weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU-8
weÁv‡b ¯^-wkLb

Awa‡ekb-26 : weÁvb wkÿvq ¯^-wkL‡bi ¯^iƒc I ¸iæZ¡ wbY©q

Awa‡ekb-27 : weÁvb Abykxj‡bi `ÿZvi Dbœqb
Awa‡ekb-28 : weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MVb
Awa‡ekb-29 : weÁvb Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi
Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj D™¢veb
Awa‡ekb-30 : weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b
cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi f~wgKv
Awa‡ekb-31 : weÁvb wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi Dbœq‡b Kg©mnvqK
M‡elYvi f~wgKv
Awa‡ekb-32 : weÁv‡bi beZi wkÿY aviYv AR©b K‡i wb‡R‡K
†KZv`yi¯Í (Up-to-date) ivLvi Dcvq A‡š^lY

183
weÁvb wkÿY- 2

184
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 26

weÁvb wkÿvq ¯^-wkL‡bi ¯^iƒc I ¸iæZ¡ wbY©q

f~wgKv
weÁvb wkÿvq wkÿv_©xi ¯^-wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Kiv I ¯^-wkL‡bi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjvi
cÖwZ weÁvb wkÿK‡K mRvM `„wó ivL‡Z nq| KviY weÁvb gyL¯’ welq bq, Gi cÖwZwU ZË¡
†hb wkÿv_©xi ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖwZdwjZ n‡j Zvi cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi g‡bv‡hvM AvKwl©Z nq|
wkÿv_©x †hb ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î weÁv‡bi wewfbœ ZË¡ ev cÖ‡qv‡Mi myweav, mxgve×Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z
cv‡i G m‡ei cÖwZ weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM _vK‡e| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b G msµvšÍ
Av‡jvPbv I KvR i‡q‡Q|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 weÁv‡b ¯^ -wkLb I Zvi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi ‡ÿÎmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g ¯^-wkL‡bi Af¨vm M‡o ‡Zvjvi
c`‡ÿcmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
evmvq e‡m ¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq I MwZ‡Z Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv
Kg©c‡Îi KvR Ki‡eb| g~j wkLbxq welq GKvwaKevi co‡eb| c‡i mgq I my‡hvM K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ mncvVxmn cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cÖwkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ `y‡e©va¨ Askmg~‡ni Dci Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î :

cÖwkÿK ev wUDUi‡K †mk‡bi c~e©w`b cÖ‡qvRbxq †cv÷vi †ccvi ev d‡UvKwc wKsev
†K‡›`ªi cixÿvMv‡ii hš¿cvwZ †kªYxK‡ÿ G‡b cixÿY cwiPvjbv Kivi mKj cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY
Ki‡eb|
 ce©-K : weÁv‡b ¯^-wkLb I Zvi ¯^iƒc
1. cÖwkÿK ïiæ‡Z ÔKg©cÎ-8-26.1Õ m¤^Üxq KvR ïiæ Kivi K_v cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i mvg‡b
†NvlYv Ki‡eb| wZwb Kg©cÎwU co‡Z ej‡eb Ges `jxqfv‡e wb‡Pi cÖkœwUi DËi wjL‡Z
ej‡eb|

185
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

 weÁv‡b ¯^-wkLb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ? ¯^- wkL‡bi ¯^iƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cÖwkÿYv_x©iv Kg©cÎwU co‡eb Ges `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡kœi DËi †cv÷vi †ccv‡i
wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| †cvóvi †ccvi mieivn Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j `jMZfv‡e
cÖwkÿYv_©xe„›` Kv‡Ri LvZvq DËi wjL‡eb|
Gici cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡Pi cÖkœwU Ki‡eb t
 Dc‡ii wkLb cÖwµqvwU wK ¯^-wkLb? †Kb ?

cÖwkÿYv_x©iv nvZ Zz‡j cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vbc~e©K wUDU‡ii wb‡`©‡k Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
cÖwkÿK ev wUDUi mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|

 ce©-L : weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿÎ ev gva¨g wPwýZKiY

2. ce©-1 G ¯^-wkL‡bi aviYvg‡Z cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i †Rvovq †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i
wb‡Pi cÖkœwUi DËi ˆZwi Ki‡Z †`‡eb|
 weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿÎmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|
cÖwkÿYv_©xiv DËi ˆZwi K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| cÖwkÿK mn‡hvwMZv ‡`‡eb|

 ce© - M : weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡

3. cÖwkÿK ÔKg©cÎ-8-26.2Õ cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i mieivn Ki‡eb Ges Kg©c‡Î D‡jøwLZ
wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK DËi `jMZfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z ej‡eb| cÖwkÿYv_©xiv KvR ‡k‡l
`jxqfv‡e DËi Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|

 ce© - N : cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g ¯^-wkLb

4. cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i †Rvov ‰Zwi K‡i †`‡eb| cÖwZwU †Rvov weÁv‡bi †h †Kvb welq
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbgq Ki‡eb Ges bv Rvbv w`K¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii wbKU †_‡K
Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡eb|
5. cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbgq †k‡l cÖwZ †Rvov n‡Z GKRb Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘
I Kx Kx welq †K Kvi wbKU n‡Z †R‡b‡Q Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
Dc¯’vcb †k‡l cÖwkÿK wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv Ki‡eb -
K. cvi®úwiK Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g Kx ¯^-wkLb m¤¢e n‡q‡Q ?
L. G ai‡bi ¯^-wkL‡b ce©-3Õ G D‡jøwLZ ¯^-wkL‡bi †Kvb& †Kvb& ¸iæZ¡ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?

 ce© - O : Db¥y³ Av‡jvPbv I mvivskKiY

6. cÖwkÿK Dc‡iv³ ce©mg~‡ni wkLbdj mvwe©Kfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges
cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i †Kvb cÖkœ _vK‡j Zvi h_vh_ Reve †`‡eb|

186
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

g~j¨vqb
cÖwkÿYv_©xiv mKj Awa‡ek‡bi b¨vq G Awa‡ekb n‡Z MvVwbKfv‡e wb‡gœv³iƒ‡c
¯^g~j¨vwqZ n‡Z cv‡ib Ñ
 mwVK mg‡q I mwVKfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b ;
 Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv wbiæcY ;
 wewfbœ gv‡bi cÖkœKi‡Yi `ÿZv wbiæcY ;
 DËi`vb KZUv mwVK ;
 Dc¯’vc‡b mvejxjZv ;
 ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ cÖ`k©‡bi ÿgZv|

evwoi KvR cÖ`vb : 05 wgt

cÖwkÿYv_©xiv GKKfv‡e wb‡gœi cÖ‡kœi DËi ‰Zwi K‡i Avb‡eb -

Ò ¯^-wkL‡bi K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡ †ÿÎ wPwýZ K‡i wPwýZ cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Îi Av‡jv‡K ¯^-
wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ev ¸iæZ¡mgyn wjLybÓ
{we. `ªt - GKvwaK wkLb †ÿÎ GKB ai‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ enb Ki‡Z cv‡i|}

Kg©cÎ-8-26.1 (¯^-wkLb I Zvi ¯^iƒc)

mvaviY A‡_© wkLb ej‡Z †evSvq bZzb †Kvb Ávb, `ÿZv, `„wófw½ ev AwfÁZv AR©b|
Rxeb avi‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Zvi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z nq| mgq I mf¨Zvi
AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwi‡ekI e`‡j hvq| gvbyl‡K bZzbZi cwi‡ek I mgm¨vi m¤§ywLb
n‡Z nq| GB cwieZ©bkxj cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m½wZ iÿv K‡i Pjvi Rb¨ Zv‡K AvqË Ki‡Z
nq wbZ¨ bZzb Ávb, Kjv‡KŠkj I AvPiY| GB bZzb Ávb I Kjv †KŠkj AvqË Kiv Ges
†m Abyhvqx AvPiY m¤úbœ KivB nj wkLb| AZGe ejv hvq, wkLb nj AvPiwYK
cwieZ©b| Ò¯^-wkLbÓ A_© nj wb‡R wb‡R †kLv| GwU Ggb GKwU c×wZ †hLv‡b wkÿv_©x
wewfbœ gva¨g †_‡K ¯^-D‡`¨‡M wkÿv MÖn‡Yi KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i Ges wkÿvi Rb¨ ‡Kvb
AvbyôvwbK wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| ¯^-wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wkÿv_x©i Ávb AR©‡bi
cÖwZ abvZ¥K g‡bvfve, AvMÖn I `„wófw½ Ges ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ| m‡e©vcwi cÖ‡qvRb
wkLb Af¨vm| g‡bvwe` †gwMqK (Megeoch) wkL‡bi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb Ò wkLb
nj Af¨v‡mi d‡j wµqvi cwieZ©bÓ| A_©vr wµqv ev AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi cÖavb kZ© nj
wkLb Af¨vm|

187
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

Avi wkL‡bi Af¨vm g~jZ: M‡o D‡V ¯^-wkL‡bi gva¨‡g| ¯^-wkL‡bi Af¨vm ïaygvÎ
wkÿv_x©i wb‡Ri B”Qv‡ZB M‡o I‡V bv, Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvwicvwk¦©K mn‡hvwMZv| A_©vr
cwievi, mgvR, we`¨vjq I mvgwMÖK cwi‡ek|

Kg©cÎ-8-26.1 cvV K‡i wb‡Pi cÖkœwUi DËi wjLyb|

 weÁv‡b ¯^^-wkLb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ? ¯^- wkL‡bi ¯^iƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

Gici wjLyb :
 Kg©cÎ-8-26.1 cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wkLb cÖwµqvwU wK ¯^-wkLb ? †Kb ?

Kg©cÎ-8-26.2 (¯^-wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡)

K. wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq ¯^-wkL‡bi wKQy ¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB ZvwjKv n‡Z Avcbvi
`„wó‡Z me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 5wU ¸iæZ¡ kbv³ K‡i Zv (¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î) wb‡Ri
Wvqix‡Z Ges wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢e n‡j †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjLyb|
 wkL‡b c~Y©Zv Av‡m
 wkLb I AvPi‡Y ¯^Z:ù~Z©Zv Av‡m
 wkLb ¯’vqx nq
 mgm¨v mgvav‡b ZvwM` m„wó nq
 D™¢vebxg~jK `„wófw½ M‡o I‡V
 wkL‡b avivevwnKZv _v‡K
 wPšÍv I Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K
 ‰eÁvwbK `ÿZv Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K
 mnbkxj g‡bvfve I ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †hvM¨Zv e„w× cvq
 ¯^vaxbfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K

L. K As‡k D‡jøL Kiv nq bvB Ggb Av‡iv K‡qKwU ¯^-wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Avcbvi wbR¯^
†cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjLyb| cieZx© ÒcvV`vb AbykxjbÓ Gi mgq cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

188
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 26
g~j wkLbxq welq
weÁvb wkÿvq ¯^-wkL‡bi ¯^iƒc I ¸iæZ¡ wbY©q

 cÖkœ : weÁv‡b ¯^^-wkLb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? ¯^- wkL‡bi ¯^iƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
 weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi A_© nj weÁvb wb‡R wb‡R †kLv| wkÿvi Rb¨ G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb
AvbyôvwbK wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| wkÿv_©x ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wkL‡bi welqe¯‘ wewfbœ
gva¨g †_‡K †hfv‡e msMÖn K‡i wkL‡bi KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K ZvB nj ¯^-wkLb|
¯^-wkL‡b wkÿv_©x wbR †Pôvq bZzb bZzb Ávb, Kjv‡KŠkj AvqZ¡ K‡i mf¨Zvi
AMÖMwZi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q †bq| G‡Z wkÿv_©xi AvPi‡Y bvbv cwieZ©b Av‡m
hvi g‡a¨ bZzb Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ cwijwÿZ nq| ¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi
AvšÍwiKZv _vK‡jI cwievi, mgvR, we`¨vjq I mvgwMÖK cwi‡ek AbyK~j bv _vK‡j ¯^-
wkL‡bi Kvw•ÿZ gvÎvq A‡bK mgq wkÿv_©x †cuŠQy‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek
I mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv GKvšÍfv‡e Acwinvh©¨| GQvov ¯^-wkL‡bi gva¨‡g wkL‡bi
Af¨vm M‡o D‡V hv GKRb wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæix|
cÖkœ : ÔKg©cÎ-8-26.1Õ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g wkLb cÖwµqvwU wK ¯^-wkLb ? †Kb ?
 cÖwµqvwU ¯^-wkLb| KviY GLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv wkÿK Qvov wb‡RivB cv‡Vi gva¨‡g
¯^-wkL‡bi aviYv jvf K‡i‡Q|
¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿÎ ev gva¨g wPwýZKiY
¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿÎ ev gva¨gmg~n
 `jMZ KvR  cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ weÁvb  cwievi I mgvR
 `jMZ Av‡jvPbv msµvšÍ Z_¨  M‡elYvi gva¨‡g
 nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR  ey‡jwUb  cwi‡ek I cÖK…wZ
 cvV¨ eB  g¨vMvwRb  †hŠw³K wPšÍv K‡i
 cÎ-cwÎKv  B›Uvi‡bU  Awc©Z Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g
 Rvb©vj  Z_¨Á e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM©  Abykxjb K‡i
 weÁvb K¬ve  wkÿvg~jK ågY  weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
 weÁvb †gjv  wkí KviLvbv cwi`k©b  D™¢vebxg~jK K‡g©
 weÁvb hv`yNi  Mevw` cï, nuvm-gyiMx wb‡qvwRZ nIqv
cvjb †K›`ª, grm¨ cÖRbb  †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb
 †idv‡iÝ eB
Lvgvi cwi`k©b BZ¨vw`
 mvÿvrKvi  cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv I
 weÁvb M‡elYv †K›`ª gZwewbgq BZ¨vw`|
cwi`k©b
 weÁvb welqK cÖwZôvb
cwi`k©b
 mncvwV‡`i m‡½ Av‡jvPbv

189
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

¯^-wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡

 wkL‡b c~Y©Zv Av‡m  Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii `ÿZv ev‡o

 wkLb I AvPi‡Y ¯^Z:ù~Z©Zv Av‡m  cvV¨f¨vm M‡o I‡V
 wkLb ¯’vqx nq  e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸Yvejx I `ÿZv AR©b
 mgm¨v mgvav‡b ZvwM` m„wó nq  Ávb PP©vq AvMÖn e„w× cvq
 D™¢vebxg~jK `„wófw½ M‡o I‡V  AvZ¥wek¦vm I AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv ev‡o
 wkL‡b avivevwnKZv _v‡K  wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y `„pZv cÖKvk cvq
 wPšÍv I Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K  kvixwiK I gvbwmK `ÿZv e„w× cvq
 ‰eÁvwbK `ÿZv Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM  Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkLb nq
_v‡K  ¯^vej¤^xZv Av‡m

190
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 27

weÁvb Abykxj‡bi `ÿZvi Dbœqb

f~wgKv
GKRb weÁvb wkÿK‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e wK cÖwµqvq Ges KZ mg‡q weÁvb Abykxj‡bi
(e¨envwiK cixÿY) gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi ˆeÁvwbK `ÿZvi Dbœqb mvab Kiv m¤¢e| Gi Rb¨
wZwb Aek¨B cÖ_gZ ˆeÁvwbK `ÿZvmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z wkL‡eb| Gici wkÿv_©x‡`i wK
ai‡bi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Gme ˆeÁvwbK `ÿZvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv m¤¢e Zv wZwb ¸iæZ¡ Abymv‡i
wb‡Ri Wvqix‡Z wjL‡eb| wkÿv_©xi ˆeÁvwbK gb¯‹Zvi gvÎv gvc‡Z n‡e Zuv‡K| AZ:ci
wZwb wkÿv_©xi Abykxjb `ÿZvi Dbœqb NUv‡bvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡eb|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 ‰eÁvwbK `ÿZvmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ‰eÁvwbK `ÿZvi Dbœqb NUv‡bvi c`‡ÿcmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weÁvb gb¯‹Zvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weÁvb wkÿv Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ev¯Íe Ávb AR©b Kivi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
evmvq e‡m ¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq I MwZ‡Z Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv
Kg©c‡Îi KvR Ki‡eb| g~j wkLbxq welq GKvwaKevi co‡eb| c‡i mgq I my‡hvM K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ mncvVxmn cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ `y‡e©va¨ Askmg~‡ni Dci Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î :

cÖwkÿK ev wUDUi‡K †mk‡bi c~e©w`b cÖ‡qvRbxq d‡UvKwc, †cvóvi †ccvi ev †K‡›`ªi
cixÿvMv‡ii hš¿cvwZ †kªYxK‡ÿ G‡b cixÿY cwiPvjbv Kivi mKj cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z n‡e|

 ce©-K : m¤ú„³ I Am¤ú„³ `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ

¯^wkL‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi wPÎwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i †`Lyb| †h‡nZz Avcwb weÁv‡bi wkÿK
n‡Z P‡j‡Qb †m‡nZz Avcwb wbðqB ej‡Z cvi‡eb †h wkÿv_©xe„›` jeY cvwbi `ªeY ˆZwi
Ki‡Q|

191
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

1. ÷vwW †K‡›`ª (m¤¢e n‡j) wUDUi m¤ú„³ I Am¤ú„³ `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i jeY,
cvwb I cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ mieivn Ki‡eb Ges m¤ú„³ I Am¤ú„³ `ªeY wKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z
Ki‡e Zvi w`K wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb|
wkÿv_©xiv jeY, cvwb w`‡q m¤ú„³ I Am¤ú„³ `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb| `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ †kl n‡q
†M‡j wUDUi wb‡gœi cÖkœ¸‡jv Ki‡eb|

K. m¤ú„³ I Am¤ú„³ `ªeY Kv‡K e‡j?

L. m¤ú„³ `ªeY †Pbvi Dcvq wK?
M. Am¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y Avi `ªe †hvM bv K‡i wKfv‡e m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ Kiv hvq?

wkÿv_x©MY Dc‡iv³ cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi mgMÖ †kªYx Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖ`vb Ki‡eb Ges
wUDUi mn‡hvwMZv †`‡eb|

 ce©-L : mvevb cÖ¯‘wZ

2. GB c‡e© wUDUi mvevb ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ mieivn Ki‡eb
Ges mvevb cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ ÔKg©cÎ-8-27.1Õ cÖwZ `‡j GKwU K‡i d‡UvKwc ˆZwi Ki‡Z
ej‡eb| wkÿv_©xiv Kg©cÎ †`‡L wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ mvevb ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

 ce© - M : wkLb dj AR©b

3. wUDUi mgMÖ K¬v‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨ wbgœwjwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jv Ki‡eb|
K. mvevb cÖ¯‘wZi ivmvqwbK wewµqvwU wjLyb|
L. `ªeY I mvevb ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q Kx Kx ‰eÁvwbK `ÿZv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q ?

192
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

M. ev¯Í‡e GB `ÿZv wKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡eb ?

N. D³ cixÿY Ki‡Z wK wK mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡eb ?
O. wkÿv_©x‡`i weÁvb gb®‹ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Kx?

wkÿv_x©iv DËi Ki‡eb Ges mgMÖ †kªYx Av‡jvPbv n‡e| wUDUi mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|

g~j¨vqb
wkÿv_©xiv MvVwbKfv‡e wb‡gœv³iƒ‡c g~j¨vwqZ n‡eb Ñ
1.mwVK mg‡q I mwVKfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b ;
2.Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv wbiæcY ;
3.e¨envwiK cixÿ‡Y mwµq AskMÖnY I `ÿZv cÖ`k©b;
3.wewfbœ gv‡bi cÖkœKi‡Yi `ÿZv wbiæcY ;
4.DËi`v‡b h_v_©Zv ;
5.c‡ÿ hyw³ cÖ`k©‡bi ÿgZv|

wb‡`©wkZ KvR cÖ`vb : 05 wgt

wUDUi wkÿv_©x‡`i Ôwb‡`©wkZ KvR-8-27.2Õ †`‡eb|
(we.`ª: GB Awa‡ek‡bi †k‡l †`Lyb)
Kg©cÎ -8-27.1 (mvevb cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx)
cÖvq 25 MÖvg cwigvY bvwi‡Kj †Zj gvc‡PvO w`‡q †g‡c eo exKv‡i wbb| wbw³i mvnv‡h¨
10 gm NaoH †g‡c wbb| AZci D³ NaoH †K 50 ml cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Kiæb| G
`ªeY‡K cÖ_g exKv‡i Xvjyb| AZtci exKviwU‡K GKwU wÎc`x ÷¨vÛ Zvi Rvwji Dci
†i‡L eyb‡mb `x‡ci mvnv‡h¨ Zvc w`b †hb Zv dzU‡Z _v‡K| GK mgq ‡Zj I cvwbi ¯Í‡ii
g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ _vK‡e bv| ZLb eyb‡mb `xc mwi‡q G‡K VvÛv n‡Z w`b| Gici cÖvq 5
MÖvg mvaviY jeY Aí Aí K‡i G‡Z †hvM Kiæb Ges KuvP `Û w`‡q bvo‡Z _vKzb|
wKQyÿY A‡cÿv Kiæb| jÿ Kiæb `ªeY †_‡K mvevb c„_K n‡q exKv‡ii Zjvq Rgv
n‡q‡Q| AZtci eyLbvi dv‡b‡j wdëvi †ccvi †i‡L †kvlY cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ cwimªveY
Kiæb| wdëvi †ccv‡i cÖvß Ae‡kl nj mvevb| {eyLbvi dv‡bj, †kvlY cv¤ú cvIqv bv
†M‡j weKv‡ii Dci †_‡K cvwb KvZ K‡i †X‡j †djyb| Zjvbx Avjv`v Kiæb Ges GKwU
w`qvkjvB‡qi Lvwj cv‡Î †i‡L w`b| hv cvIqv †Mj †mwUB mvevb|}

wkÿv_©xe„›`, wUD‡Uvwiqvj Awa‡ek‡b Lye m¤¢eZ GB KvRwU Kivi my‡hvM _vK‡e bv|
†m‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi wb‡Ri we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki AbygwZµ‡g cixÿvMv‡ii hš¿cvwZ
e¨envic~e©K KvRwU K‡i `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡eb|

193
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 27
g~j wkLbxq welq
weÁvb Abykxj‡bi `ÿZvi Dbœqb

m¤ú„³ I Am¤ú„³ `ªeY :

 †Kvb wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq wbw`©ó cwigvb `ªve‡K hw`(me©vwaK) Ggb cwigvb `ªe `ªexf~Z _v‡K
†h AviI `ªe †hvM Ki‡j Zv Avi `ªexf~Z nq bv ZLb H `ªeY‡K m¤ú„³ `ªeY e‡j| Avi
hw` †Kvb wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb `ªe‡Y AviI `ªe †hvM Ki‡j Zv `ªexf~Z n‡q hvq, ZLb H
`ªeY‡K †mB ZvcgvÎvq Am¤ú„³ `ªeY e‡j|

m¤ú„³ `ªeY †Pbvi Dcvq :

†Kvb m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y hw` AwZwi³ `ªe †hvM Kiv nq Z‡e Zv `ªexf~Z bv n‡q cv‡Îi Zjvq
Rgv n‡e|

Am¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y Avi `ªe †hvM bv K‡i m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ Kivi Dcvq :
Am¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y Avi `ªe †hvM bv K‡i `yÕfv‡e m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ Kiv hvq -
K. †Kvb `ªeY‡K VvÛv Ki‡j `ª‡ei `ªve¨Zv K‡g hvq| d‡j Am¤ú„³ `ªeY‡K VvÛv
Ki‡j `ªeYwU m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ n‡e|
L. `ªeY‡K Zvc w`‡j wKQy `ªveK ev®úxf~Z n‡q D‡o hv‡e, d‡j `ªe‡Y `ªve‡Ki
cwigvb K‡g hv‡e| G Ae¯’vq `ªeYwU m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ n‡e|

wkLb dj AR©b
mvevb cÖ¯‘wZi ivmvqwbK wewµqv :
C17H35COOH + NaoH C17H35COONa
w÷qvwiK GwmW †mvwWqvg nvBWª·vBW †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU ev mvevb

mvevb ˆZwi Ki‡j ‡h †h ‰eÁvwbK `ÿZv AwR©Z nq :

`ªeY ˆZwii `ÿZv, AbywgwZi `ÿZv, cÖkœ wRÁvmv, gvc †Pv‡Oi mvnv‡h¨ Zij gvcvi
`ÿZv, wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ IRb †bqvi `ÿZv, wbw`©ó cwigv‡ci wewfbœ ivmvqwbK †hŠM
mswgkª‡Yi `ÿZv, cixÿvMv‡ii mvaviY ‰eÁvwbK miÄvg e¨env‡ii `ÿZv, ch©‡eÿ‡Yi
`ÿZv BZ¨vw`|

mvevb ‰Zwii `ÿZv ev¯Í‡e ‡hfv‡e Kv‡R jv‡M :

wkÿv_©xiv ‰eÁvwbK `ÿZv AR©b K‡i ev¯Í‡e wb‡R wb‡R mvevb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges
Ab¨ †h †Kvb Drcv`bg~Lx Kvh©µ‡g ev cixÿ‡Y GB `ÿZv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e|

194
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

mvevb ˆZwii cixÿ‡Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b :

cixÿ‡Yi mZK©Zv :
- wbw³ e¨env‡i mZK© n‡Z n‡e †hb mwVKfv‡e IRb cwigvc Kiv hvq|
- eyb‡mb `x‡ci Av¸b †hb †Kvb wkÿv_©xi Mv‡q bv jv‡M †m e¨vcv‡i mZK©
nIqv|
- Zvovûov bv K‡i axi w¯’ifv‡e cixÿY m¤úbœ Kiv|

mvevb ˆZwii cixÿ‡Y wkÿv_©x‡`i weÁvb gb¯‹Zv :

nv‡Z Kj‡g wkL‡bi d‡j weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv AR©‡bi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©xiv
weÁvb gb¯‹ n‡e|

wb‡`©wkZ KvR - 8-27.10 (weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g

Abykxjb `ÿZvi Dbœqb)

jÿ¨ : weÁv‡b ¯^-wkL‡bi GKwU †ÿÎ ÔB›Uvi‡bUÕ n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq cvV down load K‡i
G‡Z ewY©Z `ÿZvmg~n Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^-wkLb `ÿZvq Dbœqb|

msMVb I c×wZ :
wUDUi msL¨vbycv‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i `j MVb Ki‡eb †hLv‡b cÖwZwU `‡j 5 Rb wkÿv_x©
_vK‡e| cÖwZ `‡j GKRb `j‡bZv _vK‡eb| `j‡bZv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡i KvR
wVK K‡i †b‡eb| KvR †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv Kv‡Ri wjwLZ wi‡cvU© wUDU‡ii wbKU Rgv †`‡eb|

Kv‡Ri aviv :
1. wkÿv_©xiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avjv`vfv‡e `j‡bZvi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g weÁv‡bi
GKwU welq wbe©vwPZ Ki‡eb|
2. wkÿv_©xiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB hvi hvi welq m¤ú‡K© Kvw•ÿZ Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi Ki‡eb (Avcbviv evDweÕi wkÿv_©x wn‡m‡e ¯^-¯^ AvÂwjK †K‡›`ª wM‡q †LuvR
wb‡Z cv‡ib| †mLv‡b Avcbv‡`i Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡ii myweav ivLv n‡q‡Q wKbv
bv n‡j †Kvb wbKUeZ©x Kw¤úDUvi †K‡›`ªi †LuvR Ki‡eb|)| B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRsÕGi
mgqmxgv Kgc‡ÿ GK N›Uv n‡Z n‡e| B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b weÁvb/
Kw¤úDUvi wUDU‡ii wbKU †_‡K w`K wb‡`©kbvg~jK mvnvh¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ `‡ji Ab¨ mKj‡K AewnZ Ki‡eb Ges cvi¯úwiK
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
4. Dc‡ii KvRmg~‡ni GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
5. `j‡bZv `‡ji mKj m`‡m¨i Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖwZ‡e`b msMÖn K‡i wUDU‡ii wbKU
Rgv †`‡eb|

195
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K hv Rgv w`‡Z n‡e :

1. B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖvß Z_¨mg~n| G‡ÿ‡Î eªvDwRs Gi ZvwiL I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †h †h
wVKvbvq Z_¨ †LuvRv n‡q‡Q Zvi wVKvbv D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbt
www.science.com, 05/10/2007 BZ¨vw`|
2. Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g `‡ji Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i wbKU †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨|
3. Dc‡iv³ 1 I 2ÕGi mgš^‡q P~ovšÍ cwigvwR©Z wjwLZ cÖwZ‡e`b ev wi‡cvU©|

mgqmxgv : KvR ïiæ Kivi GK mßvn mgq †k‡l Avcwb Avcbvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|

196
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 28

weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MVb

f~wgKv
gva¨wgK ch©v‡q weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© aviYv
ivL‡Z nq wkÿK‡K| DbœZ we‡k¦i we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i, wewfbœ DbœZZi
cÖhyw³i mnvqZvq wkÿv_©x‡`i weÁv‡bi aviYv †`qv m¤¢e nq| Z‡e Avgv‡`i gZ Rbeûj
A_P ¯^í A‡_© DbœqbKvgx †`‡k gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q Lye `vgx †Kvb hš¿cvwZ mieivn Kiv
m¤¢e bv| ZvB wkÿK‡K m‡Pó _vK‡Z nq †hb Avgv‡`i weÁvb wel‡qi wkÿv_©x fvj cvV I
wkLb Af¨vm MV‡b D‡`¨vMx nq|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨v‡mi aviYv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weÁvb wkL‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Dcvq wba©viY Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡b wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi djvdj wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
evmvq e‡m ¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq I MwZ‡Z Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv
Kg©c‡Îi KvR Ki‡eb| g~j wkLbxq welq GKvwaKevi co‡eb| c‡i mgq I my‡hvM K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ mncvVxmn cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wUDU‡ii mv‡_ `y‡e©va¨ Askmg~‡ni Dci Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î :

AvR‡Ki Awa‡ek‡bi Rb¨ wUDUi‡K PviwU KvM‡Ri ev· Avb‡Z n‡e|

 ce©-K : wkL‡bi fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm m¤ú‡K© aviYv MVb

1. wUDUi wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZwU `‡j Kg©cÎ-8-28.1 (†KBm ÷vwW) Ly‡j Kg©c‡Îi wb‡`©k
†gvZv‡eK KvR Ki‡Z ej‡eb| wkÿv_©x‡`i KvR †k‡l `jxqfv‡e Kv‡Ri djvdj
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb| wUDUi cª‡qvR‡b aviYv ¯úó Ki‡eb|

197
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

 ce© - L : fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Dcvq

2. wUDUi †cv÷e· c×wZ‡Z ce©wU cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| wZwb wkÿv_©x‡`i 4wU `‡j wef³
Ki‡eb| GRb¨ wZwb 4wU KvM‡Ri ev· c~‡e©B msMÖn K‡i †kªYx K‡ÿi myweavgZ RvqMvq
†m¸‡jv ivL‡eb| cªwZwU ev‡·i †`qv‡j ev mvg‡b wZwb GKwU K‡i cÖkœ †mu‡U †`‡eb I
†mB m‡½ †jLvi Rb¨ wKQy mv`v KvM‡Ri UzK‡ivI ivL‡eb| PviwU ev‡· †h 4wU cÖkœ _vK‡e
†m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :
ev·-K. weÁvb wkL‡b fvjcvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©i
KiYxq m¤¢ve¨ Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
 cvV¨cy¯ÍK m¤úwK©Z ÁvbvR©‡b
ev·-L. weÁvb wkL‡b fvjcvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©i
KiYxq m¤¢ve¨ Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
 †kªYxK‡ÿ Ae¯’vbKvjxb mg‡q
ev·-M. weÁvb wkL‡b fvjcvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©i
KiYxq m¤¢ve¨ Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
 mn-wkÿvµwgK Kv‡R `ÿZv AR©b
ev·-N. weÁvb wkL‡b fvjcvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©i
KiYxq m¤¢ve¨ Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|
 Ab¨vb¨ Dcvqmg~n
wkÿv_x©iv cÖ‡Z¨‡K cÖwZwU ev‡·i mvg‡b hv‡eb Ges ev‡·i mvg‡b mieivnK…Z KvM‡R
cÖ‡kœi DËi wj‡L ev‡· †cv÷ Ki‡eb| Gfv‡e mKj wkÿv_x©i DËi †cv÷ †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv
`jwfwËK GK GKwU ev‡·i cÖkœ¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ mwVK DËi evQvB Ki‡eb
Ges cieZx©‡Z mgMÖ †kªYxi D‡Ï‡k¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|

 ce©-M : weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi djvdj

3. wUDUi wkÿv_x©‡`i c~‡e©i `jwfwËK wb‡gœi cÖkœ `yÕwUi DËi Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
wjL‡Z ej‡eb|
K| QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡b wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv †Kgb n‡e ?
L| weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi djvdj Kx ?
KvR †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv `j‡bZvi mvnv‡h¨ DËi Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| wUDUi †kªYxi D‡Ï‡k¨
mswÿß e³„Zv I Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Awa‡ekb ‡kl Ki‡eb|

g~j¨vqb
wkÿv_©xiv MvVwbKfv‡e wb‡gœv³iƒ‡c g~j¨vwqZ n‡eb -
 Awa‡ekb †_‡K wkÿv_x©iv Kx Kx wkL‡Z †c‡i‡Q ?
 `jxq Kv‡R mK‡j AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q wKbv ?

198
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

 wkÿv_x©‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡bi gvb †Kgb?

 wkÿv_x©‡`i Kg©ZrciZv †Kgb wQj?

¯^wkLbg~jK (ev evwoi) KvR cÖ`vb : 05 wgt

wb‡gœi cÖkœwUi DËi cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb :
 ÔÔweÁvb wkL‡b wkÿv_©xi c‡ÿ fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi ¸iæZ¡ KxÕÕ?
GKwU †kªYxwfwËK wbw`©ó welqe¯‘ D‡jøLc~e©K ms‡ÿ‡c ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

Kg©cÎ-8-28.1 (†KBm ÷vwW)

bxiv I mviv `yÕRb Nwbô evÜex| 9g †kªYx‡Z c‡o| `yÕR‡bB †kªYx‡Z AZ¨šÍ †gavex
wkÿv_©x e‡j cwiwPZ| Rbve ivqnvb Kwei imvq‡bi ÒivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vÓ wel‡qi K¬vm
wb‡”Qb| mvivi B”Qv †m eive‡ii gZ AvR‡KI m¨v‡ii Av‡jvPbv ey‡S ‡ewki fvMB LvZvq
wj‡L wb‡Z †Póv Ki‡e| wKš‘ K¬vmwU fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y Zvi LvZvq Zzj‡Z
†ek Amyweav n‡”Q Ges wfZ‡i wfZ‡i GKUv A¯^w¯’fve KvR Ki‡Q, ZviciI †m mva¨gZ
†Póv Ki‡Q Abyave‡bi|

Ab¨w`‡K, bxivi K¬v‡mi cÖwZ †gv‡UB AvMÖn †bB| KviY †m cÖ_g w`‡K mvgvb¨ †evSvi ci
Avi bv eyS‡Z cvivi Kvi‡Y GLb †evSvi †Póv †Q‡o w`‡q LvZvq B”QvgZ Qwe AvKu‡Q|

mviv, bxiv‡K ej‡jv Òm¨vi‡K A¯úó welq¸‡jv Avevi eywS‡q w`‡Z Aby‡iva Kwi?Ó bxiv
ej‡jv ÒGLb‡Zv K¬vm cÖvq †k‡li c‡_, m¨vi fxlb ivwM, hw` D‡ëv e‡j e‡m, ZLb
e‡jvwb †Kb? Zvi †P‡q Zzwg cªvB‡fU m¨v‡ii Kv‡Q †_‡K ey‡S wbI| Avwg‡Zv ZvB Ki‡ev
†f‡ewQ|Ó wKš‘ mviv †Q‡o †`evi cvÎ bq| †m cÖkœ Ki‡Z D`¨Z nj| wVK ZLbB N›Uv
co‡jv| m¨vi K¬vm †_‡K †ei n‡q †M‡jb|

cÖkœ t
 wkL‡b fvjcvV I wkLb Af¨vm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
 bxiv I mvivi g‡a¨ fvjcvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡b †K AwaK AMÖMvgx ? Avcbvi
Dˇii ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|

199
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 28

g~j wkLbxq welq

weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MVb

wkÿv_x©i wkLb wewfbœ cÖwµqvq m¤úbœ nq| wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ mKj wKQz wkwL‡q †`qv m¤¢e
 bq| wZwb c×wZ †kLv‡eb ev wkL‡bi Dcvq e‡j †`‡eb Ges wkÿv_x© A‡bK wKQzB wbR¯^
cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g wkL‡e| wkÿv_©xi wbR cÖ‡Póvq AwR©Z G wkLb‡K ¯^-wkLb ev Self
Learning ejv nq| fvj cvV ev wkLb Af¨vm MVb GK ai‡Yi ¯^-wkLb|
Áv‡bi cwiwa evov‡bvq wkÿv_x© hLb wbR D‡`¨v‡M cvV¨cy¯‘K m¤ú‡K© ev cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
evB‡ii wewfbœ ZË¡ I Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡Póvq iZ nq ZLb Zv‡K wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb
Af¨vm e‡j| wkÿK Qvov wb‡Riv cvi¯úwiK Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I gZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g
wbR¯^ `ye©jZv kbv³ Kivi cÖwµqv‡KI fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm ejv hvq|
weÁvb wkL‡b fvjcvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©‡`i m¤¢ve¨ Kibxq Kv‡Ri
ZvwjKv 
1| cvV¨cy¯ÍK m¤úwK©Z Ávb©vR‡b :
 wkÿv_x©‡`i ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I gZwewbwgq, mnvqK
†idv‡iÝ eB A_ev weÁvb welqK g¨vMvwRb, RvY©vj-Gi mvnvh¨ MÖnY, Dc‡ii
†kªYx‡Z Aa¨qbiZ eo‡`i mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, wb‡R evi evi Aa¨q‡bi
gva¨‡g Abyave‡bi †Póv BZ¨vw`|
2| †kªYxK‡ÿ Ae¯’vbKvjxb mg‡q :
 †kªYx‡Z Ae¯’vbKvjxb mg‡q wkÿ‡Ki Av‡jvPbv Mfxi g‡bvwb‡e‡ki mv‡_
Abyave‡bi ‡Póv| wkÿ‡Ki Av‡jvPbvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask, Z_¨, ZË¡, e¨vL¨v, D`vniY
LvZvq †bvU Kivi Af¨vm MVb| †Kvb Ask bv eyS‡j cÖkœ Kiv| LvZvq †Zvjv †bvU
gv‡S g‡a¨ wkÿK‡K w`‡q †PK Kiv‡bv| wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi †Póv,
Aemi mgq‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv BZ¨vw`|
3| mn-wkÿv µwgK `ÿZv AR©‡b :
 Dcw¯’Z e³…Zv, wba©vwiZ e³…Zv, weZ©‡K AskMÖnY| weÁvb K¬ve, weÁvb †gjvq
AskMÖnY ev wb‡R †_‡K ev¯Íevqb| weÁvb hv`yNi ev wkÿvg~jK åg‡Y wb‡R‡K
m¤ú„³ ivLv| †Ljvayjvq wbqwgZ AskMÖnY| we`¨vj‡q Av‡qvwRZ wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g
mwµq AskMÖnY BZ¨vw`|

4| Ab¨vb¨ Dcvqmg~n :
wbqwgZ †ccvi, cwÎKv, Rvb©vj, mvgwqKx covi Af¨vm MVb| jvB‡eªix‡Z e‡m weÁv‡bi
ZË¡ I Z_¨MZ eB cov| ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ weÁv‡bi cÖeÜ, bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi,
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Af¨vm, cÖhyw³i aviYv MÖnY| wbR †_‡K D™¢ve‡bi †Póv, m‡Li wRwbm

200
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

evbv‡bv, ‡Uwjwfk‡b wkÿYxq welq †`Lv, m¤¢e n‡j mswkøó Z‡_¨i Internet eªvDwRs Kiv
BZ¨vw`|
weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi djvdj

1| QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡b wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv :

 wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ `jxq Kv‡Ri e¨e¯’v Kiv| cvi¯úwiK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM
†`qv| mivmwi DËi e‡j bv w`‡q DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv| †kªYx‡Z
†bvU wjL‡Z ejv| wewfbœ ai‡Yi mnvqK I D”P †kªYxi eB covi Rb¨ Drmvn
cÖ`vb, cÖ‡qvR‡b bvg e‡j †`qv| jvB‡eªix‡Z Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ AbycÖvwYZ Kiv|
we`¨vj‡q mn-cvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi Av‡qvRb Ges mKj QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AskMÖn‡Y
DØy× Kiv| weÁv‡bi Rvb©vj, mvgwqKx, g¨vMvwRb ev ey‡jwUb msMÖ‡ni cš’v e‡j
‡`qv|

2| weÁvb wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi djvdj :

 fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm MV‡bi d‡jÑ QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i eûgyLx cÖwZfv weKwkZ nq|
welqe¯‘i aviYv ¯úó nq| ¯§„wZc‡U `xN©w`b †Mu‡_ _v‡K Ges †gav I `ÿZv
ev‡o| wkÿK QvovI wb‡Riv cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wkL‡Z cv‡i|
wkLb ¯’vqx nevi m¤¢vebv e„w× cvq| wb‡Ri mgm¨v wb‡RB mgvav‡b cvi`k©x n‡q
I‡V| wPšÍvkw³i weKvk mvab N‡U, weÁvb msµvšÍ Áv‡bi cwiwa eûjvs‡k e„w×
cvq| ÿz‡` weÁvbx ˆZwi nevi m¤¢vebv m„wó nq| weÁvb †kLvi MZvbyMwZK aviv
cwiewZ©Z nq, bZybZ¡ Av‡m|

wkÿv_©x weÁvb wkÿK :

cieZ©x (29Zg) Awa‡ek‡bi ce©-M Gi Rb¨ Avcbvi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ cÖ‡qvRb| wUD‡Uvwiqvj
†mkb †k‡l mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvc~e©K cÖv_wgK aviYv wbb wKfv‡e KvRwU Ki‡eb|
Wvqix‡Z †bvU wbb|

evox wM‡q Wvqix Ly‡j †bv‡Ui Dci wfwË K‡i cwiKíbv ¯úó Kiæb Ges ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi
eY©bvmn DËi ˆZwi Kiæb|

201
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 29

weÁvb Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj D™¢veb

f~wgKv
weÁvb wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Zv‡`i wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv GKRb weÁvb
wkÿ‡Ki GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| GRb¨ wkÿK‡K m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wZwb Zuvi
wkÿv_©x‡`i me©`v DØy× Ki‡eb| weÁvb wkÿK wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡K ZvB bvbv †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z Rvb‡Z n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 ¯^-wkLb Ges wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm m¤ú‡K© c~e© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡bi ‡KŠkj D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡b mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
evmvq e‡m ¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq I MwZ‡Z Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv
Kg©c‡Îi KvR Ki‡eb| g~j wkLbxq welq GKvwaKevi co‡eb| c‡i mgq I my‡hvM K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ mncvVxmn cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wUDU‡ii mv‡_ `y‡e©va¨ Askmg~‡ni Dci Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î :

wkÿv_©xe„›`, GB Awa‡ek‡bi c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e ce©-K Gi MíwU N‡i e‡m c‡o ˆZwi n‡q
Avm‡eb|

 ce©-K: ¯^-wkLb Ges wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm m¤ú‡K© c~e©
aviYv hvPvB
1. wUDUi wkÿv_©x‡`i ej‡eb- Avgiv GLb cÖZ¨ÿxKiY (Visualisation) c×wZ‡Z GKwU
cv‡V AskMÖnY Kie| Avwg GKwU Mí Avcbv‡`i eje| Avcbv‡`i KvR n‡e MíwU
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kvbv, MíwUi g~jfve ci¯ú‡ii ms‡M Av‡jvPbv Kiv Ges cieZ©x‡Z wKQy
cÖ‡kœi DËi ‰Zwi K‡i ejv|

202
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

wUDUi wkÿv_©x‡`i †PvL eÜ Ki‡Z ej‡eb Ges ax‡i ax‡i cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i wb‡Pi MíwU
cvV Ki‡eb|
ÒKgjvcyi, mxgvšÍ †Nlv h‡kv‡ii GK wbf„Z cjøx| AwaKvsk MÖvgevmx `wi`ª| K…wl Zv‡`i
AwaKvs‡ki †ckv| `yfvM©¨RbKfv‡e wKQy †jvK †PvivPvjvwbi m‡½ RwoZ| ingZ, mwdK,
wegj, mwLbv Giv G MÖv‡giB 8g †kªYxi weÁv‡bi QvÎ-QvÎx| cv‡ki MÖv‡gi gwjøKcyi nvB
¯‹z‡j co‡Z hvq| MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk †Q‡j †g‡qB H ¯‹z‡j c‡o| ¯‹zjwU `yÕMÖv‡gi Awaevmxi
g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZi †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e weivRgvb| ¯‹z‡j †kªYxK‡ÿi eoB Afve| mvg‡bi Avg
Mv‡Qi wb‡P cÖvqk: weÁvb K¬vm AbywôZ nq| bv‡g gvÎ jvB‡eªix Av‡Q| eB †bB ej‡jB
P‡j| wkÿ‡Ki msL¨v AcÖZzj| GB Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq †Kvb †Kvb K¬vm nq bv| weÁvb
wkÿK‡K gv‡S g‡a¨ evsjv K¬vmI wb‡Z nq| ‡ewki fvM wkÿ‡Ki cÖwkÿY ‡bB| e³…Zv
w`‡qB cvV mv‡ib| wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvMI Lye GKUv †`bbv|

ingZ †gavex QvÎ| K¬v‡m 1g| cov‡kvbvq h‡_ô AvMÖn| ¯‹z‡jI wbqwgZ hvq| wKš‘
we`¨vj‡q Pvwn`v gvwdK ÁvbvR©‡bi my‡hvM bv _vKvq ingZ wKQyUv nZvk| Z‡e D‡`¨‡gi
Afve †bB| K¬v‡m wkÿK‡K cÖkœ Kiv, wmwbqi eo fvB‡qi wbKU cov ey‡S †bqv, gv‡S
g‡a¨ Dc‡Rjv cvewjK jvB‡eªix‡Z Aa¨qb ev cyiv‡bv cwÎKv †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ welqwU Rvbvi
†Póvi †Kvb NvUwZ wQj bv|

Gici GK mgq w`b e`j ïiæ nj| Dbœq‡bi †Quvqv MÖv‡g jvM‡Z ïiæ Kij| cjøx we`y¨‡Zi
‰e`y¨wZK LuywU ev MÖvg †K‡U †ewi‡q hvIqv cvKv iv¯Ív B`vwbs MÖvgevmxi g‡b Avkvi mÂvi
K‡i‡Q| ¯‹z‡j we`y¨r ms‡hvM †`qv nj| miKvix Ges GjvKvi we‡`¨rmvnx e¨w³‡`i
D‡`¨v‡M I A_© mvnv‡h¨ weÁvbmn bvbv ai‡bi eB ¯‹zj jvB‡eªix‡Z G‡jv| weÁvb
wkÿvg~jK cvV `k©‡bi Rb¨ †UwjwfkbI †`qv nj| miKvix A_© mvnvh¨ wKQy †kªYxKÿI
ˆZwi nj| wkÿ‡Ki msL¨vI e„w× †cj| wkÿK‡`iI welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY w`‡q Avbv nj|
cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿKMY Av‡Mi gZ e³…Zvi cwie‡Z© `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cvV`vb Ki‡Z
jvM‡jb| bvbv ai‡bi DcKiY I c×wZi e¨envi Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| Gai‡bi wkL‡b
ingZ LyeB Avbw›`Z| KviY wkÿ‡Ki GKUvbv weiw³Ki e³e¨ GLb Avi ïb‡Z nq bv|
wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖKvk I wb‡R KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| mncvwV‡`i mv‡_ GLb
gZwewbgq Kiv hvq| ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e wkLb m¤úbœ nq| ingZ GLb 10g †kªYx‡Z c‡o|
†kªYx‡Z GLbI †m AZ¨šÍ †gavi cwiPq †`q|Ó

MíwU ejvi ci wUDUi †PvL Lyj‡Z e‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍvi Rb¨ wKQy mgq w`‡q wb‡Pi cÖkœ
3wU Ki‡eb:
K. ¯^-wkLb Ges wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm Abykxjb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ?
L. wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm Abykxj‡b we`¨vjqwU wkÿv_©x‡`i wKfv‡e
mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q ?
M. MíwUi ¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿθ‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

wkÿv_©xiv cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi ˆZix Ki‡eb|

203
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

 ce©-L : wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœqb ‡KŠkj

2. wUDUi ÔwbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi DbœqbÕ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i GKwU mswÿß aviYv †`‡eb|
Gici `jxqfv‡e gv_v LvwU‡q wb‡Pi cÖkœwUi DËi ˆZwi Ki‡Z ej‡eb|
 wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœqb wKfv‡e Kiv hvq ?
wkÿv_©xMY cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍv Dbœq‡bi Dcvq †ei Ki‡eb
Ges Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| wUDUi Ge¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv †`‡eb|

 ce© - M : wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡b mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi f~wgKv

wbR¯^ we`¨vj‡qi weÁvb wel‡qi mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi ev¯Íe Ae¯’v I †Kvb G‡RÝx
KZ©„K Dbœqb Kvh© m¤úv`b †k‡l †h Ae¯’v weivRgvb n‡Z cv‡i Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i
Avcbvi wPšÍb `ÿZvi Dbœq‡bi µg AMÖMwZ eY©bv Kiæb|

†h‡nZz GB KvRwUi Rb¨ c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ cÖ‡qvRb †m‡nZz c~e©eZ©x Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcbv‡`i G
Kv‡Ri cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx nIqvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Rvbvb n‡qwQj|

 ce©-N : Db¥y³ Av‡jvPbv I mvivskKiY

5. wUDUi Dc‡iv³ ce©mg~‡ni wkLbdj mvwe©Kfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i
†Kvb cÖkœ _vK‡j Zvi h_vh_ Reve †`‡eb|

wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb g~j¨vqb

Awa‡ekb PjvKvjxb mg‡q wUDUi wkÿv_x©‡`i wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivL‡eb|
 `jxq Av‡jvPbvq wkÿv_©x mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb wKbv?
 cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx wKbv?
 g‡b K‡i ej‡Z cv‡i wKbv?
 cÖkœKiY KZUv cÖvmw½K?
 DËi`vb KZUv mwVK?
 e¨vL¨v`v‡b h_v_©Zv|

¯^wkLb Dbœqbg~jK KvR ev evwoi KvR cÖ`vb : 05 wg:

1. wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍv Dbœq‡bi GKwU Dcvq ÔÔ†Uwjwfk‡b cÖPvwiZ weÁvb cvV
wKfv‡e weÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ wkL‡b mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i?ÕÕ Avcwb †h †Kvb GKwU
weÁvb welqK cvV wbe©vPb K‡i Zvi Dci GKRb †Uwjwfkb cvV Dc¯’vcK KLb,
wKfv‡e †Kvb DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cvV Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb Zvi D‡jøL Kiæb| cieZ©x
wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ Avcbvi ˆZwi Kv‡Ri mej, `ye©j w`K

204
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

wPwýZ Kiæb| Gici D‡`¨vMx n‡q evDweÕi ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kk‡bi Wxb-‡K

Avcbv‡`i cwiKíbvi mvivsk WvK‡hv‡M cvVvb|
2. ce©-K Gi eY©bvq i‡q‡Q ÔÔweÁvb wkÿvg~jK cvV `k©‡bi Rb¨ †UwjwfkbI †`qv
njÕÕ Avmyb Avgiv GKwU wi‡cv‡U©i Ask we‡kl c‡o GB †Uwjwfkb e¨env‡ii
h_v_©Zv Luy‡R †ei Kwi| RyjvB 1969 mv‡j cÖYxZ æProposals for a New
Education Policy” †Z D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q  æwhereas TV facilities have been
available for a number of years, no effort has so far been made to explore their
use for educational purposes” (m~Î : c„:7 - Educational Research)

A_©vr Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q, we`¨vj‡q ïay †Uwjwfkb †mU mieivn Ki‡jB Gi
mwVK e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv hvq bv| we`¨vj‡qi evwl©K cvV cwiKíbvq Gi we¯ÍvwiZ
eY©bv _vK‡Z n‡e| Avcwb wK †Kvb cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU©, M‡elYv cÖeÜ n‡Z evDweÕi
wUwf cvV e¨envi msµvšÍ †Kvb Z_¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb?

205
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 29

g~j wkLbxq welq

weÁvb Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj D™¢veb

ÒKgjvcyi, mxgvšÍ †Nlv h‡kv‡ii GK wbf„Z cjøx| AwaKvsk MÖvgevmx `wi`ª| K…wl Zv‡`i
 AwaKvs‡ki †ckv| wKQy †jvK †PvivPvjvwbi m‡½ RwoZ| ingZ, mwdK, wegj, mwLbv Giv
G MÖv‡giB 8g †kªYxi weÁv‡bi QvÎ-QvÎx| cv‡ki MÖv‡gi gwjøKcyi nvB ¯‹z‡j co‡Z hvq|
MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk †Q‡j †g‡qB H ¯‹z‡j c‡o| ¯‹zjwU `yÕMÖv‡gi Awaevmxi g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZi
†mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e weivRgvb| ¯‹z‡j †kªYxK‡ÿi eoB Afve| mvg‡bi Avg Mv‡Qi wb‡P
cÖvqk: weÁvb K¬vm AbywôZ nq| bv‡g gvÎ jvB‡eªix Av‡Q| eB †bB ej‡jB P‡j| wkÿ‡Ki
msL¨v AcÖZzj| GB Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq †Kvb †Kvb K¬vm nq bv| weÁvb wkÿK‡K gv‡S
g‡a¨ evsjv K¬vmI wb‡Z nq| ‡ewki fvM wkÿ‡Ki cÖwkÿY †bB| e³…Zv w`‡qB cvV
mv‡ib| wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvMI Lye GKUv †`b bv|

ingZ †gavex QvÎ| K¬v‡m 1g, cov‡kvbvq h‡_ô AvMÖn Av‡Q Zvi| ¯‹z‡jI wbqwgZ hvq|
wKš‘ we`¨vj‡q Pvwn`v gvwdK ÁvbvR©‡bi my‡hvM bv _vKvq ingZ wKQyUv nZvk| Z‡e
D`¨‡gi Afve †bB| K¬v‡m wkÿK‡K cÖkœ Kiv, wmwbqi eo fvB‡qi wbKU cov ey‡S †bqv,
gv‡S g‡a¨ Dc‡Rjv cvewjK jvB‡eªix‡Z Aa¨qb ev Ab¨ wewfbœfv‡e Kvw•ÿZ welqwU
Rvbvi †Póvi †Kvb NvUwZ wQj bv|

Gici GK mgq w`b e`j ïiæ nj| MÖv‡g Dbœq‡bi †Quvqv jvM‡Z ïiæ Kij| cjøx we`y¨‡Zi
ˆe`y¨wZK LuywU ev MÖvg †K‡U †ewi‡q hvIqv cvKv iv¯Ív B`vwbs MÖvgevmxi g‡b Avkvi mÂvi
K‡i‡Q| ¯‹z‡j we`y¨r ms‡hvM †`qv nj| wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi mnvqK wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g
weÁvbmn bvbv ai‡bi eB ¯‹zj jvB‡eªix‡Z G‡jv| wkÿvg~jK cvV †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨
†UwjwfkbI †`qv nj| wKQy †kªYxKÿI ˆZwi nj| wkÿ‡Ki msL¨vI GK ch©v‡q e„w× †cj|
Zv‡`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY w`‡q Avbv nj| cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿKMY Av‡Mi gZ e³…Zvi
cwie‡Z© `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cvV`vb Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| mnRjf¨ DcKiY I c×wZi
e¨env‡i D`¨gx n‡jb weÁvb wkÿK| Gai‡bi wkL‡b ingZ LyeB Avbw›`Z| KviY
wkÿ‡Ki GKUvbv weiw³Ki e³e¨ GLb Avi ïb‡Z nqbv| wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖKvk I wb‡R
KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| mncvwV‡`i mv‡_ GLb gZwewbgq Kiv hvq| ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e
wkLb m¤úbœ nq| ingZ GLb 10g †kªYx‡Z c‡o| ‡kªYx‡Z GLbI †m AZ¨šÍ †gavi
cwiPq w`‡”Q|Ó

Dc‡ii MíwUi Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi cÖkœ 3wUi DËi ‰Zwi Kiæb :

1. ¯^-wkLb Ges wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm Abykxjb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ?

206
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

2. wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm Abykxj‡b we`¨vjqwU wkÿv_©x‡`i wKfv‡e mvnvh¨
K‡i‡Q ?
3. MíwUi ¯^-wkL‡bi †ÿθ‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
4. wewUwfi wkÿvg~jK cvV m¤cÖPv‡ii mg‡qi cÖwZ jÿ ‡i‡L mngZ we`¨vj‡qi
†Uwjwfkb †m‡Ui Ae¨eüZ _vKvi wK KviY wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib?

DËi :
1. BDwbU -8, Awa‡ekb-26 I 28 G ‡`qv Av‡Q|
2. gwjøKcyi nvB ¯‹zjwU cÖ_g Ae¯’vq wkL‡b fvj cvV I wkLb Af¨vm Abykxj‡bi
Rb¨ Lye GKUv Dc‡hvMx wQj bv| KviY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq - †kªYx K‡ÿi ¯^íZv,
cÖwkwÿZ wkÿ‡Ki Afve, AwbqwgZ cvV`vb Kvh©µg ev cÖ‡qvRbxq eB mg„×
jvB‡eªix bv _vKv| Gici GjvKvq Dbœqb ïiæ n‡j Zvi †Quvqv ¯‹z‡jI jv‡M|
djkÖæwZ‡Z ¯‹z‡j we`y¨r ms‡hvwRZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœ Drm †_‡K jvB‡eªixi
Rb¨ weÁv‡bi bvbv ai‡Yi eB I cÖPvwiZ weÁvb cvV †`Lvi Rb¨ †Uwjwfkb
cÖvwß, bZzb †kªYxKÿ ‰Zwi, bZzb wkÿK wb‡qvM Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y ¯‹z‡ji MZvbyMwZK avivi cwie‡Z© wKQyUv
AvaywbK wkÿvaviv cÖewZ©Z nIqvq wkLbmn ¯^-wkL‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
wkÿv_©xiv `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cvi¯úwiK gZwewbgq, wkÿ‡Ki eÜzm~jf
AvPiY, wewfbœ DcKi‡bi e¨envi, †Uwjwfk‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡Yi wkÿvg~jK
Kvh©Kªg †`Lv, jvB‡eªixi e¨envi BZ¨vw` wgwj‡q we`¨vjqwU wkÿv_©x‡`i fvj cvV
I wkLb Af¨vm Abykxj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q|
3. MíwU‡Z ¯^-wkLb ev fvj cvV I wkLb Abykxj‡bi †ÿθ‡jv nj :
- K¬v‡m wkÿK‡K cÖkœ Kiv ;
- wmwbqi eo fvB‡qi wbKU Aby‡ivaµ‡g cov ey‡S †bqv ;
- gv‡S g‡a¨ Dc‡Rjv cvewjK jvB‡eªix‡Z Aa¨qb ;
- cyiv‡bv cwÎKv †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ welqwU Rvbv ;
- `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cvi¯úwiK gZwewbgq ;
- jvB‡eªixi e¨envi ;
- DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkLb BZ¨vw`|

wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœqb ‡KŠkj

wPšÍv gvby‡li GKwU mnRvZ cÖe„wË| gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ †Kvb bv welq wb‡q wPšÍvhy³ _v‡K|
GB wPšÍv mvaviYZ wewÿß, nvjKv A_ev Mfxi Ges avivevwnK nq| mKj wPšÍviB GKwU
mvgwqK cwiYwZ A_©vr mgvavb _v‡K| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi ci Avevi bZzb wPšÍv gv_vq
Av‡m| A_©vr KLbI wPšÍvgy³ _vKv hvq bv| wPšÍvq wbgMœ _vKvi e¨vcviwU‡K Avgiv GKvšÍ
wbR¯^Zv ej‡Z cvwi| wbR¯^ wPšÍv fvebv Avgiv gv‡S gv‡S A‡b¨i m‡½ fvMvfvwM Kwi hv
Avgv‡`i wPšÍvq bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i| GwU‡K Avgiv wPšÍvi Dbœqb ej‡Z cvwi| weÁvb
m¤úwK©Z wbR¯^ wPšÍvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †Zgwb Ab¨ †Kvb m~Î †_‡K bZzb Z_¨ †hvM Kivi

207
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| wbR¯^ wPšÍvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ bZzb †Kvb weÁvb welqK Z_¨ †hvM
nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K Avgiv wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœqb ej‡Z cvwi|
wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡bi †KŠkjmg~n :
- †iwWI, †Uwjwfk‡b cÖPvwiZ hy‡Mvc‡hvMx weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ cvV g‡bv‡hvM
mnvKv‡i †kvbv;
- cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ msNwUZ †h †Kvb ‰eÁvwbK NUbvejx g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
ch©‡eÿY Kiv ;
- cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek Gi wewfbœ Dcv`vb wb‡q weÁvb m¤§Zfv‡e wPšÍv Kiv ;
- ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b weÁvb welqK mgm¨v¸‡jv kbv³ Kivi Af¨vm MVb Kiv I Zv
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wb‡R wb‡R cwiKíbv Kiv ;
- †h †Kvb NUbv‡K weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv ;
- mgm¨v msµvšÍ e¨vcv‡i mncvwV‡`i ms‡M Avjvc Kiv ;
- ¯‹z‡j AbywôZ weÁvb †gjvq `jxqfv‡e AskMÖnY Kiv;
- cÎ-cwÎKvq weÁv‡bi NUbv cov ;
- weÁv‡bi eB cov ;
- weÁvb mvgwqK ev Rvbv©j cov ;
- GKKfv‡e mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv ;
- wkÿ‡Ki e³…Zv ï‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ †bvU Kivi Af¨vm MVb;
- weÁv‡bi mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejx‡Z Ask MÖnY Kiv
............... BZ¨vw`|

wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡b mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi f~wgKv

mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxmg~n :
- we`¨vj‡qi Ges cvovi weÁvb K¬v‡ei m`m¨ nIqv ;
- weÁvb hv`yNi cÖ`k©‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q hvIqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv ;
- weÁvb †gjv I weÁvb mßvn D`hvcb ;
- weÁvb welqK Kz¨BR ;
- weÁvb wel‡q weZK© mfv ;
- wkÿvg~jK ågb ;
- cÖKí ˆZwi ;
- weÁvb welqK †mwgbvi/wm‡¤úvwRqvg/Av‡jvPbv mfv ;
- weÁvb welqK mvgwqKx/cwÎKv cÖKvk ;
- weÁvb wel‡q kL
--- BZ¨vw`|

208
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœq‡b mncvVµwgK Kvh©vejxi f~wgKv:

D™¢vebx M‡elYvq gvbwmK ‰eÁvwbK Kv‡R †mevg~jK

kw³i DrKl©mvab k„•Ljv m„wó AvZ¥wek¦vmx g‡bvfv‡ei
weKvk weKvk

weÁvb wPš—
¯^-wkL‡b v I PP©vi
DrKl©mvab
DØy×KiY

wkL‡bi mncvVµwgK
gv‡bvbœqb Kvh©vejx wk¶vg~jK
cvV¨f¨vm I I e„wËg~jK
†jLvi Kv‡Ri
`¶Zv Dbœqb

Drcv`bgyLx AvMÖn, `¶Zv weÁvb gb¯‹ I weÁvb wPš— ‰`bw›`b

K‡i †Zvjv I `„wófw½i ˆeÁvwbK v‡K cÖ‡qvMgyLx Rxebhvc‡b
weKvk `„wófw½ MVb K‡i AvZ¥wbf©iZv

wPÎ 8-29.1 : aviYv gvbwPÎ

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi cÖwkÿK :

GB Awa‡ekbwU Avcbvi wPwýZ Awa‡ek‡bi AšÍfy©³ n‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i ejyb Dc‡ii wP‡Îi
†h †Kvb GKwU Kv‡Ri ¯^c‡ÿ wKQy ev¯Íe D`vniY ˆZwi Ki‡Z|

209
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 30

weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi f~wgKv

f~wgKv
weÁvb wkÿK‡K wb‡Ri µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi †KŠkj I
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY wkÿKZv †ckvq Ab¨ †h †Kvb †ckvi gZ me©`v
†ckvi DrKl©Zv mvab Ki‡Z nq| Gi Rb¨ Zv‡K Dchy³ †KŠkjmg~n Rvb‡Z n‡e I
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Z n‡e| cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv Abykxjb Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq| Rb †nib
G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z djveZ©b g‡Wj cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb hv AvR we‡k¦ eûj
e¨eüZ|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 cÖwZdjb I cÖwZdjb Abykxjb cÖwµqvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi avcmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rb †nib djveZ©b g‡Wj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Rb †nib djveZ©b g‡Wj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
evmvq e‡m ¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq I MwZ‡Z Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv
Kg©c‡Îi KvR Ki‡eb| g~j wkLbxq welq GKvwaKevi co‡eb| c‡i mgq I my‡hvM K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ mncvVxmn cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cÖwkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ `y‡e©va¨ Askmg~‡ni Dci Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb| wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb Kg©cÎmg~‡ni d‡UvKwc Ges †cvóvi †ccvi
m‡½ †b‡eb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î :

‡h‡nZz eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi Abykxjb m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv n‡e myZivs
m¤¢e n‡j cÖwkÿK ev wUDUi †mk‡bi c~e©w`b †K‡›`ªi mswkøó †Kvb wfwWI cvV cÖ`k©b
Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡eb| wkÿv_©x‡`i †cv÷vi †ccvi I †cv÷vi
†jLvi KvMR Avb‡Z n‡e|

210
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

 ce©-K : cÖwZdjb I cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi aviYv

1. wUDUi ïiæ‡Z wb‡gœv³ cªkœ `ywU K‡i cÖwZdjb m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡`i aviYv Av‡Q wKbv Zv
Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb|
K. cÖwZdjb Kx ?
L. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb ?

wkÿv_x©iv c~e© aviYv g‡Z DËi cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Ki‡eb| wUDUi cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi
gva¨‡g aviYv ¯úó Ki‡eb|

 ce©-L : cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi avcmg~n

2. wUDUi 4wU `‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i fvM Ki‡eb| Gici ÔKg©cÎ-8-30.1Õ cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K c~‡e©
d‡UvKwc Kiv GKwU Kwc †ei Ki‡Z ej‡eb Ges `jxqfv‡e c‡o eyS‡Z ej‡eb| AZci:
Kg©c‡Î D‡jøwLZ cªwZdjb cÖwµqvi 4wU avc PviwU `j‡K `jxqfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨
ej‡eb| wkÿv_©xiv Dc¯’vcbmn Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| wUDUi mvwe©Kfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv †`‡eb|

 ce©-M : cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

3. cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i ‡Rvov MVb K‡i †`‡eb Ges †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Pi
cÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z ej‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb ÔKg©cÎ-8-30.2Õ cvV Ki‡Z ej‡eb
wkÿv_©x‡`i|
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx Kx ?
wkÿv_x©iv †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i DËi †cv÷vi ‡ccv‡i wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| wUDUi
cÖ‡qvR‡b mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|

 ce©-N : Rb †nib djveZ©b g‡Wj

4. wUDUi Rb †nib djveZ©b g‡W‡ji we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb Ges cÖ‡kœvËi
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g aviYv ¯úó Ki‡eb|

211
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

Rb †ni‡bi djveZ©b g‡Wj

Rb †nib
Rb ‡nib mv‡i wek¦we`¨vjq (Surrey University) Gi Human
Potential Research Project Gi cÖwZôvZv I cwiPvjK wQ‡jb
Ges 2000 mvj n‡Z wbDwRj¨vÛ Gi South Pacific Centre for
Human Inquiry Gi cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Qb|

cvV`vb Abykxjb Kvh©µ‡g Zuvi D™¢vweZ c×wZwU LyeB Kvh©Ki|

G c×wZ‡Z cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿKMY cvV`vb Abykxj‡bi mgq
¯‹z‡ji welq wkÿK (mn‡hvMx wkÿK), A_ev K‡j‡Ri MvBW
wkÿ‡Ki mvg‡b cvV`vb K‡i Zvi cvV`v‡bi fyj-ÎæwU
ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿKMY
cvV`v‡bi c~‡e©, cvV`v‡bi mgq Ges cvV`v‡bi ci ch©‡eÿ‡Ki
KvQ †_‡K djveZ©b †c‡q _v‡Kb|
cvV`v‡bi c~‡e© djveZ©b
1. cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK Ges ch©‡eÿK GK‡Î e‡m djveZ©‡bi
kZ© (cvV`v‡bi `ÿZv) wVK K‡ib|
2. wbe©vwPZ kZ©¸‡jv Aek¨B cvV`v‡bi we‡kl `ÿZv ev
†hvM¨Zv ch©‡eÿ‡Y g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e|

cvV`v‡bi mgq djveZ©b

1. cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK wba©vwiZ cv‡Vi Ask we‡kl A_ev cy‡iv
cvV †kl Kivi g‡a¨ ch©‡eÿK Zvi cv‡Vi fyj-ÎæwU¸‡jv
mbv³ K‡i †bvU ey‡K †bvU iv‡Lb| GgbwK cv‡Vi `ye©j w`K
Ges mej w`K m¤ú‡K©I wZwb †bvU iv‡Lb|
cvV`v‡bi ci djveZ©b
1. cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK Ges ch©‡eÿK GK‡Î e‡mb Ges wb‡Pi
µg Abyhvqx c~e© wba©vwiZ kZ© Abymv‡i ch©‡eÿK Zvi
djveZ©b †ck K‡ib| wZwb cv‡V †Kv_vq †Kv_vq fyj wQj
Zv cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i mvg‡b AwZ MVbg~jKfv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib|
2. GKB mg‡q cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK Zvi wb‡Ri cÖ¯‘ZK…Z AvZ¥-
g~j¨vqb Øviv Zvi cv‡Vi mej I `ye©j w`K ch©‡eÿ‡Ki
Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡ib|
3. cwi`k©K-ch©‡eÿK cÖwkÿYv_©x‡K BwZevPK djveZ©b †`b
Ges cÖwkÿYv_©xi cv‡Vi †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e
Zv e‡j †`b|

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

4. cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK †m Dc‡`k cieZ©x ch©v‡q cvj‡b m¤§Z

nb|

Rb †nib wdWe¨vK c×wZ I †KŠkj

wkÿv`vb Kv‡R djveZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

†h †Kvb wkÿv_©xi Dc¯’vc‡b wKQy bv wKQy mgm¨v _vK‡Z cv‡i| G mKj mgm¨v¸‡jv
KvwU‡q DVvi Rb¨ mycvifvBRv‡ii mywPwšÍZ gZvgZ cÖ‡qvRb| D³ gZvg‡Zi Dci wfwË
K‡i Dc¯’vcbKvixi †kªYxK‡ÿ hveZxq Kvh©vejxi Dbœqb Ges Zvi wb‡Ri cvV`vb Dbœq‡b
I djveZ©‡b Zv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡e| wkÿK Zvi wb‡Ri fyjåvwšÍ wb‡R mvaviYZ eyS‡Z
cv‡i bv| ZvB djveZ©b †KŠk‡ji cÖ‡qvM wkÿ‡Ki Kvh©µg Dbœq‡b AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

djveZ©‡bi wbqgvejx
wUDUi DËg djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í wbqgvejx AbymiY Ki‡Z nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv
(Av‡M †_‡K ˆZwi K‡i) †ev‡W© A_ev Pv‡U© Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| †KŠkj¸‡jv wkÿv_©xiv c‡o
†`L‡e| †KvbwU eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡j Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g aviYvwU cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡eb|

djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi †KŠkj

djveZ©b Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡iv Kv‡Ri
djveZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e djveZ©b †hb MVbg~jK nq| MVbg~jK djveZ©‡b
†h welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e Zv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZwU `‡j 6-8
Rb K‡i K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i w`‡eb| `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g MVbg~jK djveZ©‡b Kx
Kx KiYxq Zvi GKwU K‡i ZvwjKv cÖ‡Z¨K `j ˆZwi Ki‡e Ges `‡ji cÿ †_‡K Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡e|

djveZ©b KvVv‡gv
djveZ©‡b ZvrÿwYKfv‡e KiYxq wba©viY bv K‡i c~‡e©B GKwU KvVv‡gv wVK K‡i ivL‡j
wkÿv_©x‡K djveZ©b w`‡Z myweav nq| G‡ÿ‡Î djveZ©b cÖ`vbKvixi DwPZ GKwU KvVv‡gv
ˆZwi K‡i ivLv †h KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †_‡K wZwb wkÿv_©xi djveZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡P
D‡jøwLZ PviwU c`‡ÿc wewkó GKwU djveZ©b KvVv‡gv †`Iqv n‡jv :
K. wkÿv_©x Zvi wb‡Ri mdj w`K¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡eb| hw` †Kvb AvbyôvwbK djveZ©b
cÖ`vb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zvn‡j D³ c‡q›U¸‡jv AvbyôvwbK djveZ©‡bi c~‡e© wkÿv_©x
wb‡R cÖvK-djveZ©‡bi e¨e¯’v wb‡q H mKj †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i wb‡Ri g~j¨vqb K‡i
wb‡Z cv‡ib|
L. djveZ©‡b B‡Zvg‡a¨ wba©vwiZ c‡q›U¸‡jvi Dci wUDUi †Rvi w`‡Z cv‡ib Ges
Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQy w`K †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
M. wkÿv_©xi †h mKj w`‡Ki Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv mbv³ K‡i †`‡eb wUDUi|

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

N. wUDUi H wba©vwiZ †ÿθ‡jvi Dci Avev‡iv †Rvi w`‡q ej‡eb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨ †h
w`K¸‡jvi Dbœqb `iKvi †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wdWe¨vK †`Iqvi Rb¨ wUDUi‡K wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e
 wkÿv_©xi `ye©jZv¸‡jvi Dci A½ywj wb‡`©k bv K‡i Zvi mej w`K¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb K‡i
Zvi cÖksmv Kiv|
 `ye©j w`K¸‡jv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í wbiærmvwnZ Kiv|
 wkÿ‡Ki gšÍe¨ n‡e mywbw`©ó, my¯úó I †evaMg¨|
 wkÿv_©x‡K Ggbfv‡e wdWe¨vK w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©xi †cÖlYv, AvMÖn I AvZ¥wek¦vm
ev‡o Ges hvi d‡j fyj m¤ú‡K© Zvi Dcjwä R‡b¥ Ges †m Zv ïa‡i wb‡Z cv‡i|
 wkÿv_©x‡K mivmwi AvNvZ w`‡q wdWe¨vK †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
 wUDU‡ii gšÍe¨¸‡jv wkÿv_©xi LvZvq ev DËic‡Î †jLv n‡j wkÿv_©x mn‡RB Zv
†`L‡Z cv‡e Ges wkLb cÖwµqvq †m wb‡R‡K †mfv‡e cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 mywbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î wdWe¨vK cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ c„_K c„_K fv‡e Zv‡`i
KvR wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges civgk© w`‡Z n‡e|
 KLbB Kg cvwi`wk©Zvi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i e¨w³‡Z¡ AvNvZ w`‡q †Kvb gšÍe¨ Kiv hv‡e
bv|

wdWe¨vK MÖnY Kivi mgq GKRb wUDUi †`L‡jb cvV`vbiZ wkÿK weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹vi
Dc¯’vcb Kivi D`vniY ¯^iƒc wb‡Pi NUbvwU Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Qb, wUDUi wK gšÍe¨ wjL‡eb?

Òiæwg‡`i Dw™¢` weÁvb wefv‡M Av‡Mi w`b dzj †dvUv wel‡q cvV n‡qwQj| iæwgi evMv‡b
GKwU `y®úvc¨ bvBU KzBb dzj dz‡U‡Q| iæwg GB LeiwU †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g iæ‡kv‡K
Rvbv‡jv| GB †ÿ‡Î bvBU KzBb dzj †dvUvi NUbvwU GKwU Z_¨ hv iæwg iæ‡kv‡K w`‡q‡Q|
iæ‡kv GB Z_¨wU iæwgi KvQ †_‡K †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g †c‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j Zv‡`i `yR‡bi GB
Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b †h‡nZz †Uwj‡dvb gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q †m‡nZz †Uwj‡dvbwU
n‡”Q wkÿv cÖhyw³| Avi GB cÖhyw³ weÁv‡biB Avwe®‹viÓ|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi: wUDUi wjL‡eb - wkÿv_x© Rxebagx© NUbv weÁv‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z mÿg
Ges AZ¨šÍ m‡PZb weÁvb wkÿK|

214
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

wdWe¨vK †`Iqvi Rb¨ wUDUi‡K wbgœiƒc †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e 

1. welqe¯‘ †hvM¨Zv
2. c×wZMZ †hvM¨Zv
3. ‡hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv
4. e¨e¯’vcbv †hvM¨Zv
5. g~j¨vqb †hvM¨Zv
6. mvgvwRK †hvM¨Zv
7. ‰bwZK †hvM¨Zv

 ce© - O : cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj

5. wUDUi ej‡eb BwZg‡a¨ Avgiv ce©-L I ce©-N G cÖwZdjb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© aviYv
†c‡qwQ| GLb Avgiv Ab¨vb¨ K‡qKwU †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© wKQy Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| G ch©v‡q
wZwb wb‡Pi cÖkœwUi `jwfwËK DËi w`‡Z ej‡eb|
cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkjmg~n Kx Kx?

wkÿv_x©iv `jwfwËK Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î c‡q›U¸‡jv PK †ev‡W© wjL‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î GK `‡ji

DwjøwLZ c‡q›U¸‡jv evievi wjL‡eb bv| me‡k‡l wUDUi Am¤ú~Y© DËi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|

Kg©cÎ - 8-30.1 (cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi avcmg~n)

cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi wb‡Pi avcmg~n co–b Ges `jxqfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i g~j e³e¨
Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
1. jÿ¨ Kiv (Noticing) : cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv ïiæ nq wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi wewfbœ w`K
ev NUbv ch©‡eÿY, cÖZ¨ÿY, Ae‡jvKb, Av‡jvPbv I covi gva¨‡g| †hgb-mZx‡_©i
‡kªYx cvV`vb Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY Kiv, wb‡Ri cvV`vb Abykxj‡bi mej I `ye©j w`K
kbv³ Kiv, wkÿK, mZx_© ev A‡b¨i ms‡M wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv,
wfwWI aviYK…Z g‡Wj wUwPs cÖZ¨ÿKiY ev wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K©
Rvb©vj ev Wv‡qix cov BZ¨vw`|
2. eY©bv (Description) : GB av‡c jÿ¨ Kiv welq¸‡jv (wkLb-wkÿY Kvh©µg)
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e g‡b g‡b ¯§iY K‡i Wv‡qix ev Rvb©v‡j eY©bvi gva¨‡g wj‡L ivLv nq hv
cieZ©x av‡c we‡kølY Kiv nq|

215
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

3. mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡kølY (Critical Analysis) t GB av‡c eY©bvi welq¸‡jvi Dci

mgv‡jvPbvg~jK cÖkœ ivLv nq| †hgb :
- welqwU cvV`v‡b D`vni‡Yi e¨envi Kx mwVK wQj ? bv n‡j Kx ai‡Yi
D`vniY e¨envi Kiv †hZ|
- D”P ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj Kx ?
- DcKi‡Yi e¨envi h_v_© wQj Kx ?
- cv‡Vi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wQj Kx ?
- cvV`vb c×wZ mwVK wQj Kx ?
- †kªYx e¨e¯’vcbv †Kgb ?
- wKfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i `jMZ Kv‡R Aby‡cÖiYv †RvMvb ?
- wKfv‡e cv‡Vi mvivsk Av`vq K‡ib ? BZ¨vw`|
Dc‡iv³ ai‡Yi cÖkœmg~n mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v I
†evSvi gva¨‡g cieZx©‡Z KiYxq ev mgvavb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqvi ‡Póv
Kiv nq|
4. wµqv (Action) t cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi G av‡c NUbvi we‡kølY n‡Z cÖvß d‡ji Dbœqb
NwU‡q cieZx© cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK wµqv ev cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb Ges cybivq avc-1
n‡Z avc-4 ch©šÍ cybive„wË K‡i AwfÁZvi Dbœqb NwU‡q hv‡eb|

cÖwZdjb GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv hvi mvnv‡h¨ Ae¨vnZfv‡e †ckvMZ Dbœqb Kiv hvq| wb‡P
cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi avc¸‡jv †`Lvb nj -
j¶¨ Kiv
wµqv Kiv eY©bv

mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡k- lY

wPÎ 8-30.1 : cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi avcmg~n

Kg©cÎ - 8-30.2 (cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv)

cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx Kx ?

 wkÿ‡Y `„wófw½ cÖmvwiZ K‡i 
 
 
 
 


216
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 30

g~j wkLbxq welq

weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki µgvwš^Z †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi f~wgKv

cÖwZdjb : cÖwZdjb k‡ãi A_© nj- wd‡i Avmv, Mfxi wPšÍvcÖm~Z dj BZ¨vw`| †Kvb
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri Awa‡ek‡b ev mfvq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avgiv †hgb Avqbvq wb‡R wb‡Ri
cÖwZwe‡¤^i cÖwZdjb †`‡L wb‡Ri mvR I †cvkvKcÎ, GgbwK wewfbœ A½fw½i fyj-ÎæwU
ms‡kvab K‡i my›`i I wbLuyZfv‡e wbR‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kwi| wVK †Zgwb wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZdjb
nj wkÿv`vb Kvh©µ‡gi (wkÿY-wkLb) cybiv‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb| A_©vr wkÿv`vb Kvh©µ‡gi
hveZxq fyj-ÎæwUi ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZdjb NwU‡q Zv ms‡kvabc~e©K
wkÿv`vb Kvh©µ‡gi gvb AviI DbœZ Kiv| G cÖms‡M- Boud, Keogh and Walker,
1985 cÖwZdjb m¤ú‡K© e‡jb- ÒcÖwZdjb n‡”Q gvbyl KZ©©„K m¤úvw`Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Kg©ZrciZv hvi Øviv AwfÁZvi cyb:AvqZ¡KiY, †m m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv , g‡b g‡b wePvi I
g~j¨vqb Kiv|Ó

cÖwZdjb m¤ú‡K© weL¨vZ gbxlx Rb wWDB e‡jb -

 The process of reflection for teachers begins when they experience a difficulty,
troublesome event or experience that cannot be immediately resolved.
cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv ZLbB ïiæ nq hLb wkÿK ‡Kvb KwVb, KóKi NUbv ev
AwfÁZvi m¤§ywLb nb hv ZvrÿwbKfv‡e mgvavb nq bv|
 Reflection is also a process that involves more than logical and rational problem
solving process.
cÖwZdjb GKwU cÖwµqv hv hyw³wbf©i ‡Kvb mgm¨v mgvavb cÖwµqvi †P‡qI †ewk|
 Reflection involves intuition, emotion and passion (When we reflect about
students in our classrooms, we need to listen to many sources of understanding.
We need to utilize our heads and our hearts, our reasoning capacities and our
emotional insights.)
cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv AšÍ©Ávb, Av‡eM Ges AbyivM m¤ú„³ (A_©vr Avgiv hLb
†kªYxK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i cybg©~j¨vqb Kwi ZLb wewfbœ Drm †_‡K wkÿv_x© m¤ú‡K©
Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‹, ü`q, hyw³ ÿgZv Ges Av‡e‡Mi MfxiZv
w`‡q †evSv I cÖwµqvKiY nj cÖwZdjb|)

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb (Reflective Practice): cÖwZdjb Abykxjb wkÿY AwfÁZvi

cybwe©‡ePbv I g~j¨vq‡bi GKwU cÖwµqv hvi Øviv wkÿv`vb Kv‡Ri µgvMZ Dbœqb Kiv hvq|
cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿK Zvi wb‡Ri cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi wewfbœ w`‡Ki
fyj ÎæwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabg~jK e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB
GKRb bexb wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb Abykxjb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖK…Z

217
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

A‡_© cÖwZdjb Abykxjb GKai‡bi Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv| cÖwZdjb Abykxjb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ
wkÿvwe‡`i e³e¨ wbgœiƒc Ñ
Donald Schon (1987)
A creative skilled professional is gradually trained up through reflective practice about
his own ability and modeling of successful practitioners.
GKRb m„Rbkxj `ÿ †ckv`vi Zvi wbR¯^ mvg_© Abyhvqx cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g
ax‡i ax‡i cÖwkwÿZ Ges mdj †ckvRxwei g‡Wj n‡q D‡Vb|
Kolb(1984)
Only reflective experience makes learners learning easy and simple.
ïaygvÎ cÖwZdjb AwfÁZvB wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb mij I mnR‡eva¨ K‡i|
Boud et al(1997)
Raw experience becomes learning through reflection.
cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g `~e©j AwfÁZv wkL‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
Brown and McCartney(1999)
Reflective practice starts at the very beginning of a learner’s learning and goes on up to a
professional whole life.
wkÿv_©xi wkLb cÖwµqvi ïiæ‡ZB cªwZdjb Abykxjb ïiæ n‡q Zvi cy‡iv †ckvRxeb Ry‡o
Zv Pj‡Z _v‡K|

cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi avcmg~n

1. jÿ¨ Kiv (Noticing) : cÖwZdjb cÖwµqv ïiæ nq wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi
wewfbœ w`K ev NUbv ch©‡eÿY, cÖZ¨ÿY, Ae‡jvKb, Av‡jvPbv I covi
gva¨‡g| †hgb - mZx‡_©i ‡kªYx cvV`vb Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY Kiv, wb‡Ri cvV`vb
Abykxj‡bi mdjZv ev wedjZvi wewfbœ w`K kbv³ Kiv, wkÿK, mZx_© ev
A‡b¨i ms‡M wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv, KviI g‡Wj wUwPs
cÖZ¨ÿKiY ev wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Rvb©vj ev Wv‡qix cov
BZ¨vw`|
2. eY©bv (Describing) : GB av‡c jÿ¨ Kiv welq¸‡jvi(wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µg)
we¯ÍvwiZ g‡b g‡b ¯§iY K‡i Wv‡qix ev Rvb©v‡j eY©bvi gva¨‡g wj‡L ivLv nq
hv cieZ©x av‡c we‡kølY Kiv nq|

3. mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡kølY (Critical Analysis) : GB av‡c eY©bvi welq¸‡jvi

Dci mgv‡jvPbvg~jK cÖkœ ivLv nq| †hgb :
- welqwU cvV`v‡b D`vni‡Yi Dc¯’vcb Kx mwVK wQj ? bv n‡j Kx ai‡Yi
D`vniY e¨envi Kiv †hZ ?
- D”P ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj Kx ?
- DcKi‡Yi e¨envi h_v_© wQj Kx ?
- cv‡Vi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wQj Kx ?
- cvV`vb c×wZ mwVK wQj Kx ?
- †kªYx e¨e¯’vcbv †Kgb ?

218
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

- mwVKfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i `jMZ Kv‡R Aby‡cÖiYv †RvMvb n‡qwQj ?

- wKfv‡e cv‡Vi mvivsk Av`vq K‡ib ? BZ¨vw`|
Dc‡iv³ ai‡Yi cÖkœmg~n mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡køl‡bi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v I
†evSvi gva¨‡g cieZx©‡Z KiYxq ev mgvavb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqvi ‡Póv
Kiv nq|
4. wµqv (Action) : cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi G av‡c NUbvi we‡kølY n‡Z cÖvß d‡ji
Dbœqb NwU‡q cieZx© cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK wµqv ev cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb Ges
cybivq avc-1 n‡Z avc-4 ch©šÍ cybive„wË K‡i AwfÁZvi Dbœqb NwU‡q
hv‡eb|

cÖwZdjb GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv hvi mvnv‡h¨ Ae¨vnZfv‡e †ckvMZ Dbœqb Kiv hvq| wb‡P
cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi avc PµwU †`Lvb nj -
j¶¨ Kiv
wµqv Kiv eY©bv Kiv

mgv‡jvPbvg~jK we‡kølY

wPÎ 8-30.2 : cÖwZdjb cÖwµqvi avc Pµ

cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv :

 wkÿ‡Y `„wófw½ cÖmvwiZ K‡i ;
 wb‡R‡K wPb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i ;
 fyj-ÎæwU kbv‡³i Øviv ms‡kva‡b mnvqZv K‡i ;
 NUbvejx g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq bZzb w`K wb‡`©kbv cvIqv hvq ;
 wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi cÖwZ m‡PZbZv I †KŠZznj e„w× cvq ;
 Dcjwäi gva¨‡g wkLb nq ;
 Av‡Z¥vcjwäi gva¨‡g Av‡Z¥vbœqb m¤¢e nq ;
 A_©c~Y© (Meaningful) wkÿ‡Y ZvwM` m„wó K‡i ;
 wkÿ‡Y `ÿZv e„w× cvq ;
 cÖwZdjb `ÿZv e„w× K‡i ;
 cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv nIqvi Kvi‡Y †ckvMZ Dbœqb N‡U ;
 mgm¨v mgvav‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i ;
 -------- BZ¨vw`|

219
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †KŠkj

cÖwZdjb Wvqix /Rvb©vj :

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb GK ai‡Yi †eŠw×K (Intellectual activity) Kg©ZrciZv| wkÿK
m¤úvw`Z cvV`vb m¤ú‡K© cÖwZdwjZ aviYv wjwLZfv‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î
cÖwZdjb Wvqix AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| wkÿK wbR cv‡Vi mej-`ye©j w`Kmn cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi
LywUbvwU wewfbœ w`K Wvqix‡Z wj‡L ivL‡Z cv‡ib| we‡kl K‡i mZx_© wkÿK, mn‡hvMx
wkÿK ev `ÿ Ab¨vb¨ wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY K‡i ch©‡ewÿZ cv‡Vi
AbyKiYxq w`K¸‡jv Wvqix‡Z wjwce× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov kbv³K…Z mgm¨v
we‡kølYc~e©K Zv mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ bvbv Dcvq Wvqix‡Z wjwce× _vK‡Z cv‡i| wkÿK
cieZx© cv‡V Wvqix n‡Z cÖvß mgvavb cÖ‡qvM K‡i †ckvMZ Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

†cvU©‡dvwjI (Portfolio) :
GKÎxK…Z wKQy KvR †hLv‡b wjwLZ gZvgZ, cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi ch©‡ewÿZ †bvU, wbR
cvV`vb Abykxj‡bi fyj-ÎæwU, gšÍe¨, Abyf~wZ, mgvavb cÖwµqv, AwfÁZv BZ¨vw` wjwLZ
AvKv‡i myk„•Ljfv‡e msiÿY Kiv nq| wkÿK cÖ‡qvR‡b †cvU©‡dvwjI †`‡L cÖ‡qvRbxq
Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi Dbœqb NUvb| cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GwU GKwU †ek Dc‡hvMx †KŠkj|

wfwWI ch©‡eÿY :
wbR cvV`vb ev DbœZ gv‡bi ‡Kvb cvV`v‡bi wfwWI †`‡L cvV`v‡bi fvj w`K ev ÎæwUc~Y©
w`Kmg~n wPwýZ K‡i cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cvV`vb Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e| GwU †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj|

wba©vwiZ KvR-8-30.1 (†ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxjb)

jÿ¨ : wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb †nib djveZ©b g‡Wj Abyhvqx cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b Af¨¯’ Kiv|
msMVb I c×wZ :
wUDUi wkÿv_x©‡`i msL¨vbycv‡Z `j MVb Ki‡eb| cÖwZwU `‡j 5 Rb wkÿv_x© Ges GKRb
`j‡bZv _vK‡eb| `j‡bZv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cvV`v‡bi welq wVK
K‡i †`‡eb| cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi mgq `‡ji mKj m`m¨ ch©vqµ‡g wkÿv_©x Ges cwi`k©K
ev ch©‡eÿ‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb| AZci: wb‡Pi KvRwU aviv Abyhvqx K‡i m`m¨iv
Kv‡Ri wjwLZ wi‡cvU© `jxq †bZvi gva¨‡g wUDU‡ii wbKU Rgv †`‡eb| GKBfv‡e Ab¨vb¨
`‡ji wkÿv_©xivI KvR †k‡l wjwLZ wi‡cvU© wUDU‡ii wbKU Rgv †`‡eb|

Kv‡Ri aviv :
Rb †nib djveZ©b g‡W‡ji wZbwU Ask| 1. cvV`v‡bi c~‡e© 2. cvV`v‡bi mgq 3.
cvV`v‡bi c‡i

220
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

cvV`v‡bi c~‡e© :
1. wkÿv_x© Ges cwi`k©K ïiæ‡Z GK‡Î e‡m djveZ©‡bi w`K ev bxwZ¸‡jv
wVK Ki‡eb|
2. wbe©vwPZ w`K¸‡jv Aek¨B cvV`v‡bi we‡kl †hvM¨Zv I Kvw•ÿZ j‡ÿ¨i
ms‡M mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡Z n‡e|

cvV`v‡bi mgq :
3. wkÿv_x© cv‡Vi cy‡iv Ask ev Askwe‡kl cvV`vb Ki‡eb Ges cwi`k©K
c~‡e© wba©vwiZ djveZ©‡bi w`K¸‡jv ch©‡eÿY K‡i Wv‡qix‡Z wj‡L †b‡eb|

cvV`v‡bi ci :
4. cwi`k©K wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ GK‡Î e‡m c~e©-wba©vwiZ djveZ©‡bi w`K¸‡jv
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| Av‡jvPbvq fyj-ÎæwU ‡ewi‡q G‡m h_vixwZ djveZ©b
NU‡e|
5. wkÿv_x© Zvi cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi `~e©j w`K¸‡jv Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Zz‡j
ai‡eb|
6. cwi`k©K ch©‡ewÿZ fyj-ÎæwU¸‡jv ms‡kvabK‡í cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc‡`kg~jK
w`K wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb|
7. wkÿv_x© Zvi cvV`v‡bi abvZ¥K ev BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ej‡eb|
8. cwi`k©K cv‡Vi †Kvb& †Kvb& w`‡Ki Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK
djveZ©b †`‡eb|
9. wkÿv_x© cieZx©‡Z †mwU cvj‡b m¤§Z n‡eb|

wkÿv_x©MY Dc‡iv³ wZbwU Ask Abyhvqx Kvh©µg †kl Ki‡eb|

221
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 31

weÁvb wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi Dbœq‡b Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi f~wgKv

f~wgKv
AvaywbK a¨vb aviYv m¤úbœ weÁvb wkÿK n‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvq Drmvnx
I `ÿ n‡Z n‡e| Avcbviv wK cÖkœ Ki‡eb - †Kb? wbðqB Ki‡eb bv| KviY Avcbviv
Rv‡bb †kªYxK‡ÿ †h mg¯Í cÖkœ DÌvwcZ nq ev †h me mgm¨v †`Lv hvq Zvi DËi
Avcbv‡KB Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi GKwU Dcvq n‡”Q cÖ‡qvRb ‡`Lv w`‡j wbR¯^
D‡`¨v‡M Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi ‰ewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †kªYx cvV`v‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi D`vniY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
evmvq e‡m ¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq I MwZ‡Z Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv
Kg©c‡Îi KvR Ki‡eb| g~j wkLbxq welq GKvwaKevi co‡eb| c‡i mgq I my‡hvM K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ mncvVxmn cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cÖwkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ `y‡e©va¨ Askmg~‡ni Dci Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î :

cÖwkÿK ev wUDUi‡K †mk‡bi c~e©w`b GB Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv cvV¨vsk GKevi c‡o
aviYv my®úó K‡i †b‡eb|

ce©-K : Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi aviYv


1. wUDUi Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kx Zv wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb| wkÿv_x©iv Zv‡`i
c~e© Ávb Abyqvqx DËi cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Ki‡eb| Gici wUDUi cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| wZwb G‡ÿ‡Î PK ‡evW© ev m¤¢e
n‡j †cv÷vi ev OHP(Over Head Projector) e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

222
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

 ce© - L : Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi ˆewkó¨

2. wUDUi wb‡Pi evK¨ `ywU PK †ev‡W© wj‡L wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡eb evK¨ `ywU Kg©mnvqK
M‡elYvi ˆewkó¨ wKbv|
K. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv wkL‡bi GKwU cÖwµqv|
L. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv bZzb bZzb P¨v‡jÄ ‡gvK‡ejvq mnvqZv K‡i|

wkÿv_x©iv nu¨v m~PK gšÍe¨ Ki‡j wUDUi ej‡eb Avcbviv Gevi `jwfwËK Kg©mnvqK
M‡elYvi Ab¨vb¨ ˆewk󨸇jv wjLyb| G‡ÿ‡Î wUDUi 4wU `j MVb K‡i †`‡eb| wkÿv_x©iv
gv_v LvwU‡q `jwfwËK ˆewk󨸇jv wjL‡eb| Gici `j¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Zv‡`i
†jLv¸‡jv wewbgq Ki‡eb I †`L‡eb| cieZx©‡Z wUDU‡ii mn‡hvwMZvq mgMÖ †kªYx‡Z
Av‡jvwPZ n‡e|

 ce©-M: Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †kªYx cvV`v‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨vi

mgvavb
3. wUDUi wb‡Pi wb‡`©kbvwU wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ †`‡eb :
Kg©cÎ-8-31.1[Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Pµ-1] g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i c‡o †m ‡gvZv‡eK Kg©cÎ-
2ÕGi mgm¨vwU Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g mgvavb Kiæb|
wkÿv_©xiv wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK KvR Ki‡eb| Gici mgm¨vi mgvavb `jxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡eb|

 ce©-N : Db¥y³ Av‡jvPbv I mvivskKiY

4. wUDUi Dc‡iv³ ce©mg~‡ni wkLbdj mvwe©Kfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i
†Kvb cÖkœ _vK‡j Zvi h_vh_ Reve †`‡eb|

g~j¨vqb
wkÿv_©xiv †hfv‡e g~j¨vwqZ n‡eb Ñ
 mwVK mg‡q I mwVKfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b ;
 Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv wbiæcY ;
 wewfbœ gv‡bi cÖkœKi‡Yi `ÿZv wbiæcY ;
 DËi`vb KZUv mwVK ;
 ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ cÖ`k©‡bi ÿgZv ;
 Dc¯’vcb `ÿZv ;
 Dcjwä|

223
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

evwoi KvR cÖ`vb : 30 wgt

wkÿv_©x wb‡gœi cÖ‡kœi DËi ‰Zwi K‡i cieZ©x‡Z mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|
Òwe`¨vjqwfwËK Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Kiv hvq GiKg K‡qKwU mgm¨v D‡jøL K‡i Gi
†h †Kvb GKwU mgm¨vi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb Kv‡R e¨env‡ii cwiKíbv gva¨‡g wj‡L
Avb‡Z n‡e|

Kg©cÎ-8-31.1 (Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Pµ)

Pµ-1

mgm¨v : †kªYxi †ewki fvM wkÿv_x© Avgvi weÁvb cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx bq| wKfv‡e
? Avwg Zv‡`i cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx Kiv‡Z cvwi ?

DcvË msMÖn, we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v : Avgvi wbR¯^ AwfÁZvq Avwg Rvwb Avwg e³…Zvi gva¨‡g
cvV`vb Kwi| DcKi‡Yi e¨envi †gv‡UI Kwi bv| we‡kl K‡qKRb †gavex wkÿv_x©‡K cÖkœ
Kwi| gv‡S g‡a¨ PK †evW© e¨envi Kwi| ‡h Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q cvVwU nqZev ‡gv‡UI
AvKl©Yxq g‡b nq bv| Zviv cÖvqk: Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡q c‡o| Dcjwä Kwi cvV`vb c×wZ‡Z
cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e| †ewk msL¨K wkÿv_©x‡K cv‡V Ask MÖnY Kiv‡Z DcKi‡Yi e¨envi
Ges cvV‡K h_vm¤¢e Avb›`c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e|
cwiKíbv: †ewki fvM wkÿv_x©‡K cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx Ki‡Z DcKiY cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g
cvV`v‡bi e¨e¯’v I e³…Zv wKQyUv Kwg‡q cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbv K‡i cvV`vb Ki‡Z
cvwi|
Kvh© m¤úv`b: cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK cvV mswkøó DcKiY wbe©vPb K‡i e³…Zvi gva¨‡g
DcKiY cÖ`k©bmn e³…Zv I cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvmn cvV †kl Kijvg|
ch©‡eÿY: c~‡e©i Zzjbvq Gevi ‡ek wKQy ‡ewk wkÿv_x© we‡kl K‡i c~‡e©i ‡gavex
wkÿv_x©ivB cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvq Ask MÖnY Kij|
cÖwZdjb: wKš‘ Avwg eySjvg bv ‡h, †Kb †ewki fvM wkÿv_x©i cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvq
¯^Z:ù~Z© Ask MÖnY wQj bv| wKfv‡e Avwg †ewki fvM wkÿv_x©i wdWe¨vK ev
djveZ©b †c‡Z cvwi?
Pµ-2
cybt cwiKíbv : wkÿv_x©‡`i 4/5wU `‡j wef³ K‡i cÖwZwU `‡j DcKiY mieivn I
cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i w`‡qB DcKiY e¨envi Kiv‡Z
cvwi| cÖwZwU `‡j Ny‡i Ny‡i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvwi Ges me‡k‡l wkÿv_x©‡`i w`‡q
Dc¯’vcbmn cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvavb w`‡Z cvwi|

224
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

Kvh© m¤úv`b: Dc‡iv³ cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK cvV`v‡bi Av‡qvRb Kijvg| wkÿv_x©iv

wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK `jxqfv‡e DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡jv| cÖwZwU `‡j Ny‡i Ny‡i
†hUzKz cÖ‡qvRb mvnvh¨ Kijvg| wkÿv_x©iv ¯^Z:ù~Z©fv‡e cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv,
cÖkœKiY I cvV Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jv|

ch©‡eÿY : †ewki fvM wkÿv_x© `jxq Kv‡R mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY I cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvq
Ask MÖnY Kij|

cÖwZdjb : cvV`vb c×wZwU Avgvi Kv‡Q †ek Kvh©Ki e‡j g‡b nj G Kvi‡Y †h wkÿv_x©iv
h‡_ó g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| cieZ©x cvV`vb
Kvh©µ‡g Avwg G c×wZwU envj ivLvi gb¯’ Kijvg|

Kg©cÎ-8-31.2 (Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Pµ)

mgm¨v : AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_x© m¤^wjZ †kªYx‡Z Avgvi cvV`vb Kvh©µg
? †gv‡UI djcÖm~ nq bv| wKfv‡e Avwg cvV`vb Kvh©µg mdj Ki‡Z cvwi?

225
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 31
g~j wkLbxq welq
weÁvb wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvi Dbœq‡b Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi f~wgKv

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Ggb GK ai‡Yi M‡elYv †hLv‡b cÖwZôv‡bi D™¢~Z †Kvb mgm¨v kbv³
 K‡i Zvi mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ Dcvq †ei K‡i Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Kiv nq| wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi
†ÿ‡Î D™¢yZ mgm¨v ej‡Z †hgb- †kªYx k„•Ljv, wkÿY c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgm¨v , †Kvb
wkÿv_©xi cvVMÖn‡Y Abxnv, wkÿK‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i mgm¨v BZ¨vw` n‡Z cv‡i|
g~jZ: we`¨vj‡qi wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©vejxi Dbœq‡b G M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Kg©mnvqK
M‡elYv m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gbxlxi e³e¨ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj -
Cohen and Manion(1994)
…essentially an on-the-spot procedure designed to deal with a concrete problem located
in an immediate situation. This means that ideally, the step-by-step process is constantly
monitored over varying period of times and by a variety of mechanisms (questionnaires,
interviews, and case studies, for example) so that the ensuing feedback may translated
into modifications, adjustments, directional changes, redefinitions, as nessary, so as to
bring about lasting benefit to the on going process itself rather than the future
occasion…”
ÒKg©mnvqK M‡elYv ZvrÿwbKfv‡e cwiw¯’wZ ¯’‡j cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mgm¨vi mgvavb cÖwµqv hvi
A_©, mgm¨vi mgvav‡b mg‡qi wbwi‡L cÖ‡qvR‡b G‡Ki ci GK M„nxZ wewfbœ c`‡ÿ‡ci
(cÖ‡kœvËwiKv, mvÿvrKvi, †KBm ÷vwW BZ¨vw`) cwiexÿY I djveZ©b MÖnY Ges †m
†gvZv‡eK cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab, mgš^q, j‡ÿ¨i cwieZ©b, cyY:msMvwqZKiY BZ¨vw` cÖwµqv
Kiv hv ïay mgm¨vi `xN©‡gqv`x mgvavb Av‡b bv eis fwel¨r cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI G cÖwµqvi
AbymiY mgm¨v mgvav‡b f~wgKv iv‡L|Ó

Dave Ebbutt(1985)
Action Research is about the systematic study of attempts to improve educational practice
by groups of participants by means of their own practical actions and by means of their
own reflection upon the effects of these actions.”
Ò Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv `jxqfv‡e AskMÖnYKvix KZ©©„K Zv‡`i wbR¯^ e¨envwiK KvR Ges H
mg¯Í Kv‡Ri Dci Zv‡`i ¯^xq Kv‡Ri cÖwZdjb Øviv wkÿvMZ PP©vi Dbœq‡b M„nxZ myk„•Lj
M‡elYv cÖ‡Póv|Ó

Kemmis and McTaggert(1988)

Action Research is a form of collective self reflective enquiry undertaken by participants
in social situations in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own social or
educational practices, as well as their understanding of these practices and the situations
in which these practices are carried out….”
ÒKg©mnvqK M‡elYv mgm¨v mgvav‡b AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
AbymÜvbg~jK mvgwóK AvZ¥-cÖwZdjb hv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ wkÿvMZ I mvgwRK cwi‡e‡k

226
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

Dcjwä, hyw³ I wePvi kw³i Dbœqb NUvq Ges †m cwiw¯’wZ‡Z G cÖwµqv mgm¨v mgvav‡b
mvnvh¨ K‡i|Ó

wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi †Kvb mgm¨v mgvavb cÖwµqv| †kªYx
cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î G mgm¨v g~jZ: wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q AvewZ©Z| wkÿK‡K ‡kªYx cvV`v‡bi
mgm¨vmg~n cÖ_gZ: wPwýZ Ki‡Z nq| Gici wPwýZ mgm¨vmg~n mgvav‡b GKwU cwiKíbv
cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| Gici cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b Action G †h‡Z nq A_©vr cwiKíbv
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z nq| ev¯ÍevqbKvjxb mg‡q Kvh©µ‡gi djvdj Mfxifv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z
nq| Gici mdjZv-wedjZv AvZ¥-cÖwZdj‡bi (self reflection) gva¨‡g Dcjwä
Ki‡Z nq| GwU‡K Avgiv g~j¨vqbI ej‡Z cvwi| Kvw•ÿZ djvdj bv †c‡j cwiKíbvq
wKQyUv cwieZ©b G‡b cybivq: Dc‡ii PµwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv‡K
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖwZdjb AbykxjbI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wb‡P Kemmis and McTaggart Gi g‡Wj(Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Pµ) †`Lvb nj :

cwiKíbv

Kvh© m¤úv`b
cÖwZdjb
ev wµqv

ch©‡e¶Y
wPÎ : Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv Pµ

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv‡K wewfbœfv‡e bvgKiY Kiv hvq| †hgb- AskMÖnYg~jK M‡elYv, †hŠ_
AbymÜvb, †kªYx M‡elYv BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ welqe¯‘MZ wKQy cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| AZGe
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv nj Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †kLv A_©vr mgm¨v kbv³ K‡i mgvav‡bi †Póv Kiv
I Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB K‡i †`Lv| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi Rb¨ bvbvb ai‡Yi g‡Wj Av‡Q Ges
Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î †h g‡WjB AbymiY Kiv †nvK bv ‡Kb mvaviYfv‡e me‡ÿ‡ÎB wKQy c×wZMZ
cÖwµqv(PµvKvi) AbymiY Kiv nq| †hgb-
- M‡elYvi Rb¨ GKwU mgm¨vhy³ †ÿÎ wPwýKiY
- DcvË msMÖn
- DcvË we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v
- Kg©cwiKíbv ˆZwi
- A¨vKkb MÖnY ev Kvh© m¤úv`b
- ch©‡ewÿZ djvdj

227
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

- cÖwZdjb (g~j¨vqb)
- ------ BZ¨vw`|
M‡elK Dc‡ii cÖwµqvmg~n Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g mgm¨vi m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi †Póv Ki‡eb|

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi ˆewkó¨

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡gœ †`qv nj :

1. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv wkL‡bi GKwU cÖwµqv|
2. bZzb bZzb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡M mnvqZv K‡i|
3. GK ai‡bi AskMÖnYg~jK M‡elYv c×wZ †hLv‡b M‡elK I hv‡`i Dci M‡elYv
cwiPvwjZ n‡e-Df‡qi g‡a¨ Kvh©Kix I djcÖm~ wg_w¯Œqv msMwVZ nq|
4. GK ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© M‡elYv| we‡kl K‡i bZzb M‡elK we‡klÁ M‡elK‡`i
wbKU †_‡K mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q _v‡Kb|
5. Kx, †Kb, wKfv‡e BZ¨vw`i DËi Luy‡R cvIqvi †Póv Kiv nq|
6. Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †Kvb mvaviY c×wZ †bB| GKK ev GKvwaK c×wZi
mgš^‡q G M‡elYv Kiv hvq|
7. g~j ˆewkó¨ Gi bgbxqZv| cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbvq M‡elK cwiKíbvq cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b
Avb‡Z cv‡ib| cixÿv-wbixÿvi Rb¨I M‡elYv cwiw¯’wZi cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡ib|
8. wkÿvi wfwË my`„pKi‡Y †kªYx Kÿ I we`¨vj‡qi Dci Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv cwiPvwjZ
nq|
9. hyw³ wbf©i I MYZvwš¿K cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i cwiPvwjZ nq| Dc‡`k wbf©i ev
GKbvqKZvwš¿K bq| mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ welqe¯‘i Dci cwiPvwjZ|
10. †kªYx wkÿK wb‡RB M‡elK wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z nb Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡b ZvrÿwbKfv‡e
M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G Rb¨ G M‡elYv‡K KLbI KLbI Ô‡kªYxKÿ
M‡elYvÕ wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ Kiv nq|
11. AvZ¥-cÖwZdjbg~jK AbymÜvb cÖwµqv|
12. ¯^xq `~e©jZv Avwe®‹vi I Dbœq‡b cwiPvwjZ nq|
13. ‡ckvMZ Dbœqb I DrKl© mvab K‡i|
14. wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v I cwieZ©b|
15. M‡elK Kvh©Kixfv‡e wkLb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
16. M‡elYvi djvdj mivmwi Kg©‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv

mgm¨v : AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_x© m¤^wjZ †kªYx‡Z Avgvi cvV`vb Kvh©µg †gv‡UI djcÖm~ nq
bv| wKfv‡e Avwg cvV`vb Kvh©µg mdj Ki‡Z cvwi?

228
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

DcvË msMÖn, we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v : Avgvi KÚ¯^i Lye GKUv DuPz bq| †Rv‡i e³„Zv w`‡Z cvwi
bv| wcQ‡b emv wkÿv_x©iv cÖvqk: Avgvi e³…Zv ïb‡Z cvq bv| DcKiY gv‡S g‡a¨ mvg‡b
†_‡K cÖ`k©b Kwi| wcQ‡bi wkÿv_x©iv Zv †`L‡Z cvq wKbv ‡m m¤^‡Ü KL‡bv Lye GKUv
Z_¨ msMÖn Kwi bvB| wkÿv_©x †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y mevB‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z cvwi bv| mvg‡b emv
wKQy wkÿv_©x cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡q _v‡K| PK †evW© e¨envi Kwi| †ev‡W©i †jLv wkÿv_x©‡`i
mevB AbymiY K‡i wKbv Zv eyS‡Z cvwi bv| wkÿv_x©iv †ewki fvMB Ag‡bv‡hvMx _v‡K|
†kªYx e¨e¯’vcbvq gv‡S gv‡S wkÿv_x©‡`i kvw¯Í w`‡q _vwK| wkÿv_x© mvov Lye GKUv fvj
bv| †kªYx g~j¨vq‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i cvi`wk©Zv nZvkve¨ÄK|

Dc‡iv³ wPÎ we‡kølY Ki‡j g‡b nq Avgvi KÚ¯^i †h‡nZz †Rviv‡jv bq †m‡nZz wcQ‡bi
wkÿv_x©‡`i †ewki fvM cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| DcKiY m¤¢eZ †kªYx Dc‡hvMx bv
nIqvB wkÿv_x©‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡Z cv‡i| cÖkœKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Avgvi `ÿZvi Afve
_vK‡Z cv‡i| PK †evW© e¨envi Kwi Z‡e †eva nq Zv wkÿv_x©‡`i AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
†h Kvi‡Y wkÿv_x©iv Ag‡bv‡hvMx| kvw¯Í cÖ`vb †kªYx k„•Ljvq wKQyUv f~wgKv ivL‡jI
wkÿv_x©i ¯^Z:ù~Z© cvV MÖn‡Y †gv‡UI mvnvh¨ K‡iwb| GKvi‡Y mvwe©Kfv‡e Avgvi cvV`vb
djcÖm~ nq bv|
cwiKíbv : mgm¨v we‡køl‡Yi Av‡jv‡K mv¤cÖwZK we.GW wWMÖx AR©bKvix Avgvi K‡qKRb
mnKgx©i ms‡M Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ cvV`vb †KŠk‡ji cwieZ©b Avbvqb K‡i †kªYxi mKj
wkÿv_x©i msL¨vbycv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K `‡j fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K KvR cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g cvV`v‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kijvg| KviY Abyfe Kijvg G ai‡bi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g
†m”Qvq mKj wkÿv_x© GKB ms‡M cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡Yi cvV`vb †KŠkj‡K
AskMÖnYg~jK cvV`vb †KŠkj ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbv ev wgwb e³…Zvi
mgq wkÿv_x©‡`i gv‡S †h‡q ev `jxq KvR Ny‡i Ny‡i Z`viwKi gva¨‡g cvV`vb Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbvi wm×všÍ wbjvg| cvV`v‡b AviI AvšÍwiK I cÖvYešÍ nIqv Ges DcKiY I PK
†evW© e¨env‡i mwVK bxwZgvjv Abymi‡Yi wm×všÍ wbjvg| AskMÖnYg~jK cvV`vb †KŠk‡ji
ˆewk󨸇jv :
- †hŠ_fv‡e KvR K‡i mywbw`©ó MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠQv‡bv hvq|
- `‡ji mKj m`m¨B Zv‡`i mvg_© Abyhvqx Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
- cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq wkLb Kvh© m¤úbœ nq|
- `‡ji mK‡j GKB wel‡q wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
- wkÿv_x©‡`i gv‡S †cÖlYv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
- wkÿv_x©i Ávbg~jK I mvgvwRK weKvk mnRZi nq|
- wkÿv_x©iv Ag‡bv‡hvMx nIqvi my‡hvM cvq bv|
- wkÿv_x©iv wb‡Riv cvV Dc¯’vcb K‡i, cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv K‡i, cÖ‡qvR‡b
wkÿ‡Ki mn‡hvwMZv †bq| d‡j wkLb `„p nq|

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

Kvh© m¤úv`b: GKwU cvVcwiKíbv cÖYqb Kijvg †hLv‡b Dchy³ DcKiY Ges
AskMÖnYg~jK cvV`vb †KŠkjmn cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM Av‡Q| cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK
cvV`vb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kijvg|

ch©‡eÿY : ‡`Ljvg c~‡e©i Zzjbvq Gevi wkÿv_x©iv cvV Mªn‡Y †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx n‡q‡Q| cÖvq
mKj wkÿv_x© cvV MnY Kvh©µ‡g mwµqfv‡e RwoZ n‡q‡Q Ges cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvq Ask
wb‡q‡Q| cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ cÖvq ev¯Íevqb n‡q‡Q ejv hvq|

cÖwZdjb : e³…Zv I PK †evW© e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g KLbB AwaK wkÿv_x© m¤^wjZ †kªYx‡Z
cvV`vb djcÖm~ Kiv hvq bv| Ggb c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ †hLv‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖvq
mKj‡K cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g RwoZ Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î `jxq KvR cÖ`vb ev AskMÖnYg~jK
wkLb c×wZ GKwU Ab¨Zg cvV`vb †KŠkj n‡Z cv‡i| cvV cwiKíbvq G †KŠkj AšÍfy©³
Ki‡j cÖZ¨ÿ AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j wkÿv_x© cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx, cÖ‡kœvËi Av‡jvPbvq ¯^Z:ù~Z© nq
I cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbg‡q mvejxj _v‡K| wkLb nq ¯^vfvweK I `„p| †kªYx k„•Ljv eRvq
_v‡K| cvV`vb djcÖm~ nq|

{we. `:> Dc‡ii mgm¨vwUi Dcv‡Ëi cÖK…wZ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i ev cwiKíbv wfbœfv‡eI Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i}

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 32

weÁv‡bi beZi wkÿY aviYv AR©b K‡i wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx

ivLvi Dcvq
f~wgKv
wkÿv_x© wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡`i mKj‡K weÁv‡bi beZi wkÿY m¤úwK©Z aviYv AR©b K‡i
wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i AvaywbK
Kv‡ji wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Avcbvi welqwfwËK Ávb I wkÿY `ÿZv meB MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq|
c„w_exi †Kvb cÖv‡šÍ weÁv‡bi †Kvb wel‡qi †Kvb we‡kl w`K Aej¤^‡b M‡elYv n‡”Q KLb
†mB M‡elYvjä dj cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q G meB Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e| myZivs weÁvb wkÿK
wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb -
 beZi wkÿY aviYvi e¨vL¨v ¯úó Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 beZi wkÿY aviYv AR©‡bi Dcvqmg~n wPwüZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvi Dcvq wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cvV`vb ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mgq we‡eP¨ w`Kmg~n kbv³
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kvh©cÖYvjx
¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
evmvq e‡m ¯^wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri myweavgZ mgq I MwZ‡Z Awa‡ek‡bi me¸‡jv
Kg©c‡Îi KvR Ki‡eb| g~j wkLbxq welq GKvwaKevi co‡eb| c‡i mgq I my‡hvM K‡i
Ab¨vb¨ mncvVxmn cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wUDU‡ii mv‡_ `y‡e©va¨ Askmg~‡ni Dci Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb|
wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡bi †ÿ‡Î :
cÖwkÿK ev wUDUi‡K †mk‡bi c~e©w`b †K‡›`ªi cixÿvMv‡ii hš¿cvwZ †kªYxK‡ÿ G‡b
cixÿY cwiPvjbv Kivi mKj cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z n‡e|

 ce©-K : beZi wkÿY aviYvi e¨vL¨v

1. wUDUi wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB ÒbeZi wkÿY aviYvÓ(modern teaching concepts )
ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv LvZvq wjL‡Z ej‡eb| Gici wew”Qbœfv‡e K‡qKRb wkÿv_x©‡K
Zv‡`i wjwLZ DËi ej‡Z ej‡eb| Dˇi Am¤ú~Y©Zv _vK‡j wUDUi mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|

231
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

 ce©-L : wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Rb¨ beZi wkÿY

aviYv AR©‡bi Dcvqmg~n wPwüZKiY
2. wUDUi wkÿv_x©‡`i †Rvov MVb K‡i †`‡eb| Gici ÔbeZi wkÿY aviYv AR©bÕ Gi
wewfbœ Dcv‡qi bvg Zv‡`i wjL‡Z ej‡eb| wkÿv_©xiv †Rvovq Av‡jvPbv K‡i DËi cÖ¯‘Z
Ki‡eb| wUDUi ej‡eb †h RywU †ekx msL¨K Dcv‡qi bvg wjL‡Z cvi‡eb Zv‡`i weRqx
†NvlYv Kiv n‡e|

Gici wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU †_‡K DËi Av`vq Ki‡Z n‡e| †h RywU AwaK wj‡L‡Q Zv‡`i `vuo
Kwi‡q KiZvwji gva¨‡g Drmvn w`‡Z n‡e| Gi †Kvb mywbw`©ó DËi †bB, myZivs mK‡ji
m¤¢ve¨ DËi MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

 ce©-M : wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvq KiYxq wba©viY

3. wUDUi K‡qKwU `‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i fvM Ki‡eb| wb‡gœi cÖkœ¸‡jv †ev‡W© wj‡L ‡`‡eb|
cvi¯úwiK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g DËi wjL‡Z ej‡eb|
cÖkœmg~n :
1| cÖwkÿY wKfv‡e wkÿK‡K †KZv`yi¯Í K‡i?
2| wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wgwWqv †_‡K wKfv‡e mnvqZv †bqv hvq?
3| `ÿ I AwfÁ weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mgq Avcwb †Kvb †Kvb
w`K¸‡jv we‡ePbvq Avb‡eb?
4| wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Ab¨vb¨ KiYxq wba©viY Kiæb?
KvR †k‡l wewfbœ `j Zv‡`i `jxq Kv‡Ri djvdj Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb Ges wUDUi mnvqK
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

 ce©-N : wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi djvdj

4. wkÿv_x©‡`i c~‡e©i `j‡K wb‡Pi cÖkœwUi DËi Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wUDUi wjL‡Z ej‡eb|
cÖkœt weÁv‡b beZi wkÿY aviYv AR©b K‡i wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi djvdj wK n‡Z
cv‡i ? gšÍe¨ Kiæb|
wUDUi wewfbœ `j‡K Zv‡`i gZvgZ Dc¯’vc‡bi my‡hvM †`‡eb Ges mvgwMÖK Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g Awa‡ek‡bi mgvwß Uvb‡eb|

wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb g~j¨vqb

Awa‡ekb PjvKvjxb mg‡q wUDUi‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e -
 Awa‡ekb †_‡K wkÿv_x©iv Kx Kx wkL‡Z †c‡i‡Q?
 `jxq Kv‡R mK‡j AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q wKbv?
 wkÿv_x©‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡bi gvb †Kgb?
 wkÿv_x©‡`i Kg©ZrciZv †Kgb wQj?

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

wb‡`©wkZ KvR cÖ`vb : 05 wgt

wUDUi wkÿv_©x‡`i Ôwb‡`©wkZ KvR-8-32.1Õ †`‡eb|
(we.`ª: GB Awa‡ek‡bi †k‡l †`Lyb|)

233
 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

BDwbU - 8 Awa‡ekb - 32

g~j wkLbxq welq

weÁv‡bi beZi wkÿb aviYv AR©b K‡i wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx

  †kªYx cvV`v‡b wkÿK‡K mnvqZvi Rb¨ mev©aywbK wkÿY-wkLb (Teaching-

Learning) c×wZ, ZË¡ I Z‡_¨i mgv‡ek n‡”Q beZi wkÿb aviYv| †hgb-
Am‡ej, Am‡evY© Ges DBUªK I fvB‡MvUm&Kxi wkÿY aviYvmg~n mev©aywbK|
Avevi mZx_© I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿ‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZ †hgb-†cv÷ e·, fweZe¨-
ch©‡eÿY-we‡kølY, gv_v LvUv‡bv, `„k¨Kí, aviYv gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw` beZi wkÿY
aviYvi D`vniY|

wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Rb¨ beZi wkÿY aviYv AR©‡bi Dcvqmg~n
wPwüZKiY

wb‡P wPwýZ Dcvqmg~n cÖ`Ë nj:

 cÖwkÿY, †kªYx cvV`vb ch©‡eÿY, cvV`v‡bi wfwWI †`Lv, ¯‹vB P¨v‡bj, Rvb©vj,
ey‡jwUb, mvgwqKx, ˆ`wbK cwÎKv, AvwU©‡Kj, g¨vMvwRb, †iwWI, wUwf, weÁvb K¬ve,
weÁvb †gjv, weÁvb hv`yNi, jvB‡eªix IqvK©, B›Uvi‡bU, weÁvb mwgwZ BZ¨vw`|

wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi KiYxq wba©viY

cÖkœ : wUDUi wKfv‡e wkÿK‡K †KZv`yi¯Í K‡i?

 Nb Nb cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖnY Ki‡j bZzb bZzb wkÿY c×wZ I aviYvi mv‡_ cwiPq
nq| wewfbœ `ÿ I AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki †kªYx cvV`vb ch©‡eÿY I cvi¯úwiK gZvgZ
wewbgq Kiv m¤¢e nq| cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g cvV cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© bZzb bZzb aviYv
ˆZwi nq Ges wb‡R‡KI †kªYx cvV`vb Ki‡Z nq| d‡j ev¯ÍeZvi †cÖÿvc‡U
wkÿ‡Ki `ÿZvi Dbœqb N‡U|

cÖkœ : wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wgwWqv †_‡K wKfv‡e mnvqZv †bqv hvq?
 eZ©gvb hyM weÁv‡bi hyM| weÁvb wkÿK‡K AwZ-mv¤cÖwZK weÁvb m¤ú„³ Z_¨vejx
m¤ú©‡K Aek¨B AeMZ _vK‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wZwb cwÎKv, g¨vMvwRb, Rvb©vj,
†iwWI †Uwjwfk‡bi Leiv-Lei wbqwgZ co‡eb I ïb‡eb, †Uwjwfk‡bi wewUwfmn
wewfbœ m¨v‡UjvB P¨v‡b‡ji wkÿvg~jK cvV †`Lvi gva¨‡g †`k-we‡`‡ki weÁvb I
cÖhyw³MZ Leiv-Lei ivL‡eb| ˆeÁvwbK NUbv I `„k¨vejx †`L‡eb|

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

cÖkœ : `ÿ I AwfÁ weÁvb wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mgq Avcwb †Kvb w`K¸‡jv
we‡ePbvq Avb‡eb?
we‡eP¨ w`K¸‡jv :
 wkÿ‡Ki cÖkœ Kivi †KŠkj †Kgb?
 wZwb Kx Kx bZzb c×wZ ev †KŠkj e¨envi K‡ib?
 Avmb web¨vm †Kgb?
 wKfv‡e `j MVb, `‡j KvR cÖ`vb Ges `jxq KvR Av`vq K‡ib?
 Kx Kx D`vniY e¨envi K‡ib?
 cvV e¨vL¨vi †KŠkj †Kgb?
 g~j¨vq‡bi aiY †Kgb?
 mvivsk ev DËi wKfv‡e Av`vq K‡ib ?
 wkÿv_©x‡`i wKfv‡e †cÖlYv ‡`b ev D¾xweZ K‡ib ?
 wkÿv_x©‡`i mv‡_ wKfv‡e m¤úK© ˆZwi K‡ib ?
-------- BZ¨vw`|

cÖkœ : wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Ab¨vb¨ KiYxq wba©viY Kiæb|

wb‡R‡K †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Ab¨vb¨ Kibxq n‡”Q Ñ
- wbqwgZ weÁvb welqK mvgwqKx, ey‡jwUb, ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi weÁvb Kjvg,
g¨vMvwRb covi Af¨vm Ki‡eb|
- bZzb Z_¨, ZË¡ I Avwe®‹vi msµvšÍ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †Póv Ki‡eb|
- weÁvb K¬ve, weÁvb mwgwZ, weÁvb hv`yN‡ii m`m¨ n‡eb Ges M‡elYv KvR
Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡eb|
- jvB‡eªix‡Z KvR Kivi gvbwmKZv ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
- wbqwgZ Wvqix e¨envi Ki‡eb, fvj g›` †bvU Ki‡eb, ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges
†kªYx‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb|
- wbR¯^ `ye©j w`K¸‡jv AvšÍwiKfv‡e kbv³ Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb Ges †m¸‡jv
ms‡kva‡b D‡`¨vMx n‡eb|

wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi djvdj

cÖkœ : weÁv‡b beZi wkÿY aviYv AR©b K‡i wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi
djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i ? gšÍe¨ Kiæb|
 wkÿKZv GKwU wPi Dbœqbkxj †ckv| myZivs beZi wkÿY aviYv wkÿ‡Ki
†ckvMZ `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡e| †kªYx cvV`v‡bi gvb Dbœqb NUv‡e| wb‡Ri g‡a¨
AvZœwek¦vm ‰Zwi n‡e| Drmvn evo‡e| wkÿv_x©‡`i cv‡V g‡bv‡hvM e„w× cv‡e| Zviv
wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K †ewk Z_¨ I ZË¡ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡e| fvj wkLb Af¨vm
ˆZwi n‡e| wbR¯^ weÁvb wPšÍvi Dbœqb NU‡e|
weÁvb PPv© ev weÁvb wkÿY-†kLv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb I `ÿZv AwR©Z n‡e d‡j
weÁv‡bi BwZevPK `„wófw½ M‡o DV‡e|

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 weÁvb wkÿY- 2

wb‡`©wkZ KvR-8-32.1

†`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwi PP©vq wkÿv_©x‡`i DØy× Kivi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLv

jÿ¨ : wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ev †KZv`yi¯Í ivLvi Dcvq wn‡m‡e wbqwgZ weÁvb welqK
†`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwi‡Z Af¨¯ÍKiY|

msMVb I c×wZ :
cÖwkÿK msL¨vbycv‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i `j MVb Ki‡eb †hLv‡b cÖwZwU `‡j 5 Rb wkÿv_x©
_vK‡eb| cÖwZwU `‡j GKRb `j‡bZv _vK‡eb| wkÿv_x©iv `j‡bZvi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡R‡`i
g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡i KvR wVK K‡i †b‡eb| KvR †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv `jxqfv‡e †`qvj cwÎKv
wUDU‡ii wbKU Rgv †`‡eb|

Kv‡Ri aviv :
1. wkÿv_©xiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avjv`vfv‡e `j‡bZvi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g weÁv‡bi
GKwU welq wbe©vwPZ Ki‡eb| †hgb- me©‡kl †Kvb Avwe®‹vi ev Avwe®‹v‡ii Kvwnbx,
M‡elYv, weÁv‡b †bv‡ej cÖvBR Kviv †c‡q‡Q, †Kvb weÁvb †gjvi Lei, weÁvbxi
Rxebx, cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek, weÁv‡bi †Kvb gRv`vi Mí, ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b weÁv‡bi
Ae`vb welqK wewfbœ NUbv, msev`, DcKiY BZ¨vw`|
2. welqwU m¤ú‡K© Kvw•ÿZ Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©iv wewfbœ gva¨g e¨envi Ki‡eb|
†hgb- B›Uvi‡bU, wewUwfmn Ab¨vb¨ m¨v‡UjvBU P¨v‡bj, Rvb©vj, ˆ`wbK cwÎKv
BZ¨vw` hv Av‡M D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. `‡ji mKj m`m¨ KZ…©K cÖvß Z_¨mg~n GKwÎZ K‡i `j‡bZvi †bZ…‡Z¡ `jxqfv‡e
eo †cv÷vi KvM‡R †`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
4. cÖvß Z_¨mg~n ‡h †h Drm †_‡K †c‡q‡Qb Zv cwÎKvq D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. cÖwZwU `jB Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e †`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
6. `j‡bZv KvR †k‡l †`qvj cwÎKvi wb‡P `‡ji mKj m`‡m¨i bvg wj‡L wUDU‡ii
wbKU Rgv †`‡eb|

we‡kl Z_¨ : AwZ m¤cÖwZ †`Lv hv‡”Q ÔÔ†`qvj cwÎKvÓ aviYvwU AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖqZv AR©b
Ki‡Q| G welq wb‡q RvZxq ch©v‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZvI AbywôZ n‡”Q|

236