warm

Subject Verb Complement

Subject Verb Complement

➢ Having a subject and a verb and often a complement

➢ Expressing a complete thought

➢ Beginning with a subordinator

➢ Being formed with a subordinator, a subject, and a verb

➢ Not expressing a complete thought => incomplete sentence

➢ Being also called a sentence fragment

After Before That When Which although

S, V, C complete Subor, S, V, C Incomplete

➢ Having one or more clauses

➢ Expressing a complete thought

With a conjunctive adverb

1. Compound sentences with coordinators

Indep. Clause; + Conjunctive Adverbs, + Indep. clause

e.g. Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater;

3. Compound sentences with Semicolons

Indep. Clause; Indep. clause

e.g. We don’t have a pet ; we can’t take care of them.

e.g. She always travels by bus, for she can’t afford a

With an adverb clause

With an adjective clause

With a noun clause

2. Complex sentences with Adjective Clauses

3. Complex sentences with Noun Clauses

Scientists know what causes it.

Beginning with a wh-question word, that, whether/ if

➢ Two independent clauses

I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had to go to work

▪ A coordinator ▪ An adverb clause

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