Calculations

4.
5 Calculation Method
4.5.1 Designing of vertical Savonius wind Turbine Blade
Pic for avonius blade
Type of material: Sintra Board
Thickness: 1.5 mm
Number of blades: 2
Type of savonius wind turbine: Semi-circular
Height of blade (H) 500 mm
Diamater of entire blade (D): 200 mm
Diameter of one blade (d): 100 mm
Aspect Ratio 2.5
Tip speed ratio 1
Table x: design parameters of Savonius blade
D H
Diameter of one blade (d)= Aspect Ratio:
2 D
200 mm 500 mm
d= AS=
2 200 mm
d=100 mm AS=2.5
Swept area of blade=D ( H )

A=200 mm ( 500 mm )
2
A=100000 mm
2
A=O.1 m
Maximum possible energy to be derived from wind turbine can be estimated using the
bet’z law, which states that no turbine can capture more than 59.3% of the potential
energy in wind.
1 3
Ps= p . A .V . Cp Where:
2
Cp=0.593 the bet’z coefficient
3
p=1.255 kg/m
A= Swept area of the blade
Maximum Power of rotor shaft
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/18/5091
Wind speed of stand fan (controlled)[refx]
Slow ( v 1) 1.48 m/s

Moderate ( v 2) 3.55 m/s
High ( v 3) 4.73 m/s
1 3
P1= p . A .V . Cp
2
3
1 kg 2 m
P1= (1.255 3 )(0.1 m )(1.48 ) (0.593)
2 m s
P1=0.121 watts
1 3
P2= p . A .V . Cp
2
3
1 kg 2 m
P2= (1.255 3 )(0.1 m )(3.55 ) (0.593)
2 m s
P2=1.66 watts
1 3
P3= p . A .V . Cp
2
3
1 kg 2 m
P3= (1.255 3 )(0.1 m )(4.73 ) (0.593)
2 m s
P3=3.94 watts
Maximum Power of rotor shaft
Wind speed at EN601 building [laboratory experimentation]

( v 1) 3.2
( v 2) 3.6
v
( 3) 3.4
1 3
P1= p . A .V . Cp
2
3
1 kg 2 m
P1= (1.255 3 )(0.1 m )(3.2 ) (0.593)
2 m s
P1=1.22 watts
1 3
P2= p . A .V . Cp
2
3
1 kg 2 m
P2= (1.255 3 )(0.1 m )(3.6 ) (0.593)
2 m s
P2=1.74 watts
1 3
P3= p . A .V . Cp
2
3
1 kg 2 m
P3= (1.255 3 )(0.1 m )(3.4 ) (0.593)
2 m s
P3=1.46 watts
Solving for angular velocity (controlled environment)

λV
Ꙍ=
d
Where:
λ = Tip speed ratio of savonius wind turbine is 1 [ref x]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320539657_Savonius_wind_turbine_design_va
lidation-An_manufacturing_approach
V= wind speed
d= diameter of one blade
λV
Ꙍ 1=
d
m
1(1.48 )
s
Ꙍ 1=
0.2 m
Ꙍ1=7.4 rad /s
λV
Ꙍ 2=
d
m
1(3.55 )
s
Ꙍ 2=
0.2 m
Ꙍ2=17.75 rad /s
λV
Ꙍ 3=
d
m
1(4.73 )
s
Ꙍ 3=
0.2 m
Ꙍ3=23.67 rad /s
Solving for angular velocity (actual environment)

λV
Ꙍ 1=
d
m
1(3.2)
s
Ꙍ 1=
0.2 m
Ꙍ1=16 rad /s
λV
Ꙍ 2=
d
m
)
1(3. 6
s
Ꙍ 2=
0.2 m
Ꙍ2=18 rad /s
λV
Ꙍ 3=
d
m
1(3.4)
s
Ꙍ 3=
0.2 m
Ꙍ3=17 rad /s
Solving for torque on the shaft (controlled environment)

P
T=
Ꙍ
Maximum power (watts) Angular Velocity (rad/sec) Torque (N-m)
P1=0.121 watts Ꙍ1=7.4 rad /s 0.0164 N-m
P2=1.66 watts Ꙍ2=17.75 rad /s 0.094 N-m
P3=3.94 watts Ꙍ3=23.67 rad /s 0.166 N-m
torque on the shaft (Actual environment environment)

Maximum power (watts) Angular Velocity (rad/sec) Torque (N-m)
P1=1.22 watts Ꙍ1=16 rad /s 0.076 N-m
P2=1.74 watts Ꙍ2=18 rad /s 0.097 N-m

P3=1.46 watts Ꙍ3=17 rad /s 0.086 N-m
Volume air entering the turbine
( )
2
D
V =π ( H)
2
( )
2
0.2 m
V =π (0.5 m)
2
3
V =0.01571m
Mass of air entering the turbine
M t =p (V )
3 3
M t =1.255 kg/m (0.01571 m )
M t =0.0197 kg
Drag forces generated by the wind
F w =C w ¿ )
C w =Drag coefficien t
V =wind speed
2
A=0.1 m
Drag coefficient of semi-circular blade is 1.11[ ref x]
https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/SavoniusTurbine-Mechanical-Power-is-calculated-
based-on-Wind-Force-Rotor-Friction-and-Turbine-Weight.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR1IunftxszsXen-4waJh5qynC_KncYLw6MLZ3aJHzvTbqH4lcaCYDmycks
Drag forces generated by the wind in a controlled environment
Wind speed Drag Force generated by the wind F w

1.48 m/s 0.1526 N
3.55 m/s 0.878 N
4.73 m/s 1.56 N
Drag forces generated by the wind in actual environment
Wind speed Drag Force generated by the wind F w
3.2 m/s 0.713 N

3.6 m/s 0.90 N
3.4 m/s 0.81 N
Frictional force against its axis turbine
F g=mg μ
Where:
μ= coefficient of friction of ball bearing which is 0.0008-0.0012 [ref x]

https://koyo.jtekt.co.jp/en/support/bearing-knowledge/8-4000.html
m= mass of air entering turbine
g= gravity
F m
g=(0.0197 kg (9.81 )(0.0008))
s2
F g=0.0001546 N
Controlled Environmet
Drag Force generated by the Frictional force against its axis Forces acting on the savonius
wind F w turbine F g turbine ( F w −F g ¿ ¿
0.1526 N 0.1524 N
0.0001546 N
0.878 N 0.88 N
0.0001546 N
1.56 N 1.55 N
0.0001546 N
Actual environment
Drag Force generated by the Frictional force against its axis Forces acting on the savonius
wind F w turbine F g turbine ( F w −F g ¿ ¿
0.713 N 0.713 N
0.0001546 N
0.90 N 0.899 N
0.0001546 N
0.81 N 0.81 N
0.0001546 N
Forces acting on the savonius turbine must not be less than 0 for the design to be effective and will be
able to rotate with varying speeds. [ref x] https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/SavoniusTurbine-
Mechanical-Power-is-calculated-based-on-Wind-Force-Rotor-Friction-and-Turbine-Weight.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR1IunftxszsXen-4waJh5qynC_KncYLw6MLZ3aJHzvTbqH4lcaCYDmycks
4.5.2 Designing of shaft
Type of material: Stainless steel 304

Shear strength: 482.6 MPa
Modulus of rigidity: 77 GPa
Outside diameter 22 mm
Thickness: 1.5 mm
Inside diameter: 20.5 mm
Length: 720 mm
Solving for its torsional deflection

TL
θ=
JG
π
J= (do 4−di 4 ¿
32
π
J= (22 mm4 −20.5 mm4 ¿
32
4
J=5659.38 mm
TL
θ1=
JG
Torsional deflection based on controlled wind speeds
Torque N-mm Torsional deflection θ

16.4 0.00155 °
94 0.008903 °
166 0.01572 °
Torsional deflection based on actual wind speeds
Torque N-mm Torsional deflection θ

76 N-mm 0.00722 °
97 N-mm 0.00918 °
86 N-mm 0.00814 °
For standard application, torsional deflection must not exceed to 1° for a length of shaft
equals to 20 times diameter. [Ref x] https://lunyax.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/shaft-design-
01.pdf
4.5.3 Design parameters of bearing

Material steel
Type of bearing Ball bearing
Bearing style shielded
Basic Dynamic Load Rating(N) 12800
Maximum Allowable Rotation 15000
Speed(rpm)
Load Direction Radial
Basic Load Rating, Static Rating(N) 6600
Bore diameter 22 mm
O.D.(Ø) 50 mm
Width(mm) 14 mm

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4.

Swept area of blade=D ( H )

Slow ( v 1) 1.48 m/s

Maximum Power of rotor shaft

Wind speed at EN601 building [laboratory experimentation]

Solving for angular velocity (controlled environment)

Solving for angular velocity (actual environment)

Solving for torque on the shaft (controlled environment)

P2=1.66 watts Ꙍ2=17.75 rad /s 0.094 N-m

P3=3.94 watts Ꙍ3=23.67 rad /s 0.166 N-m

torque on the shaft (Actual environment environment)

P2=1.74 watts Ꙍ2=18 rad /s 0.097 N-m

Volume air entering the turbine

Mass of air entering the turbine

Drag forces generated by the wind in a controlled environment

Wind speed Drag Force generated by the wind F w

Wind speed Drag Force generated by the wind F w

3.2 m/s 0.713 N

Frictional force against its axis turbine

μ= coefficient of friction of ball bearing which is 0.0008-0.0012 [ref x]

m= mass of air entering turbine

4.5.2 Designing of shaft

Type of material: Stainless steel 304

Solving for its torsional deflection

Torque N-mm Torsional deflection θ

Torsional deflection based on actual wind speeds

Torque N-mm Torsional deflection θ

4.5.3 Design parameters of bearing

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