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CELLS STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

Discovery of Cells
Matthias Schleiden
✧ German Botanist Matthias
Schleiden
✧ 1838
✧ ALL PLANTS "ARE
COMPOSED OF
✧ CELLS".
Theodor Schwann
✧ Also in 1838, • either remain the same size, or
✧ discovered that animals were they divide into two
made of cells smaller cells
Rudolf Virchow
✧ 1855, German Pathologists Cell Structure
✧ discovered that humans are made Cell – basic unit of life; the human body
up of cells has 500-100 trillion cells
The Cell Theory states that: Organelles – specialized structures 1.
1. All living things are composed of Nucleus – contains genetic material
a cell or cells. 2. Cytoplasm – living material 3.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. Plasma membrane – encloses the
All cells come from preexisting cytoplasm andnucleus
cells
Concepts of the Cell Theory
• A cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of living
organisms.
• The activity of an organism
depends on the collective
activities of its cells.
• According to the principle of
complementarity, the Nucleus
biochemical activities of cells are
• Control center of the cell
dictated by the relative number
of their specific subcellular • Contains genetic material known as
structures. deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA →
• Continuity of life has a cellular DNA is needed
basis. for building
Cell size proteins
→ Limits in Cellular and → DNA is
Multicellularity necessary
• Cells will only grow so big; for cell
after that, they reproduction
 Three regions: bounds the nucleus; Contains nuclear
1. Nuclear envelope (membrane) - pores that allow for
Consists of a double membrane that

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exchange of material with the rest
of the cell; Encloses the jellylike
fluid called the nucleoplasm
2. Nucleolus - Nucleus contains one
or more dark-staining nucleoli;
Sites of ribosome assembly;
Ribosomes migrate into the
cytoplasm through nuclear; pores
to serve as the site of protein
synthesis
3. Chromatin - Composed of DNA
wound around histones (proteins);
Scattered throughout the nucleus
and present when the cell is not
dividing; Condenses to form Cytoplasm
dense, rodlike bodies called • The cellular material outside the
chromosomes when the cell nucleus and inside the plasma
divides membrane
Plasma membrane → Site of most cellular activities →
• Cell membrane junctions Includes cytosol, inclusions, and
→ Desmosomes – anchoring organelles
junctions Three major components of the cytoplasm
→ Gap Junctions – allow 1. Cytosol: Fluid that suspends other
communication between cells elements and contains nutrients and
electrolytes
2. Inclusions: Chemical substances,
such as stored nutrients or cell
products, that float in the cytosol
3. Organelles: Metabolic machinery
of the cell that perform functions
for the cell
– Many are membrane-bound,
allowing for
compartmentalization of their
functions
Cell Diversity
Cells that connect body parts
 Fibroblast - Secretes cable-like fibers rubbing or
Erythrocyte (red blood cell) - Carries Pulling
oxygen in the bloodstream

Cells that cover and line body organs

Epithelial cell - Packs together in sheets;
Intermediate fibers resist tearing during
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Cells that move organs and body parts
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
- Contractile filaments allow cells to
shorten forcefully.

Cell that gathers information and

controls body
functions
Nerve cell (neuron) - Receives and
transmits messages to other body
Cell that store nutrients structures
Fat cells – lipid droplets stored in
cytoplasm

Cells of reproduction
Oocyte (female) - Largest cell in the body;
Divides to become an embryo upon
Cell that fights disease fertilization
WBC – digests infectious Sperm (male) - Built for swimming to the
microorganisms egg for fertilization; Flagellum acts as a
motile whip
 Selectively permeable – allows some
substances to passinto or out of the cells
Movement Through the Cell
Membrane Diffusion
Functions of the Cell (CSCR) ▪ Movement of a solute from an area
1. Cell metabolism and energy use. of higher to lower
2. Synthesis of molecules. concentration gradient
3. Communication. Concentration gradient – difference in
4. Reproduction and inheritance. the concentration of a solute in a
solvent minus the concentration of the
Cell Membrane
solute at another point
▪ Outer boundary of the cell
Leak channels – allow ions to pass
▪ Determine what enters and leaves through
the cells Gated channels – limit the movement
Extracellular – substances outside the of ions across the membrane
cels Intracellular – substances inside the
cell Osmosis
▪ Diffusion of water across a
Fluid-Mosaic Model – arrangement of
selectively permeable
molecules in thecell membrane

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membrane
Osmotic pressure – force required to
prevent movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
Hypotonic – lower concentration
Isotonic – same concentration
Hypertonic – higher concentration

Lysis – when cells swell, then ruptures

Crenation – cell shrinking

Active transport – moves substances

from a lower tohigher concentration;
requires ATP
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Mechanisms
Carrier-mediated transport – movement
of a substance across a membrane by
means of a carrier molecule
Facilitated diffusion – moves substances
from a higher to lower concentration;
does not require ATP
 particles areingested
➢ Pinocytosis – cell drinking;
smaller vesicles are formed
and contains liquid

➢ Cystic fibrosis – genetic disorder that

affects theactive
transport of Cl into cells
Secondary active transport – moving Exocytosis – secretion of materials from
concentrationgradient to move another cells
substance Ribosomes
➢ Cotransport – same direction ➢ ▪ Site of protein synthesis
Counter transport – opposite ▪ Found at two locations:
direction → Free in the cytoplasm
→ As part of the rough endoplasmic
Endocytosis and Exocytosis reticulum
Endocytosis – movement of materials Endoplasmic Reticulum
into cells byformation of vesicles ➢ ▪ Forms tubules/sacs throughout
Phagocytosis – cell eating; solid
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the cell
Rough E.R. – protein synthesis and
modification;contains ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – lipid synthesis,
detoxification, and Castorage

Secretory vesicles
▪ Transports and stores materials
within cells
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus ▪ Membrane bound sacs
▪ Modifies, packages, and distributes containing hydrolytic
lipids andproteins enzymes
Peroxisomes
▪ Enzymes that digest fatty acids
and amino acids
▪ Enzymes that catalyze the
 breakdown of hydrogen formation occurs
peroxide Centrioles – specialized zone of the
cytoplasm
Proteasomes
▪ Not bound by membranes
Spindle fibers – involved in separation
▪ Digest selected proteins of chromosomeduring mitosis

Mitochondria Cillia, Flagella, and Microvilli Cilia –

▪ Major site of ATP production moves substances over the surface
Flagella – propel sperm cells
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli – increase the surface area of
▪ Holds organelles in place;
cells; aids in absorption
enables the cell to change shape
▪ Microtubules – support the
cytoplasm; assist incell division
Microfilaments – involved in cell Whole-Cell Activity
movement Gene Expression
Intermediate filaments – provide Gene – sequence of nucleotides
mechanical support Transcription – making a copy of a gene
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – the copy
itself
Codons – groups of three nucleotides
Translation – converting that copied
information into aprotein
Translation RNA (tRNA) – carry the
amino acids
Anti-codon – series of three nucleotides
Centrioles of tRNA
Centrosome – where microtubule

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Nucleotide Pairs
Cytosin Guanine
e

Thymin Adenine
e

Uracil Adenine

Cell Life Cycle

Two Phases of the Cell Life Cycle 1.
Interphase – non-dividing phase
2. Cell Division – formation of
daughter cells from a
 single parent cell
46 Chromosomes – diploid no. of
chromosomes
2 X Chromosome = Female
X + Y Chromosome = Male
Autosomes – 22 remaining pairs of
chromosomes

Mitosis
1. Prophase – chromatin condenses 2.
Metaphase – chromosomes align at
the center
3. Anaphase – chromatids separate at
the centromere
and migrate to opposite poles
4. Telophase – chromosomes unravel
to becomechromatin

Differentiation
▪ Cells develop specialized
structures andfunctions

Apoptosis
▪ Programmed cell death

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