Activity 12

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Southern Luzon State University

College of Engineering
ECE Department

ACTIVITY 12
CURRENT GAINS IN TRANSISTOR

RUBRICS FOR ECE01 LABORATORY


1 - Not 2 - Below 3 - Meets 4 - Exceeds
Attribute Acceptable Expectations Expectations Expectations Score
Laboratory Skills
Members do not Members occasionally Members occasionally Members
Manipulative Skills demonstrate demonstrate needed demonstrate needed demonstrate
needed skills skills skills additional skills
Damage to circuits Some risk to circuits or Equipment usage safe Safety precautions
Safety Precautions or equipment due equipment due to for both circuits and above requirements
to improper usage improper usage equipment used
Apparatus set up in
Apparatus setup will Apparatus properly Apparatus enhance
Experimental Set-up a non- functional
cause data errors setup for better precision
manner
Errors in Report warns of
Error in documentation Documentation
Process Skills documentation of difficulties and gives
of procedures complete and correct
apparatus alternatives
Conditions for data
All data present, but Data presented Data presented
Reports logically and/or graphs not
not in sequence. Must clearly following each clearly along with
coherent and sequential stated. Unclear
search for items. procedure. excellent narrative
report
Work Habits
Measurements
Time Required data not
Data points poorly All required data beyond
management/Conduct of taken or not
chosen or missing taken and reported requirements made
Experiment reported
and reported
Correct conclusions
Ability to draw proper Conclusions not Incorrect conclusions Correct conclusions
correlated to other
conclusions from lab drawn drawn drawn
material
Members do not Members have Members are on
know their task Members have defined defined task and have
and have no responsibilities responsibilities most responsibilities at
Cooperative and defined sometimes. Group of the time. Group all-time. Group
teamwork responsibilities. conflicts are conflicts are conflicts are
Group conflicts cooperatively managed cooperatively cooperatively
have to be settled most of the time managed most of the managed at all
by the teacher time times
Clean and orderly
Messy Clean and orderly Clean and orderly
workplace/papers
workplace/paper workplace/papers with workplace/papers at
Neatness and orderliness with some mess
during and after occasional mess during all times during and
during and after
experiment and after experiment after experiments
experiment
Members require Members require Members do not Members
Ability to do independent
supervision by the occasional supervision supervised by the demonstrate other
work
teacher by the teacher teacher ability
No more than two
Spelling and grammar Many errors Several errors No errors
errors
Computer use
Done correctly but Done correctly and
For data analysis Not done Done incorrectly
incomplete completely
Done correctly but Done correctly and
For data presentation Not done Done incorrectly
incomplete completely
For locating resources Done correctly but Done correctly and
Not done Done incorrectly
that lab may require incomplete completely

Laboratory Skills Computer use Work habits Total score

Score
ACTIVITY 12: CURRENT GAINS IN TRANSISTORS
OBJECTIVES
 To observe the effect on IC of varying IE and to determine the current
amplification alpha.
 To observe the effect on I C of varying IB and to determine the current
amplification factor beta.

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION
ALPHA (α). In the common base circuit, control of collector current is
affected by variations in emitter current. This fact was established in the last
experiment where measurement revealed that an increase or decrease in the
emitter current resulted in an increase or decrease respectively in the collector
current. This led us to one important control parameter alpha of a transistor in the
common base arrangement. Alpha is the ratio of the change in collector current
ΔIC to the change in the emitter current I E, with the collector to the base voltage
held constant. Thus α = ΔIC / ΔIE and is called the forward-current-transfer ratio
and is designated as hfb.
BETA (β). In the grounded-emitter configuration, the input signal is now
applied to the base. Current gain is now designated by β = ΔI C / ΔIB with VCE
constant.
There is an important relationship between alpha and beta in a junction
transistor.
Since IE = IC + IB, a small change in the emitter current would result in a
corresponding change in the collector current and base current. That is
ΔIE = ΔIC + ΔIB
Or ΔIB = ΔIE - ΔIC
The ratio
∆ IE ∆ Ic
=
∆ I B ( ∆ I E−∆ I C )

where VCE is constant. ΔIC / ΔIB equals β with VCB constant and ΔIC / ΔIE equals α.
The last question can be resolved into

α β
β=
1−α
; α=
1−β
MATERIALS
Transistor Module
DC Meter Module
VOM Module
Power Supply Module
Resistor Module
Potentiometer Module

PROCEDURES

MEASURING ALPHA (hfb).


1. Connect the circuit as shown.

2. Check the circuit for proper battery and meter polarity. Vary R2 from maximum
to minimum resistance, thus increasing the emitter current I E from its
minimum to its maximum value in the circuit. Adjust R 4 to maintain 4V at the
collector. Observe the minimum and maximum value of I E, corresponding
values of IC, and effects on IC as IE is increased. Record these values.
3. Adjust R2 for 2mA of emitter current. Adjust R4 for 4V. Measure and record the
base current IB. compute and record IC using IC =IE – IB.
4. Record the data.
5. Adjust R5 for 2.4mA of emitter current. Adjust R4 to maintain 4V in the
collector. Measure and record the base current, and compute for the collector
current.
6. Compute and record alpha (hfb).

MEASURING BETA (hfe).


7. Connect the circuit as shown.

8. Check circuit for proper connections.


9. Vary R2 from maximum to minimum thus increasing the base current IB from
its minimum to maximum value in the circuit. Observe the effect on I C as IB is
increased. Record the results.
10. Adjust R2 for 10µA base current. Adjust R 4 for 4V at the collector, measure
and record IC.
11. Adjust R2 for maximum base current. Adjust R 4 to maintain VCE at 4V. measure
and record IC.
12. Adjust R2 for 25µA of IB. adjust R4 for 4V. Measure and record IC.
13. Adjust R2 for 25µA of IB. adjust R4 for 4V. Measure and record IC.
14. Compute and record beta (hfe).

DATA AND TABLES

Test Data for Measuring Alpha (α).

Effect on IC of
STEP IE, mA IC, mA increasing IE

3
3
STEP IE, mA IB, µA IC, mA Collector Volts
4
6
5 R1 ≠ R2 =
7 α = ΔIC / ΔIE =

Test Data for Measuring Beta (β).

Effect on IC of
STEP IB, µA IC, mA increasing IE

11
STEP 10
12

STEP IB, mA IC, mA Collector Volts

13

14

15 β = ΔIC / ΔIB = 1.167

QUESTIONS

1. Define β.

2. Describe in detail a procedure for getting β.


ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 8th Edition by Boylestad

Electronic Devices 7th Edition by Floyd

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