Chapter 15

Fourier Method of Waveform Analysis

INTRODUCTION
In the circuits examined previously we considered
the steady state response to excita-
tions having either constant or sinusoidal form.
In such cases, a single expression
described the forcing functions for all values of time, e.g. v = constant for DC and
v = FmaxSin(o£ for AC apply for all t as shown in Fig. 15-l(a) and (b).

(a) (c)

Certain periodic waveforms, of which the sawtooth in Fig. 15-1 (c) above is an example,
can be described by a singular function only within an interval. Thus, the sawtooth is
expressed by f(t) = (V/T)t in the interval < t < T and by f(t) = (V/T)(t-T) in the
interval T < t < 2T. While such piecemeal expressions describe the waveform satisfac-
torily, they do not permit the determination of the circuit response. Now, if a periodic
function can be expressed as the sum of a finite or infinite number of sinusoidal functions,
the responses of linear networks to nonsinusoidal excitations can be determined by apply-
ing the superposition theorem. The Fourier method provides the means for solving this
type of problem.

TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES

Any periodic waveform, i.e. one for which f(t) = f(t + T), can be expressed by a Fourier
series provided that

(1) if it is discontinuous there are a finite number of discontinuities in the period T,

(2) it has a finite average value for the period T,

(3) it has a finite number of positive and negative maxima.
When these conditions, called the Dirichlet conditions, are satisfied the Fourier series exists
and can be written in trigonometric form:

f(t) = |ao + ai cos o*t + a 2 cos 2<at + a 3 cos 3a>t + • • •

+ bisinut + & 2 sin2w£ + 6 3 sin3co£ + ••• (-0

218
 o

CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 219

The Fourier coefficients, a's and b's, are determined for a given waveform by the
evaluation integrals. We obtain the cosine coefficient evaluation integral by multiplying
both sides of (1) by cos nut and integrating over a full period. The period of the funda-
mental, 2tt/o), is the period of the series since each term in the series has a frequency which
is an integral multiple of the fundamental.
s%2ir/a> s»2Tr/<i>
X2rr/o)
f(t) cos n<at dt = \ £a cos mat dt + 1 ai cos <ot cos md dt +
2v/u
+ On cos 2 mat dt + +
s: X bi sin a>t cos n<at dt

XZTJVCd
+ &2 sin 2ut cos mat dt + • • •
(2)

X2ir/o)
a n cos2 7ut dt which
has a value - a„.
-•

Then

On = - I /(£) cos ftwt dt = y I /(*) cos n ^ ^* w

Multiplying (1) by sin n<ot and integrating as above results in the sine coefficient evaluation
integral. T
^ 2
6n = — I /(t) sin %<»>£ dt = jp \ f(t) sin m>t dt (-4)

An alternate form of the evaluation integrals with the variable <at and the correspond-
ing period of 2n radians is

1 C
(In = -I /(t) COS TUat d{tat) (5)

2,r

— 1f
1
6b = /(t) sin mat d(<at) (')
7T %/

The limits of integration must include one full period but need not be from to T or to 2tt.
Instead, the integration can be carried out from -T/2 to 272, —n to +ir, or any other full
period which simplifies the integration. The constant Oo is obtained from (3) or (5) with
n = Q; however, since £a is the average value of the function, it can frequently be de-
termined by inspection of the waveform. The series with coefficients obtained from the
above evaluation integrals converges uniformly to the function at all continuous points
and converges to the mean value at points of discontinuity.
Example 1.

Find the Fourier series for the waveform shown

in Fig. 15-2.
The waveform is continuous for < at < 2ir and
given by f(t) = (10/2v)at, with discontinuities at
at = n2ir where n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . The Dirichlet con-
ditions are satisfied and the Fourier coefficients are
evaluated using (5) and (6). The average value of the
function is 5 by inspection and thus ^Oq = 5. Now, Fig. 15-2
using equation (5),
'2ir,
an = —I — ) at cos nut d(at) = —-= — sin nut H x cos nut

10
(cos w2jt — cos 0) = for all integer values of n
2jT 2 tt2

Thus the series contains no cosine terms. Using equation (6) we obtain

h _ i
f Vio
2
= at . 1 .
y« 10
sm nut
,

at sin nat d(at) -5— cos nat H o

n n*
Jo
irn
220 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

Using these sine term coefficients and the average term, the series is

,,,,
fit) = _
5 — — sin ut
10
jr
. .
— ^—
Air
10 .

sin 2wt
. 10
— ^— sm Sat —
otr
. „ ,
• • • = _
5 — —^
10 ^, sin nut
v n— i n

The sine and cosine terms of like frequency can be combined as a single sine or cosine
term with a phase angle. Two alternate forms of the trigonometric series result.

/(*) = K + 2cn cos(*fco*-0 n) (7)

and f(t) = |a + 2 c « sin (*»* + *«) (

8)

where c n = V<£ + bl 6 n = tan -1 (bja*) and n = tan _1 (On/6„).

, </> c„ in (7) and (8) is the
harmonic amplitude, and the harmonic phase angles are 6 n or n <jt> .

EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES

If we express each of the sine and cosine terms in the trigonometric series by its

exponential equivalent the result is a series of exponential terms:

/(*) = 2" + ai( 2

)
+ tt2
( ~2 )
+ '"

Rearranging,

««> = ••• + (!-*)•— +

(f -IK"
Oo , /«! ,
b\\ .. ,
/&2 ,
&2

We now define a new complex constant A such that

Ao - ia , An = Udn-jbn), A-« = Udn + jbn) (H)

and rewrite (10) as

/(*) = {• • •
+ A- 2 e-« Bt + A-ie-^ + A + Aie** + A2 e i2<Bt
+ • • •} (12)

To obtain the evaluation integral for the An coefficients, we multiply (12) on both sides
by e~ ina>t and integrate over the full period:
/»2tt

J
,217

f(t)e~ jn0it
d(U) = ••• +
^»2tt

I
^o
- e~
A-2 e ^' jnwt <*(*>£) + I
^o
A-ie^e - ^ d(o>£)
o

2ir x»2tt

+ wt
e~ jnat + •••
Ao e- jnwt d(*>t)
J
Ai e> d(o>t)
J-» ^0

J-.27T Ane jn a tg-jna ^(j) + ... (J#)

J-*2ir
An d(wt) which has
2ir

the value 27rA n . Then A„ = ^ Jr

i
f(t)e~^ d(*t)

(U)
T
i r nwt
or with t as the variable, A„ = ^J /(*) e~< d£

Just as with the a„ and fc„ evaluation integrals, the limits of integration in (14) need
cover any convenient full period and not necessarily to 2?r or to T.
CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 221

The trigonometric series coefficients are derived from the exponential series coefficients
as follows: first add and then subtract the expressions for A„ and A-„ in (11). Thus
An + A- B = Ua " - fon + <Ln + jbn)

from which &n — An i A—n (15)

and A„ — A-„ = |(a„ — jb n — an — jb n )

or bn = j (An — A-„) (16)

Example 2.
Find the exponential Fourier series for the wave-
form shown in Fig. 15-3. Using the coefficients of
this exponential series obtain a n and b n of the trigo-
nometric series and compare with Example 1.
In the interval < ut < 2w the function is given
by f(t) = (10/2v)ut. By inspection we note the aver-
age value of the function is 5. Substituting f(t) in Fig. 15-3
(14) we obtain the coefficients A„.

*• = h£ (£)—-*«*m> = £10_
)
2
(-jnY
-jniat
(—jnut — 1)
2ir

= 3
10
2vn

Inserting the coefficients A„ in (12), the exponential form of the Fourier series for the given wave
form is

fit) = •'• - j™e-V"t - j^-e-w* + '

5 + j^-eM + j^- e i^t + ...
(17)
4,r 2tt Av

The trigonometric series cosine term coefficient is

10 10
an ~ A„ + A_ n = .

} }
=
2wn '
2w(-n)

and the sine term coefficient is

- A_ n .10 10 \
= _10
&n = J(A„ ) = J I j
2vn 3
.

'
2w(-n) J n-n

Thus the trigonometric series has no cosine terms since an = for all n, and the sine term coefficients
are— 10/(vn). The average value is 5 and the series is

f(t) — 5 — —
ir
sin ut — —
fa
sm 2ut — -5— sin
6ir
3wt — • • •

which is the same as in Example 1.

WAVEFORM SYMMETRY
The series obtained in Example 1 contained only sine terms in addition to a constant
term. Other waveforms will have only cosine terms, and sometimes only odd harmonics
are present in the series whether the series contains sine, cosine or both types of terms.
This is the result of certain types of symmetry associated with the waveform. Knowledge
of such symmetry results in reduced calculations in determining the series. For this
purpose the following definitions are important.

1. A function f(x) is said to be even if f(x) - f(-x).

The function f(x) = 2 + x + x* is an example of even functions since the functional
2

values for x and —x are equal. The cosine is an even function since it can be expressed
in series form as
COSiC =1-21+ 4!
x*
61
+
x°
8l
~
222 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

The sum of two or more even functions is an even function, and with the addition
of a constant the even nature of the function is still preserved.
In Fig. 15-4 the waveforms shown represent even functions. They are symmetrical
with respect to the vertical axis.

o
O O
(b) (c) (d)

Fig. 15-4

2. A function f(x) is said to be odd if f(x) — —f(—x).

The function f(x) -
x + x + x is an example of odd functions since the values
s 5

of the function for x and —x are of opposite sign. The sine is an odd function since it
can be expressed in series form as
— xa
sin a? = x + +
3! 5T 7! 9T

The sum two or more odd functions is an odd function, but the addition of a
of
constant removes the odd nature of the function since f(x) is no longer equal to —f(—x).
The product of two odd functions is an even function.
The waveforms shown in Fig. 15-5 represent odd functions.

(a) (c) (a)

O O

(b) (d) (b)

Fig. 15-5 Fig. 15-6

3. A periodic function f{x) is symmetry if f(x) = -f{x + T/2)

said to have half -wave
where T is the period. Two waveforms with half-wave symmetry are shown in
Fig. 15-6.

Whenthe type of symmetry of a waveform is established, the following conclusions

are reached. If the waveform is even, all terms of the corresponding series are cosine
terms and possibly a constant if the waveform has an average value. Hence there is no
 .

CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 223

need of evaluating the integral for the coefficients b n since no sine terms can be present.
If odd, the series contains only sine terms. The wave may be odd only after the constant
is removed, in which ease its Fourier representation will simply contain that constant and
a series of sine terms. If the waveform has half-wave symmetry, only odd harmonics
are present in the series. This series will contain both sine and cosine terms unless the
function is also odd or even. In any case, a n and b n are equal to zero for n = 2, 4, 6, . .

for any waveform with half -wave symmetry.

Certain waveforms can be odd or even, depend-
ing upon the location of the vertical axis. The
square wave of Fig. 15-7(a) meets the condition
of an even function, i.e. f(x) = /(—as). A
shift
O
of the vertical axis to the position shown in
Fig. 15-7(6) results in an odd function where
f(x) = —/(—as). With the vertical axis placed at any
(a)
points other than those shown in Fig. 15-7, the
square wave is neither even nor odd and its series
contains both sine and cosine terms. Thus in the
analysis of periodic functions the vertical axis
should be conveniently chosen to result in either O
an even or odd function provided that the type
of waveform makes this possible.
(6)
The shifting of the horizontal axis may sim-
plify the series representation of the function. Fig. 15-7
As an example, the waveform of Fig. 15-8(a) does
not meet the requirements of an odd function un-
til the average value is removed as shown in

Fig. 15-8(6). Thus its series will contain a con-

stant term and all sine terms.

Since the exponential equivalent of the sine

is pure imaginary and the exponential of a cosine
pure real, the above symmetry considerations can
be used to check the coefficients of the exponential
series. An even waveform contains only cosine
terms in its trigonometric series and therefore the
exponential Fourier coefficients must be pure real
numbers. Similarly, an odd function whose trigo-
nometric series consists of sine terms has pure
imaginary coefficients in its exponential series.

LINE SPECTRUM
A plot showing each of the harmonic amplitudes in the wave is called the line spectrum.
The lines decrease rapidly for waves with rapidly convergent series. Waves with discon-
tinuities such as the sawtooth and square wave have spectra with slowly decreasing
amplitudes since their series have strong high harmonics. Their 10th harmonics will
often have amplitudes of significant value compared to the fundamental. In contrast the
series of waveforms without discontinuities and with a generally smooth appearance will
converge rapidly to the function and only a few terms are required to generate the wave.
Such rapid convergence will be evident from the line spectrum where the harmonic
amplitudes decrease rapidly, so that any above the 5th or 6th are insignificant.
224 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

The harmonic content and the line spectrum of a wave are part of the very nature of
that wave and never change regardless of the method of analysis. Shifting the zero axis
gives the trigonometric series a completely different appearance, and the exponential series
change greatly with a shift in the zero axis, but the s ame harmonics always
coefficients also
appear in the series and their amplitude given by c n = V
a t+ &n or c* = |An| + |A- n |

remains constant.
In Fig. 15-9 the sawtooth wave of Example 1 and its spectrum are shown. Since there
were only sine terms in the series, the harmonic amplitudes c„ are given directly by b n .

12J_L_L 3 4 5
times fundamental
Fig. 15-9

The exponential series has terms with fre-

quencies of +n<a and — m> [see equation (17)] and
the spectrum is constructed as shown in Fig. 15-10.
The actual amplitude of a specific harmonic is the
sum of the two amplitudes, one at +n<a and the
other at — n<o. In the spectrum of Fig. 15-10 we
-5 -4
.i_L
-3-2-1
Illi. 1 2
J L
find lines of 10/4tt amplitude at n = — 2 and n = +2.
Adding these we obtain 10/2tt for the actual am- Fig. 15-10
plitude of this harmonic, which agrees with the
spectrum of Fig. 15-9.

WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS
Synthesis is a combination of the parts so as to form the whole. In Fourier analysis
it is the recombination of the terms of the trigonometric series, usually the first four or
five, to produce the original wave. Often it is only after synthesizing a wave that the
student is convinced that the Fourier series does in fact express the periodic wave for
which it was obtained.

The trigonometric series for the sawtooth wave of Example 1 with a peak amplitude
of 10 is

fit) = 5 — —n sinwc — ^-sin2«)i

arc
— 5— sm3a>t —
OTT

These four terms are plotted and added

in Fig. 15-11 and although the result is
not a perfect sawtooth wave it appears
that with more terms included the sketch
will more nearly resemble a sawtooth.
Since this wave has discontinuities, its
series is not rapidly convergent and con-
sequently the synthesis using only four
terms does not produce a very good re-
sult. The next term at the frequency
4w has amplitude 10/4tt which is cer-
tainly significant compared to the fun-
damental with amplitude 10Ar. As each Fig. 15-11
CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 225

term is added in synthesizing the waveform, the irregularities of the resultant are reduced
and the approximation to the original wave is improved. This is what was meant when
we said earlier that the series converges to the function at all continuous points and to the
mean value at points of discontinuity. In Fig. 15-11 at and 2tt it is clear that a value of
5 will remain since all sine terms are zero at these points. These are the points of discon-
tinuity; and the value of the function when they are approached from the left is 10, and
from the right 0, with the mean value 5.

EFFECTIVE VALUE AND POWER

A wave of current passing through a resistor results in a
periodic, non-sinusoidal
power which determined by the effective or rms value of the wave. In Chapter 2 the
is
effective value of a function such as

f(t) = |a + ai cos <at + a 2 cos 2wt 4- • • • + bi sin <at + b 2 sin 2U + • •

•

was found to be

F^ = yjdao)
2
+ \a\ + \a\ + • • • + \b\ + \b\ + • • •
(18)

Expressing the harmonic amplitude by c„ = yoJ+bl and writing c for the average
value,from equation (18) we have
Frms = VC + K+ \C\ + iC* + ' •
•

Considering a linear network with an applied voltage which is periodic, we would

expect that the resulting current would contain the same harmonic terms as the voltage
but with harmonic amplitudes of different relative magnitude since the impedance varies
with n<». It is possible that some harmonics would not appear in the current since parallel
resonance results in an infinite impedance. In general we could write

v = V + 2 Vn sin (n<at + <j>

n) and i = h + 2 1* sin (m»t + ^J (19)

with corresponding effective values of

Frms = Vy + o iVl + Wl + "• and /rms = V'o + i/J + Hi + • •

(20)

The average power P follows from integration of the instantaneous power given by
the product of v and i,

p = vi = [VQ + ^V n sin (no>t + <f> n)][h + *£ In sin (n«>t + xj,

n )) (21)

Since v and i both have periods of T sec, their product must have an integral number of
itsperiods in T. (Recall that for a single sine wave of applied voltage the product vi has
a period of half that of the voltage wave.) The average power
T
1 f
P = f J V + [ 2 V* sin (nat + <£„)] [h + ^In sin (na>t + ^J] dt (22)

Examination of the possible terms in the product of the two infinite series shows them
to be of the following types: the product of two constants, the product of a constant and
a sine function, the product of two sine functions of different frequencies, and sine
functions squared. After integration, the product of the two constants is still VQ I and
the sine functions squared with the limits applied appear as (Vn IJ2) cos - n ) while
(<f> n
all other products upon integration over the period T are zero. Then the average power
P = Voh + £Fi/icos0i + iV2 hcose 2 + iF3 /3 cos0 3 + •••
226 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

where 6 n = (<l> n — ^n ) is the angle on the equivalent impedance of the network at the

frequency Wa rad/sec, and Vn and In are the maximum values of the respective sine func-
tions. In the single frequency AC circuits, we found that the average power P = VI cos
which included in (23) since V is an effective voltage, V = Vmax/V2 and / = / ma x/\/2
is
so that P =
^Fmax /max cos 0. In simple DC circuits the power is VI, included in (23) as
Voh. Therefore, the power equation (23) is perfectly general, including DC, single fre-
quency AC and also periodic non-sinusoidal waves. We note also in (23) that there is no
contribution to the average power from voltage and current of different frequencies.
In regard to power then, each harmonic acts independently.

APPLICATIONS IN CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

It has already been suggested above that we
could apply the terms of a voltage series to a _L_
linear network and obtain the corresponding \~y Oj COS at
harmonic terms of the current series. This re-
(^ 2 COS 2at
sult is obtained by superposition. Thus we C~y °3 cos 3ut Passive
consider each term of the Fourier series repre- v : bilateral

senting the voltage as a single source as shown \~y bi sin at

network

in Fig. 15-12. Now the equivalent impedance ^^ b 2 sin 2ut

of the network at each harmonic frequency n<a

is used to compute the current at that har-
monic. And the sum of these individual re- i

sponses is the total response i in series form

due to the applied voltage. Fig. 15-12

Example 3.

A series RL circuit in which R = 5 ohms and L = .02 h

has an applied voltage v = 100 + 50 sin at + 25 sin Sat where 5n
w = 500 rad/sec. Find the current and the average power.
Compute the equivalent impedance of the circuit at each fre- •6t .02 h
quency. Then obtain the respective currents.

At <o = 0, Z = 5 and

/ = V /R = 100/5 = 20 Fig. 15-13

At » = 500 rad/sec, Zx = 5 + i(.02)(500) = 5 + J10 and

y mov
*1 =
1

sin
'""^(wt — W1/
6i) ~
5(J
sin (at - 63.4°) = 4.48 sin (at - 63.4°)
|Z X |
11.15

At 3w = 1500 rad/sec, Z3 = 5 + JB0 and

H
3 max
sin (Sat - e3 ) = ^ OK
sin (Sot - 80.54°) .823 sin (Bat - 80.54°)

The sum of the harmonic currents is the required total response.

i = 20 + 4.48 sin (at- 63.4°) + .823 sin (Sat - 80.54°)

This current has an effective value

Irm8 = V20 2 + 4.48 2/2 + .823 2/2 = V410.6 = 20.25

which results in a power in the 5 ohm resistor

P = 2
I rms R = (410.6)5 = 2053 w
CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OP WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 227

As a check we compute the total average power by calculating first the power contributed by
each harmonic and then adding the results.

At co = 0, p = V I = 100(20) = 2000 w
At a = 500 rad/sec, p = ^V 1 I 1 cose 1 = £(50)(4.48) cos 63.4° = 50.1 w
At 3w = 1500 rad/sec, p = £y3 J3 cos <?
3 = £(25)(.823) cos 80.54° = 1.69 w
Then PT = 2000 + 50.1 + 1.69 = 2052 w
Another method.
The series expression for the voltage across the resistor is

vR = Ri = 100 + 22.4 sin (at - 63.4°) + 4.11 sin (Sat - 80.54°)

and VR = V100 2 + £(22.4) 2 + £(4.11)* = Vl0,259 = 101.3

Then the power delivered by the source is P = Vr/R = (101.3) 2 /5 = 2052 w.

The exponential Fourier series is used in the same way except that frequently the
circuit impedance can be expressed in terms of m> and the coefficients of the current series
In can be computed from the ratio Vn/Z„ as shown in Example 4 below.

Example 4.

Avoltage represented by the triangular wave

shown in Fig. 15-14 is applied to a pure capacitor
of C farads. Determine the resulting current.
— < at <
In the interval the voltage func-
ir

tion is v= Vmax + (2V max/;r)(o£; < at < v, and for

v = Vmax — (2Vmax/7r)at. Then the coefficients of
the exponential series are determined by the evalu-
ation integral

A„ = -^ f [Vmax +(2VmaxAr)(ot]e-^dM)
—V
Fig. 15-14

+ ~t [Vmax " (^max^M]*-^ <*(«*)

J"
4V
from which A„ for odd n, and A„ = for even n.

The circuit impedance Z = 1/jaC can be expressed as a function of n, i.e. Zn = 1/jnaC. Now

I = —
Z„
=
4V
-^r(jnaC) = j
4V
7-2%

and the current series is

4V gjnut
= 3 for odd n only

The series could be converted to the trigonometric form and then synthesized to show the current
waveform. However, this series is of the same form as the result in Problem 15.8 where the coefficient
A n = —j(2V/nv) for odd n only. The sign here is negative, indicating that our current wave is the
negative of the square wave of Problem 15.8, and with a peak value (2ymax aC)/r.
228 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

Solved Problems
15.1. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the square wave shown in Fig. 15-15 and
plot the line spectrum.

4V/,r-

at
2>r 3s-

-v 4 5 6 7 8 9

Fig. 15-15 Fig. 15-16

In the interval < at < ir, f(t) = V; and for w. < at < 2tt, f(t) = —V. The average value
of the wave is zero; hence aJ2 = 0. The cosine coefficients are obtained by writing the evaluation
integral with the functions inserted as follows.

an = —\) V cos nat d(at) + I (— V) cos nat d(at) > = —^ - sin nat — — sin nat I

= for all n

Thus the series contains no cosine terms. Proceeding with the evaluation integral for the sine terms,

bn = —< | V sin nat d(at) + I (—V) sin nat d(at)

cos nat + \
— cos nat
* 1L n n -'IT

= — (—
V
irn
K cos nw + cos + cos n2v — cos rnr) — 2V
vn
(1 — cos nw)

Then bn = 4V/vn for n = 1, 3, 5, . .

.
, and bn = for n = 2,4,6, ... . The series for the square
wave is

/(*) = —
4V
ir
sin at
4V
+ -5—
oir
4V
sin 3at + -=— sin Sat +
Ov

The line spectrum for this series is shown in Fig. 15-16 above. The series contains only odd
harmonic sine terms which could have been anticipated by examination of the wave-form for
symmetry. Since the wave in Fig. 15-15 is odd, its series contains only sine terms; and since it
also has half-wave symmetry, only odd harmonics are present.

15.2. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the triangular wave shown in Fig. 15-17
and plot the spectrum.

6 7 8

Fig. 15-17 Fig. 15-18

 }

CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 229

The wave is an even function since f(t) = f(-t), if the average value V/2 is removed it
and
also has half-wave symmetry, i.e. =
f(t) -f(t + 272). In the interval -tr < at < 0, f(t) = V +
(V/v)at; and for < at < w, f(t) = V— (V/w)ut. Since even waveforms have only cosine terms,
bn = for all integer n.

an = - f [V+ (Vfa)at] cos nat d(at) + - f [V - (Vh)at] cos nat d(at)

= ~\\ cos nat d(at) +| — cos nat d(at) — I — cos nat d{at)
(_ —IT —IT

= -o •!
-o cos nat + — sin nat - -jcos nat + — sin nat V

V — 2V
= ~2~2 { cos cos (— nv) — cos nv + cos 0} = ~%Zi (1 ~~ cos nv)

As the half-wave symmetry predicted, the series contains only odd terms since a n = for
n = 2, 4, 6, .For n = 1, 3, 5,
. . . an — . . . , 4V/jr2n2 . Then the required Fourier series is

= V
= 4Vo- 4V 4V "
f(t) + — cos wt + 7q~\2 cos 3w* + 7k~\2 cos ^ wt "*" *

The coefficients decrease as 1/w 2 , and thus the series converges more rapidly than that of Problem
15.1. This fact is evident from the line spectrum shown in Fig. 15-18.

15.3. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the sawtooth wave shown in Fig. 15-19
and plot the spectrum.

-
2V/r

—V
V-

A v y\v 3s-
at

kj I

3
I

4 5 6 7 8 9

Fig. 15-19 Fig. 15-20

By inspection we note that the average value of the wave is zero and that the wave is odd.
Consequently the series will contain only sine terms. A singular expression, f(t) = (V/v)ut,
describes the wave over the period from — it to +v and we will use these limits on our evaluation
integral for 6 n .

bn = — I (V/ir)at sin nut d(at) = -j ~2 s *n w<d * cos w<0 * = — ~ZT~ ^ cos nir ^
— it L J— a-

Cos nv is positive for even n and negative for odd n, and thus the signs of the coefficients alternate.
The required series is

f(t) = —
2V
jj-
{sin at — 4^ sin 2at + 4o sin Sat — i* sin 4wt + • • •

The coefficients decrease as 1/w, and thus the series converges slowly as shown by the spectrum in
Fig. 15-20 above. Except for the shift in the zero axis and the average term, this waveform is
the same as in Example 1. Compare the line spectrum of Fig. 15-9 with that of Fig. 15-20 and
note the similarity.

15.4. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-21 below
and sketch the spectrum.
In the interval < at < it, f(t) = (V/ir)at; and for v < at < 2jt, /(*) = 0. By inspection
the average value of the wave is V/4. Since the wave is neither even nor odd, the series will contain
both sine and cosine terms. In the interval to v, we have
230 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

IV
V-

2jt 3>r
JL — ut
123456789 I 1 I I I
J_

Fig. 15-21 Fig. 15-22

an — -
"" JIQ
(V/v)ut cos nut d(ut) = -x
ir* \_nt
-5- cos nut + —
n
sin nut\ = —^-^(cosnv
2 2 n
— 1)'
ir
J
When n is even, (cos nv - 1) = and an = 0. When n is odd, an = -2V/(ir 2 n2 ). The 6 n coeffi-
cients are

on = 1
— C V/v)ut
I ( sin %«£ d(«£) = —
V 1
—,2 sin nut*
• «*
cos ruot,T (cos nv)
TT *S n V n % irn
Jo
The sign alternates with bn = —Vfon for even n, and bn = +V/vn for odd n. Then the required
Fourier series is

~ 2V cos ut — 2V — 2V
/(*) = 7 (3*r) 2
cos 3ut
(5v) 2
cos 5ut

V
— V V
+ sin ut — 77- sin 2wt + ^- sin But —
v Cv 6v

The even harmonic amplitudes are given directly by the b n coefficients since there are no even
cosine terms. However, the odd harmonic amplitudes must be computed using c n = ya 2 + b n .

Thus cx =
V(2Wir 2 ) 2 + (VAr) 2 = V(.377). Similarly, c3 = V(.109) and c5 = V(M4)" The
line spectrum is shown in Fig. 15-22 above.

15.5. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the half -wave rectified sine wave shown
in Fig. 15-23 and sketch the spectrum.

Vh

Fig. 15-23 Fig. 15-24

The wave shows no symmetry and we therefore expect the series to contain both sine and
cosine terms. Since the average value is not obtainable by inspection, we evaluate a for the term
a /2 in the series.

a
IfIV sin ut d(ut)
— =
Vf— cos ut~T
— = —
2V
"" Jo * L Jo
""

Next we determine an :

1 C*
an = — I V sin ut cos nut d(ut)

—
= %—n sin ut sin nut
-n2 +
cos nut cos ut
1
I v(l - n*) (COS Wjt + 1)
CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 231

With to even, an = 2V/ir(l - to2 ); and with to odd, a n = 0. However, this expression is indeterminate

for n = 1 and therefore we must integrate separately for a v

w
1
- C*
= V
— f =
a,1 = I V sin at cos at d(ut) I 4 sin 2ut d(ut)
ir J * J
Now we evaluate b n :

_ V at cos nut — sin nut cos at _

6 = - I V sin at sin nut d(ut) = — \n sin
"

-n2 +l
|

,|_ Jo

Here again the expression is indeterminate for n= 1, and b t is evaluated separately.

1 C\r • o . j/ *x V fat sin2cotT _ V

Then the required Fourier series is

V
- f
- 2
- 2
- 2
-
/(t) = < 1 + I sin at g cos 2<ot
jg cos
4wt -^ cos 6<ot •

The spectrum in Fig. 15-24 above shows the strong fundamental term in the series and the
rapidly decreasing amplitudes of the higher harmonics.

15.6. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for

the half-wave rectified sine wave shown in
Fig. 15-25 where the vertical axis is shifted
from its position in Problem 15.5.
• at
The function is described in the interval 2s-
— jt < at < by fit) — —V sin at. The average
value is the same as that of Problem 15.5, i.e. Fig. 15-25
aQ = 2V/tt. For the coefficients an we have ,

1 r°
= y cos m)
dn = - I (— V sin at) cos nut d(ut) „ _ n2 , (1 +
— IT
For n even, an = 2V/ir(l - to2 ); and for to odd, an = except that to = 1 must be examined separately.

1 r°
Oj = — I (— y sin ut) cos at d(at) =

For the coefficients 6„, we obtain

1 r°
bn = - I (— y sin co«) sin rttot d(wt) =
* J -ir
But again this expression is indeterminate for w = 1, so we evaluate 6 X separately.

-y) sin2 <ot d(wt) = - g-

Thus the series is

V
— \

— ir
— 2
— 2
— &
—
f(t) = { 1 5- sin wt , cos 2<ot ^f
15
cos 4wt kf cos 6ut •

This series is identical to that of Problem 15.5 except for the fundamental term which is

negative in this series. The spectrum would obviously be identical to that in Fig. 15-24.

15.7. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the rectangular pulse shown in Fig. 15-26
below and plot the spectrum.
With the zero axis positioned as shown, the wave is even and the series will contain only
cosine terms and a constant term. The period from — v to +v is used for the evaluation integrals
and the function is zero except for the interval from — v/6 to +v/6.
232 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

V/w-

IV

'Ut
r/6 w/6
I , I I I I I .,
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Fig. 15-26 Fig. 15-27

n/6
a = -i C I Vd(ot) = v
o-, on
i
= -
r"76
I V cos not d( a t) =
9v
sin — 6

Since sin nr/6 = 1/2, Vs/2, 1, ^3/2, 1/2, 0, -1/2, ... for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, . . . respectively, the
series is

f(t) = g- + — jgcoswt + ~y \^j cos2«t + 1

^gj cos3<ot + ^- lj) cos4 w *

+ o
2 V5e
( ) cos 5w« - 7T
2
( = ) cos 7ut —
V7

or y 2T^ ^ 1
/(*) = -x-
O
H
7T
2
n =l
- sin (W6)
W
cos %w«

The line spectrum shown in Fig. 15-27 decreases very slowly

for this wave, since the series
converges very slowly to the function. Of particular interest is
the fact that the 8th, 9th and 10th
harmonic amplitudes exceed the 7th. With the simple waves
considered previously, the higher
harmonic amplitudes were progressively lower.

15.8. Find the exponential Fourier series for the square wave shown in Fig.
15-28 and
sketch the line spectrum. Obtain the trigonometric series
coefficients and compare
them with Problem 15.1.

2V

bit
2w

-v
-5-4-3-2-10 1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 15-28 Fig. 15-29

In the interval -* < wt < 0, f(t) = -V; and for < u t < v , f(t) = V. The average value
of the wave is zero. The wave is odd, therefore the A„ coefficients will be pure imaginaries.

JK = ^MJ (-V)e-in«>td( u t) + C Ve-*"t d(ut)>

tor
I U-jn) ]_„ l(-jn) J J

For n even, e*« = +1 and An = 0; for n odd, a** = _i and An = -jyv/nir). The required
Fourier series is

/(*) = ••• + ;~e-*»«t + j^e-M - j^ m __ ,2V mt _ _

CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 233

The spectrum in Fig. 15-29 above shows amplitudes for both positive and negative frequencies.
Combining the values at +n and — n yields the amplitude plotted for the trigonometric series in
Fig. 15-16.

The trigonometric series cosine coefficients are

.2V . 2V =
an = An + A_ M = -3—+(-3jznv)
"
2V 4V
— .2V
'

and K = i[A» - A_ n = j
,

h j-
.

r
1
= — — for odd n only
]
nir (— njrjj nv

This agrees with the trigonometric series coefficients obtained in Problem 15.1.

15.9. Find the exponential Fourier series for the triangular wave shown in Fig. 15-30
and sketch the spectrum.

-1 ——
-5-4-3-2-10
, I-
1 2 3 4
H
5
—
Fig. 15-30 Fig. 15-31

In the interval -n < at < 0, f(t) = V + (VU)at; and for < at < r f(t) = V - (V/v)at. ,

The wave is even and therefore the A„ coefficients will be pure real. By inspection the average
value is V/2.

An = jMf [V + (V/r)at]e-*»»* d(at) + J [V - (V/v)ot]e-^* d(at)\

= o^i f <o*e -jnwt <*(«*) + (-«*)e-*"»* d(at) + f ir e~in0it d(at)i

J

= ^{[^(-^-Dj_ ff
- [^(-^-i)];} £2 l
1 -«*"*]

For even n, e inv = +1 and An = 0; for odd n, A^ = 2V/ir n 2 2

. Thus the series is

2V 2V V 2V 2V
f(t) =

The spectrum is shown in Fig. 15-31 with lines at —n and +n which when added are the same
as the amplitudes on the spectrum in Fig. 15-18.

The trigonometric series coefficients are

2V 2V 4V
an = An + A_„ = ^2 + ff 2(_ w)2 = ^2 for odd n onl y

2V 2V
and K = i[An - A_ n ] ^2 „.2(_ n )2

These coefficients agree with the results of Problem 15.2.

15.10. Find the exponential Fourier series for the half-wave rectified sine wave shown in
Fig. 15-32 below.
In the interval < at < ir, f(t) = V sin at; and from v to 2ir, fit) — 0. Then
234 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

Vh

f I
2,7 3ir
-5-4-3-2-1
i

1 3 4 5 6

Fig. 15-32 Fig. 15-33

1 C
A„ = 7T~ I
Vsinwte-^^tdM)

V r e — jnwt "IT
y
= ~> W Sin w * " C0S wi) = (e_in,r + 1}
27 Lo^^y (

J
2,(1 -n»)

For even w, An = VMl — n2 ); for odd n, e~i n * = —1 and A n = 0. However, with n = ±1 the
expression for Ai becomes indeterminate. L'Hospital's rule may be applied, i.e. the numerator
V ~ inn
and denominator of
2 n — 2\ ( e + 1) are separately differentiated with respect to n, after

which n is allowed to approach 1, with the result that A = x —j(V/4) and A_ = x j(V/4).

The average value is

A° = =
hS Vsinw t d(«t) 5- COS <o£
I - -
Then the exponential Fourier series is

— V _ V V e -)at V y gjut y y
^
:
107T
e -]4a>t
07T
g -j2ft)t + j—
4
4. _
JT
«' —
4 3,
gj2<at
157
gj4wt

It is interesting to note that there are only two imaginary coefficients in the series at n = ±1
and that the single sine term in the trigonometric series of Problem 15.6 has the coefficient
bx = i^-A-i] - 3[-}(V/4) - j(V/4)] = $V.
The line spectrum in Fig. 15-33 shows the harmonic amplitudes of the wave and should be
compared with that of Fig. 15-24 above.

15.11. Find the average power in a resistance R= 10 ohms if the current in series form is

i = 10 sin at + 5 sin 3a>t + 2 sin 5<at.

The current has an effective value I = V^CIO) 2 + ^(5)

2 + £(2)
2 '64.5 8.03. Then
the average power is P = I2R = (64.5)10 = 645 w.

Another method.
The total power is the sum of the harmonic powers which are given by ^Vmax 7 max cos e But
the voltage across the resistor and the current are in phase for all harmonics and e n — 0. Then
vR = Ri = 100 sin ut + 50 sin 3wi + 20 sin 5«£

and P = £(10)(100) + £(5)(50) + |(2)(20) = 645 w.

15.12. Find the average power supplied to a network if the applied voltage and resulting
current are

v = 50 + 50 sin 5 X 10H + 30 sin 10 4 £ + 20 sin 2 X 10H

i = 11.2sin(5xl0 3 £ + 63.4°) + 10.6 sin(10 4 £ + 45°) + 8.97 sin (2 X 10H + 26.6°)

The total average power is the sum of the harmonic power:

P = £(50)(11.2) cos 63.4° + £(30)(10.6) cos 45° + £(20)(8.?7) cos 26.6° = 317.7 w
CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 235

15.13. Obtain the constants of the two-element series circuit with the applied voltage and
resultant current given in Problem 15.12.
The voltage series contains a constant term 50 but there is no corresponding term in the
current series, thus indicating that one of the elements is a capacitor. Since power is delivered
to the circuit, the other element must be a resistor.

The effective current is / = V^Ul^) 2 + £(10.6)2 + |(8.97) 2 = 12.6.

The average power P = PR, from which R - PIP = 317.7/159.2 = 2 ohms.

At a = 5X103, = VmeiX /Imax = 50/11.2 = 4.47.

|Z| Since |Z| = y/R 2 + X% , Xc =
V (4.47) 2 - 4 = 4. Then Xc = 1/(<oC) and C = l/(o>Xc = ) 1/(4 X 5 X 10 3 ) = 50 /if.

Therefore the two-element series circuit consists of a resistor of 2 ohms and a capacitor of 50 /if.

15.14. The voltage wave shown in Fig. 15-34 is

applied to a series circuit of R = 2000 ohms
and L = 10 h. Use the trigonometric
Fourier series and obtain the voltage
across the resistor. Plot the line spec-
trum of the applied voltage and v R to
show the effect of the inductance on the Fig. 15-34
harmonics. a> = 377 rad/sec.
The applied voltage has an average value of Vmax/ir, the same as in Problem 15.5. The wave
function is even and hence the series contains only cosine terms with coefficients obtained by the
following evaluation integral.

i r' 2 300 cos ut cos nat d(ut)

600
cos nir/2
jt(1 - n2 )

Cos nir/2 has a value of —1 for n = 2, 6, 10, . . . and +1 for n = 4, 8, 12, ... . For n odd,
cos wjt/2 = 0. However, for n =1 the expression is indeterminate and must be evaluated separately.

ax = -i r
I
/2

300 cos2 at d(at)

300 ut
+
sin 2(ot
"
it/2
300
*" J -w/2 2 4
J-TT/2
2

Then the series form of the voltage is

300
1 + §- COS ut +
2
~ COS 2wt — 2
yr- COS 4<o£ + —2
COS 6ut

The total impedance of the series cir- R nuL

n nw \z\ e
cuit,Z = R + jnuL, is computed for each
harmonic in the voltage expression. The 2k 2k 0°
results appear in the adjacent table.
1 377 2k 3.77 k 4.26 k 62°
The termsof the current series have
coefficients which are the voltage series 2 754 2k 7.54 k 7.78 k 75.1°

coefficients divided by Z, and the corre- 4 1508 2k 15.08 k 15.2k 82.45°

sponding current term lags by the phase
6 2262 2k 22.62 k 22.6 k 84.92°
angle e.

300/tt
n= 0, I =
2k
300/2
n= 1, »! = 4>26k
cos(<jt-62°);

600/3tt
n = 2,
.

%2 = „ „s cos (2ut
,
,
— rrr o\1
75.1°);
j.
etc.
 T }

236 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

Then the current series is

= 300 300 600

i C ° S(w *- 620) + cos (2wt- 75.1°)
2 k. '
(2)4.26 k 3.(7.78 k)

600 600
cos (4at - 82.45°) + cos (6at - 84.92°) -
15.(15.2 k) 35.(22.6 k)

The voltage across the 2 k resistor is simply i(2 k) or

vR = 95.5 + 70.4 cos (at- 62°) + 16.4 cos (2at- 75.1°)

- 1.67 cos (4<oi- 82.45°) + .483 cos (6<o« - 84.92°) - •••

In Fig. 15-35 the spectra of the applied voltage and v R show clearly how the harmonic amplitudes
have been reduced by the 10 h series inductance.

300/. 300/.

o' — -f
4
,

5
f

6
r-
7

(<*) (b)

Fig. 15-35

15.15. The current in an inductance L= .01 h has a waveform as shown in Fig. 15-36. Ob-
tain the trigonometric series for v h the voltage across the inductance. , a> = 500 rad/sec.

Fig. 15-36

The average value of the current is zero and the waveform is even. Hence the series will
contain only cosine terms. In the interval — . < at < 0, i = 10 + (20/.)wt; and for < at < .,
i = 10 - (20/.M.

an - —J | [10 + (20/.M] cos nat d(at) +1 [10 - (20/.)<ot] cos nut d(at)

40 M _ v 80
-o-O-U COSW.) = -n-o for odd n only

Then the current series is

—g \ COS at + q COS Sat + g^ COS 5at + -r^ COS 7wt +

The voltage across the inductance is

vL — L-^
eta
= .01 ( —g ) jl{ c °s «* + ^ cos Sat + 2V cos hat +
400
{— sin at — ^ sin 3«t — ^ sin 5<oi — ^ sin 7at — • • •

The waveform could be obtained by synthesis, but this series differs from that of Problem 15.1
by a minus sign. Thus v L is a square wave, the negative of the waveform shown in Fig. 15-15.
 } } }

CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 237

Supplementary Problems
15.16. Synthesize the waveform for which the trigonometric Fourier series is

Q-rr

f(t) = — g- {sin cot - lsin3cot + ^sin5<ot - ^sin7<ot + •••}

15.17. Synthesize the waveform if its Fourier series is

f(t) = 5 - ^|(cos<ot + ±cos3«t + ^cos5ut + •••)

+ —
20
(sinui — ^ sin2ut + £ sin3«t — J sin4<ot + •••)

15.18. Synthesize the waveform for the given Fourier series.

—
fit) = V 2v
— - cos ut —
it

+ • • •
-z-
Zir

+ t4 12
cos 2at

sin at
+

—
77-
2ir
cos Zat

-z- sin
3s-
2at
—

+
=-=— cos
loir

4
zr^- sin 4at
157T
4at —

—
«- cos
oir

•
6<ot

15.19. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the sawtooth wave shown in Fig. 15-37 and plot the
line spectrum. Compare with Example 1.

Ana. f(t) = —u + — {smut

It
+ I sin2«i + I sin3«t + •••}

Fig. 15-37 Fig. 15-38

15.20. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the sawtooth wave shown in Fig. 15-38 and plot the
spectrum. Compare with the result of Problem 15.3.
— 2V
Ans. f(t) = {sin at + ^ sin 2at + J sin Sat + £ sin Aat + • • •
}

15.21. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-39 and plot the line
spectrum.
Ans. fit) — —
4V
{cos wt + i cos Zat + ^ cos Sat + • • •

2V
{sin at + jf
sin Zat + ^ sin 5at + • • •

2ir

-V-\

Fig. 15-39 Fig. 15-40

15.22. Find the trigonometric Fourier series of the square wave shown in Fig. 15-40 and plot the line
spectrum. Compare with the result of Problem 15.1.

= 4V — ^ —
Ans. fit) {cos at cos Zat + £ COS hat \ COS lat + • • •
 }

238 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

15.23. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveforms shown in Fig. 15-41(a) and (6). Plot the
line spectrum of each and compare.

Ans. /i(t) = £
12
+ 2
n= l
10 (
n^
. nir\
sin— ) coswwt, +
,

—/
10
(
1
1 — cosyg
itTT ,

J
.

sinnwt
.

10 L
hit)
50
-z-
6
^
+ 2i
^ i
—
IwjrV
n5v \
J 10 / sin —=— .

J
cos
3 /
nut
.

+
,

—
nv V
— 1 cos —r—
3
«5„ , .

sin nut

10 10

w<
r/12 5ir/3 2>r 4s-

(a) (6)

Fig. 15-41

15.24. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the half-wave rectified sine wave shown in Fig. 15-42
and plot the line spectrum. Compare the answer with the results of Problems 15.5 and 15.6.

= V
— f 2
— 2 2
—
Arts. f(t) -s 1 + ^ cos ut + ;r cos 2ut tj-c cos 4<oi + t? cos 6wi •

Fig. 15-42 Fig. 15-43

15.25. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the full-wave rectified sine wave shown in Fig. 15-43
and plot the spectrum.
2V
Ans. f{t) {1 + f cos2wt
- -fe
cos4o>£ + ^cos6u* - •••}

15.26. The waveform in Fig. 15-44 is similar to that of Problem 15.25 above but with the position of the
zero axis changed. Find the Fourier series and compare the two results.

Ans. f(t) = — {1 — % cos 2ut — -fe

cos 4«i — -§s cos 6ut — • • •

V- V-

—r- ut
2s-

Fig. 15-44 Fig. 15-45

15.27. Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-45.

V — V c at £ V
Ans. f(t) = h- 7T" °s + 2i ~Ti ^2\ ( cos nir + n sin nv/2) cos nut

V •£ [~ — nV cos nv/2~
+ + ~2
\

-r sin ut sin nut

|_ r(l-n2) J
 —

CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 239

Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-46. Add this series
with
15.28.
that of Problem 15.27 and compare the sum with the series obtained in Problem 15.5.

V V •£ V[n sin nv/2 — 1]

Ans. fit) = -s-
*T
+ ;f-cos<o* + =
2ir n 2
2
7-5 — T -co&nut
7r(n 2 — 1)
.

Vn cos nvr/2
+ — sin ut + 2 sin nut
n^2 *r(l-n2)

V-

ut ut
2ir 3tt

Fig. 15-46 Fig. 15-47

15.29. Find the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-47 and plot the line
spectrum. Convert the coefficients obtained here into the trigonometric series coefficients, write the
trigonometric series and compare it with the result of Problem 15.4.

Ans. f(t) =

A+ i it )
ei0>t
+ ir eJ2oit -

15.30. Find the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-48 and plot the line spectrum.

Ans. fit) - v\-" + ir2 + ^)e-^ + ;£•-** + h+ >hr m + \

+ gj3wt +
+ i-*-ih)+*-'h"~ (£*-ih

ut
3>r 2v 3*-

Fig. 15-48 Fig. 15-49

15.31. Find the exponential Fourier series for the square wave shown in Fig. 15-49 and plot the line
spectrum. Add the exponential series of Problems 15.29 and 15.30 and compare the sum to the
series obtained here.

Ans. f(t) -|- j_ e -j36)t -}- j — e -jat -f.

—
2
— j— e
W
}o>t — j —
OTT
e iSat
3jr IT

15.32. Find the exponential Fourier series for the sawtooth waveform shown in Fig. 15-50 and plot the
spectrum. Convert the coefficients obtained here into the trigonometric series coefficients, write the
trigonometric series and compare the result with the series obtained in Problem 15.19.

Ans. fit) = V + j-re~ i2at + 3ir e

~ m + o - J7T eiat - JT-e&ot -

Fig. 15-51
 240 FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS [CHAP. 15

15.33. Find the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-51 above and
plot the
spectrum. Convert the trigonometric series coefficients found in Problem 15.20
into exponential
series coefficients and compare them with the Coefficients of the series
obtained here.
Ans. f(t) = — J 5-e-'
2wt — ;'— e -iwt + j— e mt + jA- ej2ut +
*TT IT 2ff
JT

15.34. Find the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-52 and plot the
spectrum.
Convert the coefficients to trigonometric series coefficients, write the trigonometric series
and com-
pare it with that obtained in Problem 15.21.

Ans. f(t) = + o--^V 3a-

j3wt
+ (3-J-V**
2
+ [% + }-) e*«* +
9a- 2

-V-
Fig. 15-52 Fig. 15-53

15.35. Find the exponential Fourier series for the square wave shown in Fig. 15-53 and plot the line
spectrum. Convert the trigonometric series coefficients of Problem 15.22 into exponential series
coefficients and compare with the coefficients in the result obtained here.

An8. — 2V {• + ie-J5wt _ l e -j3ut -m — lgj5<at _

f(t) • • _|_
e _|_ e JG>t l
e j3ot -f . .
.}

15.36. Find the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 15-54 and plot the line
spectrum. , .
t / \
Ans. ,(») = . . . - y. sin
(^) .-»* - z sin ?) a -« + Y.
(

+ ^sin (z\ a** + ^-sin fe. ) e }2o>t +

—IT)'6 V /e IT &•

Fig. 15-54 Fig. 15-55

15.37. Find the exponential Fourier series for the half-wave rectified sine wave shown in Fig. 15-55.
Convert these coefficients into the trigonometric series coefficients, write the trigonometric series
and compare it with the result of Problem 15.24.

Ans. - ••• — V
r^- e-J4*>* +
V
^-e-jawt + L. e
V
V -m + J_
f(t)
15a- oa- 4 a-

-|_
V gjbit
— -j-
V gj2cot
V
' gi4a)t _)_ ...
4 3a- 15a-

15.38. Find the exponential Fourier series for the full-

wave rectified sine wave shown in Fig. 15-56
and plot the line spectrum.
= 2V
- £-e-»"t 2V -»2«t
Ans. f(t) • • •

15a-
+ 41
oir
6

it oir

2V
e j4«t -|-
Fig. 15-56
15a-
CHAP. 15] FOURIER METHOD OF WAVEFORM ANALYSIS 241

15.39. Find the and average power supplied to a passive network if

effective voltage, effective current
the applied voltage v = 200 + 100 cos (500* + 30°) + 75 cos (1500 + 60°) and the resulting cur-
rent i = 3.53 cos (500* + 75°) + 3.55 cos (1500 +
78.45°). Ans. 218.5 v, 3.54 amp, 250.8 w

v = 50 + 25 sin 500* + 10 sin 1500* + 5 sin 2500* applied to the terminals of a

15.40. A voltage is

passive network and the resulting current is

i = 5 + 2.23 sin (500* - 26.6°) + .556 sin (1500* - 56.3°) + .186 sin (2500* - 68.2°)
Find the effective voltage, effective current and the average power.
Ans. 53.6 v, 5.25 amp, 276.5 w

15.41. A three element series circuit with R = 5 ohms, L = .005 h and C

= 50 Mf has an applied voltage
v = 150 sin 1000* + 100 sin 2000* + 75 sin 3000*. Find the effective current and the average power
for the circuit. Sketch the line spectrum of the voltage and the current
and note the effect of
series resonance. Ans. 16.58 amp, 1374 w

15.42. A two-element series circuit with R = 10 ohms and L - .02 h contains a current i
5 sin 100* +
3 sin 300* + 2 sin 500*. Find the effective applied voltage and the average power.
Ans. 48 v, 190 w
pure inductance of L = .01 h contains the triangular current wave shown in Fig. 15-57
where
15.43. A
current and the series expression
a = 500 rad/sec. Obtain the exponential Fourier series for the find

for the voltage across the inductance v L Compare the answer with the result of Problem 15.8.
.

Ans. vL
- ±™
200
{. . . _ j^ e -i3a>t - je
-wt 4. j e io>t 4 j± eJ36>t + . • •}

10

2w

-10 ^

Fig. 15-57 Fig. 15-58

Fig. 15-58 where

15.44. A pure inductance of L = .01 h has an applied voltage with a waveform shown in
current waveform.
o, = 200 rad/sec. Obtain the current series in trigonometric form and identify the

Ans. i = — {sin «* - i sin 3<ot + ^ sin 5«* - ^ sin 7wt + • • •}

15.45. Fig. 15-59 shows a full-wave rectified sine wave

representing a voltage applied to the terminals
of an LC circuit. The maximum value of the
voltage is 170 v and « = 377 rad/sec. Use the
trigonometric Fourier series and find the volt-
age across the inductor and the capacitor. Plot
the line spectrum of each.
Fig. 15-59

of L and C.
15.46. A three element circuit consists of R - 5 ohms in series with a parallel combination
At = 500 rad/sec the corresponding reactances are j2 and -jB. Find the total current if the
applied voltage is given by v = 50 + 20 sin 500* + 10 sin 1000*.

Ans. i - 10 + 3.53 sin (500* -28.1°)