BASE AND SUBBASE

PONDASI DAN PONDASI BAWAH

SI 3241
NASUHI ZAIN
REFERENSI
• Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, BRAJA M. DAS
• Soil mechanics in pavement engineering, S. F. BROWN Ã
AGREGAT
PENDAHULUAN
• Definition of Road Aggregates: Those types of rocks or mineral
fragments that can be used as an aggregate material in combination
with other natural or artificial materials like cement and bitumen etc.
for preparing an ideally suitable road surface may be termed as Road
Materials.
• Road aggregate, or simply “aggregate”, is a broad category of coarse
particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel,
crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates.
• Agregat adalah sekumpulan butir- butir batu pecah, kerikil, pasir, atau
mineral lainnya baik berupa hasil alam maupun buatan (SNI No: 1737-
1989-F)
Where do Aggregates come from?
 IGNEOUS ROCKS SILICA CONTENT (SiO2): >65%, 65%-55%, 55%-45%, <45

CRUSHED AGGREGATES SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 52 Highway

ClLASTIC, engineering
BIOCHEMICAL, CHEMICAL, OTHERS
52 Highway engineering

Table 2.1 Igneous rocks

METAMORPHIC ROCKS Table 2.1 Igneous rocks
Gabbros Basalts Granites Porphyries
Gabbros Basalts Granites Porphyries
Gabbro Basalt Granite Porphyry
Gabbro Basalt Granite Porphyry
NATURAL AGGREGATES NATURAL DEPOSITS Diorite Andesite Granodiorite Rhyolite
Diorite Andesite Granodiorite Rhyolite
Gneiss Diabase/dolerite Syenite Obsidian
Gneiss Diabase/dolerite Syenite Obsidian
Norite Quartzite dolerite Quartzite diorite Quartzite porphyry
SLAGS BY PRODUCT OF METAL PROCESS Norite Quartzite dolerite Quartzite diorite Quartzite porphyry
Peridotite
Peridotite
AGGREGATES

rejected during the mine enrichment

MINE WASTE process
Table 2.2 Sedimentary rocks
Table 2.2 Sedimentary rocks
Limestones Sandstones Quartzites Siliceous
DEMOLITION MATERIALS Limestones Sandstones Quartzites Siliceous
Limestone Sandstone Quartzitic Chert
Limestone Sandstone Quartzitic Chert
Gritstone sandstone Flint
Gritstone sandstone Flint
the calcination of rocks such as
Dolomite (older name, dolostone) Greywacke Ganister
ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATES Dolomite (older name, dolostone) Greywacke Ganister
bauxite. Tuff
Tuff

RECYCLED AGGREGATES gravels), sandstones (composed mostly of sand-sized grains) and mudrocks (composed of at
leastgravels),
50% silt-sandstones (composed
and clay-sized mostly of sand-sized grains) and mudrocks (composed of a
particles).
least 50% silt- and clay-sized particles).
Biochemical or biogenic sedimentary rocks are formed from calcareous skeletons of
Biochemical
organisms. The main or constituent
biogenic sedimentary rocks are
mineral is calcite formed
(CaCO from calcareous skeletons o
3). Limestone is the main rock
organisms. The
type in this category. main constituent mineral is calcite (CaCO 3). Limestone is the main rock
type in this category.
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed as precipitates from supersaturated solutions pre-
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed as precipitates from supersaturated solutions pre
cipitating out around. Oolitic limestone is an example of rock in this category.
cipitating out around. Oolitic limestone is an example of rock in this category.
Sedimentary rocks may be distinguished into four categories for engineering purposes:
Sedimentary rocks may be distinguished into four categories for engineering purposes
limestones, gritstones, quartzites and pyrites (siliceous). Some of the sedimentary rocks that
limestones, gritstones, quartzites and pyrites (siliceous). Some of the sedimentary rocks tha
are classified under these categories are given in Table 2.2.
are classified under these categories are given in Table 2.2.
Metamorphic rocks are rocks formed by the transformation of other types of rocks such
Metamorphic rocks are rocks formed by the transformation of other types of rocks such
KARAKTERISTIK AGREGAT
• GRADASI
• KEKERASAN DAN ABRASI / TOUGHTNESS AND ABRASION
• BENTUK PARTIKEL DAN TEKSTURE PERMUKAAN
• DAYA TAHAN / DURABILITY AND SOUNDNESS
• KEBERSIHAN / CLEANLINESS AND DELETERIOUS MATERIALS
 Aggregate gradation influences almost every important property
including:

Stiffness
Stability
Durability
Permeability
Workability
Fatigue resistance
Skid resistance and
Resistance to moisture damage

(Roberts et al., 1996)

Batu Pecah

Coarse Aggregate (Kerikil)

Fine Aggregate (Pasir) No.4 – No. 200

Finer Aggregate lolos No. 200

Filler (For special purpose) min 75% lolos No.200

 GRADASI SERAGAM /UNFORMLY GRADED

Uniformly Graded Aggregate

Uniformly Graded Aggregate

Uniformly graded refers to a gradation that contains most of the particles 100
in a very narrow size range. The curve is steep and only occupies the narrow
size range specified. All the particles are the same size.
80

Particle-to-particle contact

% Passing
High void content 60

Low but variable density

High stability if confined 40

Low stability when unconfined

Difficult to compact 20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Sieve Size, mm
yideti@kth.se

yideti@kth.se
yideti@kth.se

GRADASI TERBUKA /OPEN GRADED

Open-Graded Aggregate
Open-Graded Aggregate

Open graded refers to a gradation that contains only a small 100

percentage of aggregate particles in the small range

80

Few particle-to-particle contact

% Passing
High void content 60

Low but variable density

High stability if confined 40

Low stability when unconfined

Difficult to compact 20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Sieve size, mm
yideti@kth.se

yideti@kth.se
 GRADASI RAPAT(BAIK) /DENSE(WELL) GRADED
Dense-Graded Aggregate

Dense or well-graded refers to a gradation that is near the 0,45 power Dense-Graded Aggregate
curve for maximum density and contains optimum amount of aggregates
from all ranges.
100

Particle-to-particle contact
80

Low void content

High density

% Passing
60

High stability if confined

High stability when unconfined
40

Difficult to compact
20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Sieve Size, mm
yideti@kth.se

yideti@kth.se
yideti@kth.se

GRADASI SENJANG / GAP GRADED

Gap-Graded Aggregate
Gap-Graded Aggregate

Gap graded refers to a gradation that contains only a small percentage 100

of aggregate particles in the mid-size range. The curve is flat in the mid-
size range
80

No particle-to-particle contact

% Passing
High void content 60

Lower density
Low stability if confined 40

Low stability when unconfined

Easy to compact 20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Sieve Size, mm
yideti@kth.se

yideti@kth.se
 • 1. The Flakiness Index on an aggregate is =
Total weight passing Flakiness Gauge x 100 / Total weight of test
sample =_________(%)
FLAKINESS AND • 2. The Elongation Index on an aggregate is =
ELONGATION INDEX Total weight retained on Elongation Gauge x 100 / Total weight
of test sample =________(%)
https://www.iricen.gov.in/LAB/res/pdf/test-19.pdf

Length Gauge have length equal to 1.8 times the Thickness Gauge have width equal to 0.6 times the
mean dimension of the aggregate. mean dimension of the aggregate.
 LOS ANGELES

TOUGHTNESS AND
ABRASION TEST
ABRASION TEST
CRUSHING VALUE
TEST
IMPACT VALUE
TEST
LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST

https://www.iricen.gov.in/LAB/res/pdf/test-15.pdf
LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST
https://www.iricen.gov.in/LAB/res/pdf/test-15.pdf

Aggregate Abrassion Value = ((A-B)/A) X 100

where,
A = weight in gm of oven-dried sample.
B = weight in gm of fraction retained on 1.70 mm IS Sieves after washing and oven-dried upto
constant weight. Los Angeles Abrasion test

Aggregate Type L.A Abrasion value

General Values
Hard, igneous rocks 10
Soft limestone's and sandstones 60

Ranges for Specific Rocks

Basalt 10 - 17
Dolomite 18 – 30
Gneiss 33 – 57
Granite 27 - 49
Limestone 19 – 30
Quartzite 20 - 35

yideti@kth.se
AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST
 AGGREGATECrushing
Aggregate CRUSHINGValue
TEST

The aggregate crushing value is defined as a ratio of the weight, of

fines passing the specified sieve (2.36 mm) to the total weight of the
sample expressed as a percentage.

Aggregate crushing value > 35 weak for pavement

Aggregate crushing value < 10 exceptionally strong

Rock group Crushing value

Basalt 14
Granite 20
Lime stone 24
Quartzite 16
 Aggregate
AGGREGATE IMPACT Impact Value
• Aggregate Impact Value = (B/A) X 100
• where A = weight in g of saturated surface - dry sample,
TEST B = weight in g of fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS Sieve
https://www.iricen.gov.in/LAB/res/pdf/test-16.pdf
Toughness of an aggregate is its resistance to failure by impact

Rock group Impact value

Basalt 15
Granite 19
Lime stone 23
Quartzite 21
yideti@kth.se

DURABILITY / SOUNDNESS

Soundness
Durability/Soundness
AASHTO T 104 and ASTM C 88
Estimates resistance of aggregate to
breakdown or disintegration when
subjected to weathering action
Successively wetting and drying
aggregate in saturated solutions of
either sodium sulfate or magnesium
sulfate solution
Result is total percent loss over
various sieve intervals for a prescribed
number of cycles
Maximum loss values typically
Before After range from 10 to 20 % per 5
cycles

yideti@kth.se

yideti@kth.se
CLEANLINESS
AND
DELETERIOUS
TEST
SAND EQUIVALENT /SETARA PASIR TEST
GRADASI LAPIS PONDASI AGREGAT DAN LAPIS DRAINASE
SIFAT - SIFAT LAPIS PONDASI AGREGAT DAN LAPIS DRAINASE
GRADASI PERKERASAN BERBUTIR JALAN TANPA PENUTUP ASPAL
SIFAT – SIFAT BAHAN PERKERASAN BERBUTIR JALAN TANPA
PENUTUP ASPAL
 BERAT
VOLUME

Wp Vp
Ws
Bulk Dry Sp.Gr =
Vbulk

Ws+Wp
Bulk SSD Sp.Gr =
Vbulk
WSSD Vbulk

Ws Ws
Vs Apparent Sp.Gr =
Vs

!"#
Absorption = 100%
#

PHASA BUTIR AGGREGAT

APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY
BULK DRY SPECIFIC GRAVITY
BULK
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
SATURATED
SURFACE DRY
A = Berat Kering Oven Aggregat diruangan, gram.
B = Berat Jenuh Permukaan Aggregat diruangan, gram.
C = Berat Jenuh Aggregat didalam Air, gram

!
Bulk Dry Sp.Gr =
"#$

"
Bulk SSD Sp.Gr =
"#$

!
Apparent Sp.Gr =
!#$

"#%
Absorption = 100%
!
TEXTURE PROFILE BASIC TERMINOLOGY
 PIARC refined the first classification in order “to convert the study of pavement surface qualities
with respect to phenomena affecting the road user into a study of the geometric characteristics of
pavement surfaces – more precisely the amplitudes and wavelengths of their irregularities”
(PIARC, 1987). This classification includes a range of wavelength and amplitudes for each
texture component, as presented in Table 2.1. Later, standard specifications such as American
Society of Testing Materials (ASTM E867), International Organization for Standardization (ISO
13473-1), and German Institute for Standardization (DIN on ISO 13473-1), accepted and
incorporated these definitions. The ISO 13473-1 refined the terms by incorporating typical
amplitudes (Sandberg, 1998), as shown in Table 2.1.
Micro-texture refers to the small-scale texture of the aggregate surface, which controls the
contact between the tire rubber and the pavement surface. Micro-texture is a function of
aggregate particle mineralogy and petrology, the aggregate source (natural or manufactured), and
is affected by the environmental effects and the action of traffic (Hall et al., 2009; AASHTO,
2008).

Figure 2-2 Texture components

Table 2-1 Texture components(Sandburg, 1998)
Typical Amplitude ISO 13472-1
Component Wavelength Amplitude (PIARC, 1987)
(Sandberg, 1998)
Mega-texture 50 to 500 mm 1 to 50 mm 0.1 to 50 mm
It is widely recognized
Macro-texturethat
0.5 pavement
to 50 mm surface texture
0.2 to 10 mm influences0.1 many different
to 20 mm tire/pavement
Micro-texture 0 to 0.5 mm 0 to 0.2 mm 0.0001 to 0.5 mm
interactions. Figure 2.3 shows the ranges of texture wavelengths affecting various vehicle-road
Macro-texture refers to the large-scale texture of the pavement surface due to the aggregate
68 Transportation Research Record 2520

Pavement Surface
Profile Characteristics Wavelength Scale

Roughness (unevenness) 0.5 mm < wavelength < 50 mm Short

stretch
of
road

Megatexture 50 mm < wavelength < 500 mm

Tire

Macrotexture 0.5 mm < wavelength < 50 mm

Tire–road
contact
patch

Microtexture Wavelength < 0.5 mm

Single
aggregate

FIGURE 1 Pavement texture and wavelength (11).

which are devices about the size of a loaf of bread that are placed on handlebars and on optimal frame designs for mountain bicycles and
Figure 2-3 Texture wavelength influence on tire/pavement interactions (Henry, 2000)
 the Sand Patch, the Grease Patch or the Outflow Meter. The Sand
is known as the classical macro-texture measure technique. The m
glass spheres or Ottawa natural silica sand. The sand is spread on
motion with a spreading tool (as shown in Figure 2.4). The area of
sand is calculated by measuring the average of four equally spaced
volume of sand divided by the area of the circle is reported as the
as presented in Equation 2.1. A variation of the volumetric method
Patch method in which the material used is grease (Henry, 2000).
E2380, 2015) is a transparent vertical cylinder that is located on th
• MACRO TEXTURE DESCRIBED BY MTD Figure 2-4 (a) Sand Patch test equipment, and (b) field data collection
it is filled with water and the time for the water level to fall by a fi
(Mean Texture Depth)
reported
Advances as the
in technology outflow
allow timemeasure
now the direct (OFT).of theThe OFT
texture is highly
profiles correlated
using non-contact
lasers, pavements (Henry,
such as the Circular 2000).
Track Meter (CTM) and the Laser Texture Scanner 9300 (LTS). The
information collected can be used to compute various profile statistics such as the Mean Profile
Depth (MPD). The MPD is estimated by diving the texture profile into segments of 100 mm in
length. After that, a slope suppression is applied to each segment by subtracting a 4𝑉
𝑀𝑇𝐷 = linear
𝐷2
regression; this provides a zero-mean profile segment. The segment is then divided into two
halves, and the height of the highest peak within each half is determined. The average of these
two peaks is referred to as the mean segment depth, as shown in Figure 2.5. The average value of
Where,
the mean segment depth of the measured profiles is the MPD (ASTM E 1845, 2009). Therefore,
V = material
while MPD is a one-dimensional sample volume
measurement, (mm3)
MTD is a two-dimensional measurement.

D = average diameter covered by the material (mm)

 LASER MACRO TEXTURE MEASURE SURFACE

Figure 2-7 (a) Laser Texture Scanner (LTS), and (b) 3D plot of a measured surface.
texture is analyzed using the Wavelet method (Energy Signature), angularity is analyzed using
the gradient method and radius method (Angularity Index), and the three-dimensional form is
MICRO TEXTURE MEASURE SURFACE
analyzed using the Sphericity and Shape factors.

Figure 2-8 Aggregate Imaging System (AIMS) equipment (Mahmoud et al., 2010)
rs when the wheel stops rotating and the tire skids over the surface (Hall et adhesive
al., 2009; component of friction afforded by m
al., 2012). The anti-lock braking systems (ABS) is a vehicle safety system that detects
water (Hall et al., 2009).
wheel slip and momentarily release and then re-apply the brakes to make sure the
n is not exceeded (Flintsch et al., 2012).

Figure 2-11 Friction coefficient and slip speed curve (Hall et al., 2009)

Figure 2-12 Effect of texture on tire/paveme

nce between the peak and sliding coefficients of friction may equal up to 50 percent
and Wang, 2014; Flinstch et
g value, and is much greater on wet pavements than on dry pavements (Hall et al.,
influence of micro-texture on low-speed friction, the BPN values have been used as a surrogate
of micro-texture description.

Figure 2-14 (a) British Pendulum Tester (BPT), and (b) field operation.

The DFT is a modular system that is controlled electronically to measure friction by the rotating
KELEKATAN
AGREGAT
TERHADAP ASPAL
SPESIFIKASI AGREGAT CAMPURAN BERASPAL
SPESIFIKASI AGREGAT PERKERASAN BETON
 2.36 6.5 98.1 100 40–55
0.600 3.0 20.7 93.2 20–35
0.300 1.2 12.2 58.7 12–22

BLENDING TWO OR MORE AGGREGATES 0.075 0.5 3.3 27.4 5–10

It is known that a + b + c = 1

Using successively the general equation (Equation 2.1), the following

Aggregatesderived:
89

Table 2.15 Results from sieve analysis and specification limits for aggregate
composition
For the 12.5 mm sieve: 90 × a + 100 × b + 100 × c = 95
Aggregate
Specification Limits’ mid For the 4.75 mm sieve: 40 × a + 100 × b + 100 × c = 67.5
A B C limits value
Sieve size
(mm) Percentage passing (cumulative), by weight
19.0 100 100 100 100 100
For the 2.36 mm sieve: 6.5 × a + 98.1 × b + 100 × c = 47.5
12.5 90.0 100 100 90–100 95
4.75 40.0 100 100 60–75 67.5 For the 0.60 mm sieve: 3.0 × a + 20.7 × b + 93.2 × c = 27.5
2.36 6.5 98.1 100 40–55 47.5
0.600 3.0 20.7 93.2 20–35 27.5
0.300 1.2 12.2 58.7 12–22 17.0 For the 0.30 mm sieve: 1.2 × a + 12.2 × b + 58.7 × c = 17.0
0.075 0.5 3.3 27.4 5–10 7.5
For the 0.075 mm sieve: 0.5 × a + 3.3 × b + 27.4 × c = 7.5
It is known that a + b + c = 1 (2.1)
The solution to the above system of equations can be done in variou
Using successively the general equation (Equation 2.1), the following equations can be subtract Equation 2.3 from Equation 2.2, which gives
derived:
 percentages derived so as to bring curve X as close as possible to the mid curve.
By successive adjustments, the best result was found to be when the proportion was
55% for aggregate A, 22% for aggregate B and 23% for aggregate C. This gives curve Y

Table 2.16 Evaluation of determined proportion

Aggregate
Aggregate mix
A = 55% B = 30% C = 15% (A + B + C)
Sieve size
(mm) Percentage passing, by mass
19.0 100 × 0.55 = 55 100 × 0.30 = 30 100 × 0.15 = 15 100.0
12.5 90.0 × 0.55 = 49.5 100 × 0.30 = 30 100 × 0.15 = 15 94.5
4.75 40.0 × 0.55 = 22 100 × 0.30 = 30 100 × 0.15 = 15 67.0
2.36 6.5 × 0.55 = 3.6 98.1 × 0.30 = 29.4 100 × 0.15 = 15 48.0
0.600 3.0 × 0.55 = 1.6 20.7 × 0.30 = 6.2 93.2 × 0.15 = 14 21.8
0.300 1.2 × 0.55 = 0.7 12.2 × 0.30 = 3.7 58.7 × 0.15 = 8.8 13.2
0.075 0.5 × 0.55 = 0.3 3.3 × 0.30 = 1.0 27.4 × 0.15 = 4.1 5.4

Sieves in metric units

75 µm 150 µm 300 µm 600 µm 2 mm 2.36 mm 4.75 mm 9.5 mm 12.5 mm 19 mm 25 mm 37.5 mm 50 mm 75 mm
100 0

90 Specification 10
limit curves

80 20

70 30
Percentage passing (%)

Percentage passing (%)

60 40

50 50
Specification
mid curve
40 60

30 70
X
20 80

Y
10 90

0 100
200 100 80 50 40 30 10 8 4 1/4” 3/8” 1/2” 5/8”3/4”7/8” 1” 11/4”11/2” 2” 21/2” 3”

Sieves in American sizes

Figure 2.10 Gradation curves of aggregate mix after blending.

ANGULARITY TEST