LEARN AND WRITE………………….

REVISION CHEMISTRY CLASS XI

1.SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
1. How many significant figures are present in the following? (i) 0.0025 (ii) 208 (iii) 5005 (iv)
126,000 (v) 500.0 (vi) 2.0034
2. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen
gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide , 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L
(measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula,
(ii) molar mass of the gas, and (iii) molecular formula.
3. A compound contains 4.07 % hydrogen,24.27 % carbon and 71.65 % chlorine. Its molar mass is
98.96 g. What are its empirical and molecular formulas ?
4. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO2) with aqueous
hydrochloric acid according to the reaction 4HCl (aq) + MnO2(s) 2H2O (l) + MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide?
5. Define the following terms. (Write the mathematical formulas related to terms)(a) Mass
percent (b) Molarity (c) Molality (d) Mole-fraction (e) Mass percent
6. Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough water
to form 250 mL of the solution.
7. A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass per
cent of the solute.
8. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density,
1.41 g mL–1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
9. What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L–1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough
water to make a final volume up to 2L?
2.Structure of Atom
10. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the
frequency and wavenumber of the yellow light.
11. What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from n = 5
state to the n = 2 state in the hydrogen atom?
12. State de Broglie’s relation. Give its mathematical expression.
13. What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m s –1?
14. Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6 Å.
15. State Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. Give its mathematical expression.
16. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a
distance of 0.1 Å. What is the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its velocity?
17. Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of
the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.
18. Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers
(a) n = 2, l = 1, (b) n = 4, l = 0, (c) n = 5, l = 3, (d) n = 3, l = 2 (e) n=1, l=0 (f) n = 3 l=1 (g) n = 4; l
=2 (h) n= 4; l=3.
19. Which of the following orbitals are possible? 1p, 2s, 2p ,2d, 4f ,6d and 3f.
20. (i)How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?
21. n = 4, m s = – ½ (b) n = 3, l = 0 (ii) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4.
22. State (n+l) rule Aufbau rule & Pauli rule.
23. Explain Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity with an example.
3.Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
24. Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atom?

MAHENDRA KALRA CHEMISTRY SIMPLY THE BEST

25. Consider the following species: N3-,O2-,F- Na+,Mg+2, and Al+3 (a)What is common in them?
(b)Arrange them in the order of increasing ionic radii.
26. A student reported the radii of Cu,Cu+ and Cu+2 as 96,122 & 72 ppm respectively do you agree
with results.
27. Among the second period elements the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order
Li<B<Be<C<O<N<F<Ne Explain why (i) Be has higher ionization enthalpy than B. (ii)O has
lower ionization enthalpy than N and F?
28. How would you explain the fact the first ionization enthalpy of sodium is lower than that of
Magnesium but its second ionization enthalpy is higher than that of Magnesium?
29. Would you expect the first ionization enthalpy for two isotopes of the same element to be
same or different? Justify your answer.
30. Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less
negative than the first? Justify ?
31. Which of the following pairs of elements would have a more negative electron gain enthalpy?
(i) O or F (ii)F or Cl (iii) O or S.Give reason to support your answer
4.Chemical bonding and Molecular Structure
32. Discuss the shape using the VSEPR model: H2S, SiCl4, BeF2, CO32−, BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S,
PH3,PCl5,SF6,NH3,SF4,ClF3,BrF5, BrF3,XeF4,NO3-,) XeO3
33. Define Resonance. Explain the structure of CO32– ion in terms of resonance.
34. Which out of NH3 and NF3 has more dipole moment and why?
35. Distinguish between a sigma (  ) and a pi (  ) bond
36. What is meant by hybridization of atomic orbitals?
37. Describe sp,sp2, sp3 hybrid orbitals using suitable examples.
38. Explain the concept of hybridization in PCl5 .Why are axial bonds longer as compared to
equatorial bonds in PCl5.
39. Write the molecular orbital configuration and energy diagram for(i)O 2+, O2, O2-, O22-
(ii)N2,N2+,N2- (iii) Be2, H2, C2
40. Compare the relative Stability of the following species and indicate their magnetic properties.
(i)O2+, O2, O2-, O22- (ii)N2,N2+,N2-
41. Use the molecular orbital theory to explain why Be2 molecule does not exist.
42. Define hydrogen bond .Explain its types with suitable examples
5.Thermodynamics
43. Define First law of thermodynamics. Give its mathematical expression.
44. (a) In a process, 701 J of heat is absorbed by a system and 394 J of work is done by the system.
What is the change in internal energy for the process? (b) Calculate the internal energy
change when the system absorbs 5 KJ of heat and 1KJ of work
45. The reaction of cyanamide, NH2CN (s), with Dioxygen was carried out in a bomb calorimeter,
and U was found to be -742.7 KJ/mol at 298K. Calculate Enthalpy change for the reaction at
298K : NH2 CN (s)+ 3 /2 O2 (g)  N2 (g) +CO 2(g) +H2O(l)
46. Enthalpies of formation of CO (g), CO2 (g), N2O (g) and N2O4 (g) are -110, -393, 81 and 9.7
KJ/mol respectively. Find the value of rH for the reaction; N2O4 (g) + 3 CO (g)  N2O (g) +
3CO2 (g)
47. Give the relationship between Cp and Cv.
48. Explain the following terms with suitable examples: (a) Standard enthalpy of reaction
(b)standard enthalpy of formation (c) enthalpy of fusion (d) enthalpy of vaporization (e)
enthalpy of Sublimation (f) enthalpy of Combustion (g) )enthalpy of Hydration (h) ) enthalpy
of Atomization (i)Bond enthalpy

MAHENDRA KALRA CHEMISTRY SIMPLY THE BEST

49. Explain Hess’s law of constant heat summation with an example.
50. Establish a relationship between ∆H and ∆U in Haber’s process of synthesis of ammonia
assuming that the reactants and products are ideal gases.
51. Which has higher entropy – CCl4(s) or CCl4(g) and why.
52. Define Entropy. Give mathematical expressions related to it.
53. Predict in which of the following, entropy increases/decreases : (a)A liquid crystallizes into a
solid. (b) Temperature of a crystalline solid is raised from 0 K to 115 K. (c) 2NaHCO3
(s) →Na2CO3( s)+CO2 (g) + H2O( g) (d) H2 (g) →2H(g)
54. For reaction at 298K, 2A + B  C ,H = 400 KJ/mol and S = 0.2 KJ/mol K At what
temperature will reaction become spontaneous?
55. Name the law which states that entropy of universe is continuously increasing due to
spontaneous process taking place in it.
56. write a relationship between Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium Constant
57. For the reaction, 2Cl (g)  Cl2 (g), What are the signs of H and S?
58. During a process no exchange of heat between system and surrounding, name the process.
59. The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 10.Caculate G0, T =300K, R = 8.314 J/K mol
Unit:6 .Equilibrium
60. Find out the value of Kc for each of the following equilibria from the value of Kp:

61. What do you mean by Lechatelier’s principle? Explain with an example?

62. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam as per following
endothermic reaction: CH4[g] + H2O [g] CO [g] + 3H2[g]
a) Write as expression for Kp for the above reaction.
b) How will the values of Kp and the composition of equilibrium mixture be affected by
i) Increasing the pressure
ii) Increasing the temperature
iii) Using a catalyst
63. Describe the effect of: - a) Addition of H2 b) Addition of CH3OH c) Removal of CO d) Removal
of CH3OH On the equilibrium of the reaction: 2 H2[g] + CO[g] CH3OH [g
64. What will be the conjugate bases for the Brönsted acids: HF, H2SO4 and HCO3–?
65. Write the conjugate acids for the following Brönsted bases: NH2–, NH3 and HCOO–.
66. The species: H2O, HCO3–, HSO4– and NH3 can act both as Brönsted acids and bases. For each
case give the corresponding conjugate acid and base.
67. What is meant by the conjugate acid-base pair? Find the conjugate acid/base for the following
species:HNO2, CN–, HClO4, F –, OH–, CO3 2–, and S2–
68. Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases and show how these act as
Lewis acid/base: (a) OH– (b) F– (c) H+ (d) BCl3.
69. The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of soft drink is 3.8 × 10 –3 M. what is its pH?
70. The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion in it.
71. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of the following solutions:(a) 0.003 M HCl
(b) 0.005 M NaOH (c) 0.002 M HBr (d) 0.002 M KOH
72. Predict the acidic, basic or neutral nature of the following salt: NaCN, KBr, NaNO2, NH4NO3.
73. Define Buffer solution and its types with suitable examples.
74. Define Solubility Product. Calculate the solubility of A2 X3 i, assuming that neither kind of ion
reacts with water. The solubility product of A2 X3 ,K sp = 1.1 X10 -23.
75. Write a note on common Ion effect.Give an example.

MAHENDRA KALRA CHEMISTRY SIMPLY THE BEST

76. The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide are 4.76 and 4.75 respectively.
Calculate the pH of ammonium acetate solution.

UNIT-7: REDOX REACTION

77. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species: NaH2PO4
NaHSO4 H4P2O7 K2MnO4 CaO2 NaBH4 H4S2O7 CO2 Cr2O72- Pb3O4 NaH, Na2O2 OF2,ICl ClF3
KAl(SO4)2.H2O Fe3O4,CrO5
78. In the reaction given below, H2S + Cl2  2HCl + S Identify (i) The species undergoing
oxidation & reduction (ii) Oxidizing agent and reducing agent
79. Identify the oxidising and reducing agent in the following reaction . Also write the change in
oxidation number . Cr(OH)3 + Br2 CrO42- + Br—
80. Identify the substance oxidized and reduced:N2H4 + 2H2O2  N2 + 4H2O
81. Balance the following redox reactions

(e) MnO4– + Fe2+→ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O in acidic medium.

(f) Fe+2(aq.) + Cr2O72-(aq.) Fe+3(aq.) +Cr+3(aq.) (in acidic medium)
(g) AsO33  MnO4  AsO43  MnO2 in basic medium
82. Balance the following redox reactions by ion – electron method :
83. Balance the following equations in basic medium by ion-electron method and oxidation
number methods and identify the oxidising agent and the reducing agent.

84. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 with
sodium sulphite, Na2SO3, in an acid solution to give chromium(III) ion and the sulphate ion.
85. Permanganate ion reacts with bromide ion in basic medium to give manganese dioxide and
bromate ion. Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction.
86. Permanganate(VII) ion, MnO4– in basic solution oxidises iodide ion, I– to produce molecular
iodine (I2) and manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2). Write a balanced ionic equation to represent this
redox reaction.
87. HNO3 acts only as an oxidising agent while HNO2 can act both as reducing and oxidising agent.
Why?
88. While sulphur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide can act as oxidising as well as reducing agents in
their reactions, ozone and nitric acid act only as oxidants. Why?
89. Define disproportionation reaction with suitable example.
90. In a reaction an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, name
the reaction.
91. Which of the following species, do not show disproportionation reaction and why ?ClO –, ClO2 –,
ClO3 – and ClO4– Also write reaction for each of the species that disproportionate

MAHENDRA KALRA CHEMISTRY SIMPLY THE BEST

 UNIT 8-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
92 Derive the structure of
a) 2-Chlorohexane
b) Pent-4-en-2-ol
c) 3-Nitrocyclohexene
d) Cyclohex-2-en-1-ol
e) 6-Hydroxyheptanal
f) 6-Methyloctan-3-ol
g) Hexane-2, 4-dione
h) 5-Oxohexanoic acid
i) Hexane 1, 5 –dial
j) 2-Hydroxy 1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid
k) O-Ethylanisole
l) p-Nitroaniline
m) 4-Ethyl -1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene
n) 1-Phenyl but 1-ene
o) 1- chloro propan -2 -ol
93 Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethyl butanal, Heptan-4-one.
94 Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds :

(d) CH3CH = C(CH3)2.

a)CH  CHO b) CH  C  C H c) CH  CH  CH  CH CH 2 OH
3 3 II 2 5 3 2
O

95 Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds: Benzaldehyde, nitrobenzene phenol
& Aniline?
96 What are nucleophiles and electrophiles. Give suitable examples.
97 Define Isomerism. Explain with suitable examples: chain isomerism, functional isomerism,
position isomers and metamerism.
98 Indicate the  &  bonds in CH2=C=CH2, HCONHCH3,C6H6. HC Ξ CCH = CHCH3 , CH2 = C = CHCH3
99 Write the state of hybridisation of carbon in the following compounds and shapes of each of the
molecules. (a) H2C=O, (b) CH3F
100 Explain the term Inductive effect with their types and examples.
101 Explain the term Electromeric effect with their types and examples.
102 Explain the term Resonance effect with their types and examples.
103 What are carbcations .How are they classified. Arrange them in order of stability.
104 Arrange the following in increasing order of their stability:(CH3)3C+, CH3 CH2CH2+, (CH3)2CH+
also give suitable reason in support of your answer.
105 What are Alkyl free radicals .How are they classified. Arrange them in order of stability.
106 Define Hyperconjugation. Explain why alkyl groups act as donors when attached to a 
System?
107 Arrange the following in decreasing order of acidity with suitable reason.
(a) Cl3CCOOH, Cl2CHCOOH, ClCH2COOH, CH3COOH (b) CH3CH2COOH,(CH3)2CHCOOH,(CH3)3C.COOH
(c) C2H5NH2,(C2H5)2NH,(C2H5)3N

MAHENDRA KALRA CHEMISTRY SIMPLY THE BEST

 Unit 9.HYDROCARBONS
108 What effect does branching of an alkane chain has on its boiling point?
109 Give reactions for the following: (i) Isomerisation of alkanes (ii) Aromatization of Alkanes (iii)
Wurtz reaction (v) Kolbes electrolytic method
110 Draw the sawhorse and Newmann projections for eclipsed & staggered conformations of ethane.
111 Why is Wurtz reaction not preferred for the preparation of alkanes containing odd number of
carbon atoms? Illustrate your answer by taking one example.
112 What are geometrical isomers? Write the conditions necessary for geometrical isomerism to exist
113 Which of the following compounds will show cis trans isomerism (i) (CH3)2C=CH-C2H5 (ii)
CHCl=CHCl (iii)CH3CH=CClCH3
114 Draw the cis and trans structure of hex-2-ene.which isomer will have higher Boiling point and
why?
115 Define Markovnikovs rule with suitable example.Also write the mechanism of reaction.
116 Define Anti- Markovnikovs rule with suitable example.Also write the mechanism of reaction.
117 Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by addition reactions of HBr to hex-1-ene in the
presence and absence of peroxide.
118 Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compound:
pent-2-ene 3, 4-dimethyl-hept-3-ene,2-Ethybut-1-ene 1-phenylbut-1-ene 2-Methylpropene ,
Propene.

119 An alkene ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and
IUPAC name of ‘A’.
120 An alkene ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives a mixture of Propanal and pentan-3-one. Write structure and
IUPAC name of ‘A’
121 .An alkene ‘A’ contains three C-C,eight C-H Sigma(  ) bonds and one C-C pie(  )bond.’A’ on
ozonolysis gives two moles of an aldehyde of molar mass 44 u.Write Iupac name of ‘A’.
122 Write chemical equations for the following :
(i) Ethyne gas is allowed to pass over red hot iron tube.
(ii) Calcium carbide is treated with water.
(iii) Phenol is treated with zinc dust.
(iv) Propene is treated with dilute KMnO4.
(v) Propene is treated with Acidic KMnO4
(vi) Benzene is treated with chlorine in presence of UV light.
123 How will you bring about the following conversions?
a) Propene to 1- bromo-propane.
b) Propene to 2- bromo-propane
c) Ethyne to acetaldehyde.
d) Propyne to Acetone
e) Ethene to formaldehyde.
f) Sodium Benzoate to Benzene.
g) Phenol to Benzene
h) Ethyne to Benzene
i) Propyne to Propanone
j) Benzene to acetophenone
124 Arrange benzene, n-hexane and ethyne in decreasing order of acidic behaviour. Also give
reason for this behaviour.
125 In the light of Huckel’s rule explain in brief the conditions necessary for aromaticity.
126 Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution reaction easily and nucleophilic
substitution with difficulty.
MAHENDRA KALRA CHEMISTRY SIMPLY THE BEST
127 Why is benzene extra ordinarily stable though it contains three double bond
128 Explain the reaction Nitration,Chlorination Friedel craft alkylation & Friedel craft acylation in
benzene.
129 Suggest the name of a Lewis acid other than anhydrous aluminium chloride which can be used
during ethylation of benzene.
130 Explain with examples Ortho-para directing & Meta directing groups.
131 Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an
electrophile,E+(a) Chlorobenzene , 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene (b) Toluene, p-
H3C-C6H5-NO2, p-O2N-C6H4-NO2
132 Give the chemical equations for the following reactions : i) Friedel –Craft’s acylation (ii) Friedel –
Craft’s alkylation
133 Complete the following reactions :
1. CH3 –Br + Na Dryether

2. CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr Peroxide

3. CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr  
4. CH3 CH = CH2 + Br2  

7
Mahendra Kalra, kalra1977gmail.com