12/18/22, 9:52 PM Analog Communication - AM Modulators

Analog Communication - AM Modulators

In this chapter, let us discuss about the modulators, which generate amplitude modulated wave. The
following two modulators generate AM wave.

Square law modulator

Square Law Modulator

Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m (t) and A cos(2πfc t) respectively.

These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block. This summer block produces
an output, which is the addition of the modulating and the carrier signal. Mathematically, we can
write it as

V1 t = m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)

This signal V1 t is applied as an input to a nonlinear device like diode. The characteristics of the
diode are closely related to square law.

V2 t = k1 V1 (t) + k2 V
1
2
(t) (Equation 1)

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Where, k1 and k2 are constants.

Substitute V1 (t) in Equation 1

2
V2 (t) = k1 [m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)] + k2 [m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)]

2
⇒ V2 (t) = k1 m (t) + k1 Ac cos(2πfc t) + k2 m (t) +

2 2
k2 Ac cos (2πfc t) + 2k2 m (t) Ac cos(2πfc t)

2 2 2
⇒ V2 (t) = k1 m (t) + k2 m (t) + k2 Ac cos (2πfc t)+

2k2
k1 Ac [1 + ( ) m (t)] cos(2πfc t)
k1

The last term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the first three terms of the
above equation are unwanted. So, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only AM wave and
eliminate the first three terms.

Therefore, the output of square law modulator is

2k2
s (t) = k1 Ac [1 + ( ) m (t)] cos(2πfc t)
k1

The standard equation of AM wave is

s (t) = Ac [1 + ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

Where, Ka is the amplitude sensitivity

By comparing the output of the square law modulator with the standard equation of AM wave, we
2k2
will get the scaling factor as k1 and the amplitude sensitivity ka as .
k1

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12/18/22, 9:52 PM Analog Communication - AM Modulators

Switching Modulator
Following is the block diagram of switching modulator.

Switching modulator is similar to the square law modulator. The only difference is that in the square
law modulator, the diode is operated in a non-linear mode, whereas, in the switching modulator, the
diode has to operate as an ideal switch.

Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m (t) and c (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)

respectively. These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder) block. Summer block
produces an output, which is the addition of modulating and carrier signals. Mathematically, we can
write it as

V1 (t) = m (t) + c (t) = m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)

This signal V1 (t) is applied as an input of diode. Assume, the magnitude of the modulating

signal is very small when compared to the amplitude of carrier signal Ac . So, the diode’s ON and

OFF action is controlled by carrier signal c (t) . This means, the diode will be forward biased

when c (t) > 0 and it will be reverse biased when c (t) < 0 .

Therefore, the output of the diode is

V1 (t) if c (t) > 0

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We can approximate this as

V2 (t) = V1 (t) x (t) (Equation 2)

1
Where, x (t) is a periodic pulse train with time period T =
fc

The Fourier series representation of this periodic pulse train is

∞ n
1 2 (−1) − 1
x (t) = + ∑ cos(2π (2n − 1) fc t)
2 π 2n − 1
n=1

1 2 2
⇒ x (t) = + cos(2πfc t) − cos(6πfc t)+. . . .
2 π 3π

Substitute, V1 (t) and x (t) values in Equation 2.

1 2 2
V2 (t) = [m (t) + Ac cos(2πfc t)] [ + cos(2πfc t) − cos(6πfc t)+. . . . . ]
2 π 3π

m(t) Ac 2m(t) 2Ac 2

2m(t) 2Ac
cos(6πfc t) − cos(2πfc t) cos(6πfc t)+. . . . .
3π 3π

Ac 4 m(t) 2Ac 2
V2 (t) = (1 + ( ) m (t)) cos(2πfc t) + + cos (2πfc t)−
2 πAc 2 π

2m(t) 2Ac
cos(6πfc t) − cos(2πfc t) cos(6πfc t)+. . . . .
3π 3π

The 1st term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the remaining terms are
unwanted terms. Thus, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass only AM wave and eliminate

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the remaining terms.

Therefore, the output of switching modulator is

Ac 4
s (t) = (1 + ( ) m (t)) cos(2πfc t)
2 πAc

We know the standard equation of AM wave is

s (t) = Ac [1 + ka m (t)] cos(2πfc t)

Where, ka is the amplitude sensitivity.

By comparing the output of the switching modulator with the standard equation of AM wave, we will
4
get the scaling factor as 0.5 and amplitude sensitivity ka as πAc
.

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