CHAPTER

Metals and
3 Non-metals
3.1 Physical Properties 3.4 Occurrence of Metals
3.2 Chemical Properties of Metals 3.5 Corrosion
3.3 How do Metals and Non-metals React?

Topicwise Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions (2020-2011)

8
VSA
→

7 SA I
SA II
6
Number of questions

LA
5

0
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Topic →
8 Maximum weightage is of Occurrence of 8 Maximum SA II type questions were asked from
Metals. Chemical Properties of Metals.
8 Maximum SA I type questions were asked from 8 Maximum LA type questions were asked from
Chemical Properties of Metals. Occurrence of Metals.

QUICK RECAP
8 Elements : An element is a substance that is those elements which lose electrons and form
made entirely from one type of atoms. positive ions. Thus, metals are electropositive
Examples : Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), elements.
Oxygen (O), etc. Examples : Sodium (Na), Potassium (K),
Based on their properties they are classified Calcium (Ca), etc.
into two categories called metals and non-metals. X Non-metals : Those elements which do not
possess lustre and are neither good conductors
X Metals : Those elements which possess lustre
of heat and electricity nor malleable and
when freshly cut, are malleable, ductile and
ductile but are brittle, are known as non-metals.
good conductors of heat and electricity are They may also be defined as elements which
known as metals. They may also be defined as gain electrons and form negative ions. Thus,
These topics are not a part of the Board Examination 2020-21 syllabus.
28 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

non-metals are electronegative elements. X They are non-sonorous, i.e., they do not
Examples : Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), produce any sound when hit with a hard object.
Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl), etc. X They have low melting and boiling points
except diamond and graphite which have
8 Physical properties of metals :
high melting points.
X Metals in their pure state have shining surface
X They have low densities.
i.e., possess metallic lustre.
X They have low tensile strength i.e., these are
X Metals are generally hard. The hardness
easily broken.
varies from metal to metal. Stronger the
X They may be solids, liquids or gases at room
metallic bond, harder is the metal.
temperature.
X Metals are generally malleable. The ability of
– Carbon, sulphur, phosphorous and
metals to be beaten into thin sheets is called
iodine are solid non-metals.
malleability.
– Bromine is a liquid non-metal.
X Metals are generally ductile. The ability
– Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine,
of metals to be drawn into wires is called helium and neon are gaseous non-metals.
ductility. Gold is the most ductile metal.
X Metals are good conductors of heat and 8 Chemical properties of metals :
possess high melting points. But some X Reaction with oxygen : Almost all the metals
exceptions are there e.g., lithium, sodium, react with oxygen or air to form metal oxides
potassium, caesium and gallium are metals which are basic in nature.
with low melting points. Infact, gallium and Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
caesium have so low melting points that they – When copper is heated in air, it combines
melt even on keeping them on the palm. with oxygen to form copper (II) oxide
X Metals are good conductors of electricity. which is black in colour.
The order of electrical conductivity of some 2Cu + O2 2CuO
metals is found to be as follows : – Iron reacts with oxygen to give a mixture
of FeO and Fe2O3.
Ag > Cu > Au > Al > W > Hg
Silver Copper Gold Aluminium Tungsten Mercury Heat
3Fe + 2O2 
→ FeO.Fe2O3 or Fe3O4
X Metals are sonorous i.e., they produce sound Iron (II, III) Ferrosoferric
oxide oxide
by striking on hard surface.
X Metals have high density due to closely packed X Reaction with water : Highly reactive metals
atoms. But lithium, sodium, potassium are such as sodium and potassium (placed at the
metals with low densities. top of the reactivity series) react violently
X They have high tensile strength. Due to this even with cold water with formation of
property, iron is used in the construction of hydrogen gas and energy is released.
bridges, buildings, railway lines, etc. 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
X All metals are solids except mercury which + heat energy
is liquid. Calcium reacts with water less violently while
magnesium reacts with water only on heating.
8 Physical properties of non-metals :
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
X Non-metals do not possess any lustre, but
Heat
iodine is a non-metallic solid with lustre. Mg(s) + 2H2O(l)  → Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
X They are soft and brittle. The only exception X Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not
is diamond, an allotropic form of carbon, react wither with cold or hot water. They
which is a non-metal but is the hardest react with steam.
substance known. 2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g) metals
X They are neither malleable nor ductile. such as lead, copper, silver and gold do not
X They are bad conductors of heat and react with water at all.
electricity. Exception is graphite which is an X Reaction with acids : Metals placed above
allotropic form of carbon and is a non-metal hydrogen in the reactivity series react with
but good conductor of electricity. dilute acids such as HCl and H2SO4 to displace
Metals and Non-metals 29

hydrogen from acids forming corresponding X Characteristics of the reactivity series :

metal salt with the evolution of hydrogen gas. – Metals are arranged in this series on the
Metal + Acid(dil.) Metal salt + basis of the ease with which atoms of
 Hydrogen gas these metals give up their electrons to
2Na(s) + 2HCl(dil.) 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g) form ions.
Mg(s) + H2SO4(dil.) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g) – Higher the metal in the series, greater is
– Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a its tendency to form ions in solution.
metal reacts with nitric acid because – Metals are placed in a decreasing order
nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. of reactivity, i.e., the most reactive metals
– Gold and platinum are noble metals are placed at the top and as we move
which do not react with any strong acid down, the reactivity of metals decreases.
like HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4, but these – The series also shows which metal will
can be dissolved in aqua regia (a mixture displace the other metal in a solution.
of conc. HCl and conc. HNO3 in the ratio Metals placed above will displace the
of 3 : 1) due to the formation of nascent metals placed below in the series.
chlorine which reacts with these metals
to form metal chlorides. 8 Ionic compounds : A chemical bond formed
3HCl + HNO3 NOCl + 2H2O + 2[Cl] between two atoms by complete transfer of

 Nitrosyl Nascent electrons from one atom to another so as
Aqua regia
chloride chlorine to complete their octets and hence, acquire
Au + 3Cl AuCl3 ; Pt + 4Cl PtCl4 the stable nearest noble gas configuration,
Aqua regia is highly corrosive and fuming is called ionic bond. The compounds thus
liquid. formed are known as ionic compounds.
X Reaction with salt solutions : More reactive X Formation of ionic compounds : During
metals can displace less reactive metals from
formation of ionic compounds, metal atom
the aqueous solutions of their salts. These
looses electrons and these electrons are
reactions are known as metal displacement
accepted by non-metal atom. In this way,
reactions. Generally,
cations and anions are formed which are held
Metal A + Salt solution of B Salt solution
of A + Metal B together by ionic bonds.
Examples : This can be understood by taking an example
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) of formation of sodium chloride.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
8 Reactivity series : It is the series in which
metals are arranged in the order of their The transfer of electrons may be represented as :
decreasing reactivity as shown :
Potassium (K) Most reactive
Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)
Reactivity decreases

Magnesium (Mg)
Aluminium (Al)
Zinc (Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
[Hydrogen (H)] 8 Properties of ionic compounds :
Copper (Cu) X Physical state : Ionic compounds are generally
Mercury (Hg) solids and exist in the form of crystals as ions
Silver (Ag) which are bonded by strong attractive forces.
Gold (Au) Least reactive These crystals differ in their shapes and lustre.
30 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

X Melting and boiling points : Their melting The three major steps involved in the
and boiling points are very high as they have extraction of a metal from its ore are :
strong forces of attraction. (i) concentration or enrichment of ore
X Solubility : Ionic compounds are generally (ii) conversion of concentrated ore into
soluble in water and insoluble in solvents metal
such as kerosene, petrol, etc. (iii) refining of impure metal.
X Electrical conductivity : Ionic compounds X Concentration or enrichment of ore :
conduct electricity in the aqueous solution It is done by removing gangue. The methods
as well as in the molten state but not in the for removing gangue are gravity separation,
solid state. froth floatation process, electromagnetic
8 Occurrence of metals : The major source separation and chemical separation.
of metals (whether in the free state or in the X Conversion of concentrated ore into metal :
combined state) is the earth’s crust. Some – Extraction of highly reactive metals :
metals are found in the sea water in the form The highly reactive metals like Na, Mg,
of their soluble salts. Percentage of some Al, etc. are extracted by electrolytic
metals in earth’s crust is as follows : reduction of their molten chlorides or
Al(7%), Fe(4%), Ca(3%), Na(2.7%), K(2.5%), oxides. Electrolytic reduction is brought
Mg(2%) and Ti(0.6%).
about by passing electric current through
X Minerals and Ores : The elementary state
the molten state. Metal gets deposited at
or the compounds, in the form of which the
the cathode.
metals occur in nature are called minerals.
At cathode : Na+ + e– Na
The earthy, sandy and rocky impurities
associated with the mineral are called gangue At anode : 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e–
or matrix. Also, the mineral from which the – Extraction of metals of medium
metal can be extracted conveniently and reactivity : The metals with moderate
economically is called an ore. reactivity like zinc, iron, lead, copper,
etc. are generally present as sulphides
8 Extraction of metals : Getting a metal out of
its ore is called extraction of the metal. or carbonates. These sulphides and
carbonates first need to get converted
8 Metallurgy : Various steps involved in the
to oxides as it is easier to get metal from
extraction of a metal from its ore followed by
their oxides.
refining of the metal is called ‘metallurgy’. The
steps involved are summarised as follows : This can be done by two processes :
• Roasting : In this process, the
sulphide ores are converted into
oxides by heating strongly in presence
of excess of air.
Roasting
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s)
Zinc sulphide + 2SO2(g)
(Zinc blende ore)
• Calcination : In this process, the
carbonate ores are converted into
oxides by heating strongly in the
absence or limited supply of air.
Heat
ZnCO3(s) 2ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
Zinc carbonate
(Calamine ore)
The metal oxides are then reduced
to corresponding metals by using
Metals and Non-metals 31

reducing agents like carbon or by using the electrolyte, the impure metal from the
displacement reactions with highly anode dissolves into the electrolyte and pure
reactive metals such as aluminium, metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the
sodium, calcium, etc. cathode. The soluble impurities go into the
ZnO(s) + C (s)
Heat
Zn(s) + CO(g) solution, whereas, the insoluble impurities
settle down at the bottom of the anode as
Heat
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s) 3Mn(l) + such in the form of anode mud.
2Al2O3(s) 8 Corrosion : The process of slowly eating up
The reduction of metal oxides to metal of metals due to their conversion into oxides,
using aluminium as the reducing agent carbonates, sulphides, sulphates, etc. by the
is called aluminothermy. The reaction is action of atmospheric gases and moisture is
highly exothermic. The heat evolved is called ‘corrosion’. In general, more reactive
so high that the metal is obtained in the
the metal, more easily it gets corroded. Metals
molten state.
like potassium, magnesium, aluminium,
Ignited
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) zinc, iron, etc. undergo corrosion easily
This reaction is known as thermite while noble metals like gold and platinum do
reaction and used for welding the broken not get corroded easily. Corrosion of iron is
parts of iron machinery, railway tracks, known as rusting which causes a big loss to
girders, etc. the economy of the country.
– Extraction of metals with low reactivity : X Prevention of corrosion : Rusting of iron can
The oxides of these metals can be reduced be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing,
to metals by heating alone. galvanising, chrome plating, anodising or
Heat
2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) 2HgO(s) + making alloys.
Mercury sulphide 2SO2(g) – A thin layer of tin metal or chromium
(Cinnabar ore) metal is deposited on iron objects by
Heat
2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g) electroplating to prevent rusting.
X Refining of impure metal : The process of – Galvanisation is a method of protecting
purifying impure metals is called refining iron from rusting by coating them with a
of metals. The most widely used method thin layer of zinc.
is electrolytic refining. In this process, the – Alloying : An alloy is a homogeneous
impure metal is made the anode and a thin mixture of two or more metals or a metal
strip of pure metal is made the cathode. and a non-metal. e.g.,
A solution of the metal salt is used as an stainless steel (Fe + Cr + Ni),
electrolyte. On passing the current through brass (Cu + Zn), bronze (Cu + Sn), etc.
32 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

Previous Years’ CBSE Board Questions

3.2 Chemical Properties of Metals (iii) an iron nail is dipped in a solution of

copper sulphate for some time.
SA I (2 marks)  (Board Term I, 2014)
1. Reverse of the following chemical reaction is 9. Give reason :
not possible : (a) Aluminium is a reactive metal but is still
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) used for packing food articles.
Justify this statement with reason. (b) Calcium starts floating when water is
 (Board Term I, 2016) added to it. (Board Term I, 2014)
2. Name a metal which : LA (5 marks)
(a) is the best conductor of heat.
10. (a) 
Complete and balance the following
(b) has a very low melting point. chemical equations :
(c) does not react with oxygen even at high (i) Al2O3 + HCl
temperature. (ii) K2O + H2O
(d) is most ductile. (Board Term I, 2015) (iii) Fe + H2O
3. What is meant by amphoteric oxides? Choose (b) An element ‘X’ displaces iron from the
the amphoteric oxides from the following : aqueous solution of iron sulphate. List
Na2O, ZnO, CO2, Al2O3, H2O your observations if the element ‘X’
 (Board Term I, 2014) is treated with the aqueous solutions
4. Complete the following equation with balancing : of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate and
(i) Al + HCl → silver nitrate. Based on the observations
(ii) Mg + HNO3 → (Board Term I, 2013) arrange X, Zn, Cu and Ag in increasing
order of their reactivities. (2020)
SA II (3 marks)
5. Compare in tabular form the reactivities of
3.3 How do Metals and
the following metals with cold and hot water : Non-metals React?
(a) Sodium (b) Calcium SA II (3 marks)
(c) Magnesium (2020)
11. A metal ‘X’ combines with a non-metal ‘Y’ by the
6. Give reason for the following :
transfer of electrons to form a compound Z.
(i) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when most (i) State the type of bond in compound Z.
of the metals react with nitric acid. (ii) What can you say about the melting point
(ii) Zinc oxide is considered as an amphoteric and boiling point of compound Z?
oxide. (iii) Will this compound dissolve in kerosene
(iii) Metals conduct electricity. or petrol?
 (Board Term I, 2016) (iv) Will this compound be a good conductor
7. (a)  Why does calcium start floating when of electricity? (Board Term I, 2017)
it reacts with water? Write the balanced LA (5 marks)
chemical equation of the reaction.
(b) Name two metals which do not react with 12. (i)  By the transfer of electrons, illustrate
water. (Board Term I, 2015) the formation of bond in magnesium
chloride and identify the ions present in
8. State what would happen if : this compound.
(i) some zinc pieces are placed in blue (ii) Ionic compounds are solids. Give reasons.
copper sulphate solution. (iii) With the help of a labelled diagram show
(ii) some copper pieces are placed in green the experimental set up of action of
ferrous sulphate solution. steam on a metal. (2020)
Metals and Non-metals 33

13. (a) (i) W  rite two properties of gold which 19. Write balanced chemical equations to explain
make it the most suitable metal for what happens, when
ornaments. (i) Mercuric oxide is heated.
(ii) Name two metals which are the best (ii) Mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous
conductors of heat. sulphide is heated.
(iii) Name two metals which melt when (iii) Aluminium is reacted with manganese
you keep them on your palm. dioxide.
(b) Explain the formation of ionic compound (iv) Ferric oxide is reduced with aluminium.
CaO with electron-dot structure. Atomic (v) Zinc carbonate undergoes calcination.
numbers of calcium and oxygen are 20  (2020)
and 8 respectively. (2020) 20. (a)  List in tabular form three chemical
14. (i) Write down the electronic configuration properties on the basis of which we can
of magnesium and oxygen. differentiate between a metal and a non-
(ii) Give two general properties of the metal.
compound formed by combination of (b) Give reasons for the following :
magnesium and oxygen. (i) Most metals conduct electricity well.
(iii) Show the formation of this compound by (ii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide [Fe2O3]
the transfer of electrons. with heated aluminium is used to join
 (Board Term I, 2014) cracked machine parts. (Delhi 2019)
21. (a) Write the steps involved in the extraction
3.4 Occurrence of Metals of pure metals in the middle of the activity
series from their carbonate ores.
SA II (3 marks)
(b) How is copper extracted from its sulphide
15. An ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric ore? Explain the various steps supported
acid produces brisk effervescence. Name the by chemical equations. Draw labelled
type of ore with one example. What steps will diagram for the electrolytic refining of
be required to obtain metal from the enriched copper. (2018)
ore? Also write the chemical equations for
the reactions involved in the process. 22. Draw a schematic diagram of the various
 (AI 2019) steps involved in the extraction of metals
from ores for metals of medium reactivity
16. (i) Carbonate of metal ‘X’ is abundant in
and for metals of low reactivity.
earth crust and its hydroxide is used in
 (Board Term I, 2018)
‘white washing’. Identify metal ‘X’.
(ii) How will you convert this carbonate into 23. (a) Describe an activity to show that metals
its oxide? Name the process and write its are good conductors of electricity.
equation. (Board Term I, 2014) (b) Account for the following :
(i) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a
17. Zinc is a metal found in the middle of the
metal reacts with nitric acid.
activity series of metals. In nature, it is found
(ii) For storing sodium metal, it is kept
as a carbonate ore, ZnCO3. Mention the steps
immersed in kerosene.
carried out for its extraction from the ore.
(iii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide with
Support with equations. (Board Term I, 2013)
aluminium is used to join cracked iron
LA (5 marks) parts of machines. (Board Term I, 2016)
18. Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, 24. How is copper obtained from its ore (Cu2S)?
magnesium and aluminium to their respective Write only the chemical equations. How is
metals. Why? Where are these metals placed copper thus obtained refined? Name and
in the reactivity series? How are these metals explain the process along with a labelled
obtained form their ores? Take an example to diagram. (Board Term I, 2015)
explain the process of extraction along with 25. (a) Copper produced by heating the ore in
chemical equations. (2020) air is not very pure. Describe the method
34 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

used for refining impure copper. Draw LA (5 marks)

labelled diagram of the process.
(b) Write chemical equations for the 31. (a) Name the following :
reactions taking place when : (i) Metal that can be cut by knife
(i) zinc sulphide is heated in air. (ii) Lustrous non-metal
(ii) zinc carbonate is calcined. (iii) Metal that exists in liquid state at room
 (Board Term I, 2014) temperature
(iv) Most malleable and ductile metal
3.5 Corrosion (v) Metal that is best conductor of electricity
VSA (1 mark) (vi) Non-metal that can exist in different
forms
26. Assertion (A) : The metals and alloys are (b) How are alloys better than metals? Give
good conductors of electricity. composition of solder and amalgam.
Reason (R) : Bronze is an alloy of copper  (2020)
and tin and it is not a good conductor of 32. (a) Define corrosion.
electricity. (b) What is corrosion of iron called?
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the (c) How will you recognise the corrosion of
correct explanation of the assertion (A). silver?
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not (d) Why corrosion of iron is a serious problem?
the correct explanation of the assertion (e) How can we prevent corrosion of iron?
(A).  (Board Term I, 2017)
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 33. Give reason for the following :
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (2020) (a) Ionic compounds have higher melting
SA I (2 marks) point and higher boiling point.
(b) Sodium is kept immersed in kerosene.
27. Name first discovered alloy. Give its composition (c) Reaction of calcium with water is less
also. (Board Term I, 2014) violent.
(d) Silver articles become black after some time
SA II (3 marks) when exposed to air.
28. List three differentiating features between the (e) Prior to reduction the metal sulphides and
processes of galvanisation and alloying. carbonates must be converted into metal
 (2020) oxides for extracting metals.
29. Describe an activity to find out the conditions  (Board Term I, 2015)
under which iron rusts.(Board Term I, 2017) 34. (a) Metals like iron, silver and copper get
30. Why some metal surfaces acquire a dull corroded on exposure to air. Write
appearance when they are exposed to moist the chemical name of the substance
air? Write colour acquired by the surfaces of deposited on their surface respectively
copper and silver in such situation and also with it’s colour, in each case.
write the chemical names of the substances (b) List four ways by which rusting can be
due to which it happens. (Board Term I, 2016) prevented. (Board Term I, 2013)

Detailed Solutions
1. If a strip of zinc metal is put in copper sulphate In this reaction, zinc metal being more reactive
solution, then the blue colour of copper sulphate than copper displaces copper from copper
fades gradually due to the formation of colourless sulphate solution. If however, a strip of copper
zinc sulphate solution and reddish-brown copper metal is placed in zinc sulphate solution, then no
metal is deposited on zinc strip.
reaction occurs. This is because copper metal is
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
less reactive than zinc metal and hence, cannot
Copper sulphate Zinc Zinc sulphate Copper
(Blue solution) (Colourless solution) (Reddish brown) displace zinc from its salt solution.
Metals and Non-metals 35

Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) → No reaction Room

Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Copper Zinc sulphate temperature
The bubbles of hydrogen gas produced stick to the
2. (a) Metal which is the best conductor of heat
surface of calcium and hence, it starts floating on
is silver.
the surface of water.
(b) Gallium has a very low melting point.
(b) Gold and silver do not react with water.
(c) Silver and gold do not react with oxygen even
at high temperature. 8. (i) Refer to answer 1.
(d) Gold is the most ductile metal. (ii) Cu + FeSO4 → No Reaction
3. Amphoteric oxides are those which show Cu is less reactive than Fe, thus, it cannot displace
acidic as well as basic character, i.e., they react Fe from FeSO4 solution.
with bases as well as acids. ZnO and Al2O3 are (iii) When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate
amphoteric oxides. solution, then the blue colour of copper sulphate
fades gradually and a reddish brown coating is
4. (i) formed on the iron nail.
2Al + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)↑
Aluminium Hydrochloric Aluminium Hydrogen
CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
acid chloride Copper (II) Iron Iron (II) Copper
(ii) sulphate (Blue (Grey) sulphate (Greenish (Reddish
Mg(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg (NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)↑ solution) solution) brown)
Magnesium Nitric acid Magnesium Hydrogen As iron is more reactive than copper, it displaces
(very dilute) nitrate copper from copper sulphate solution.
5. 9. (a) Aluminium is a strong and cheap metal.
Metal Reaction with water It is also a good conductor of heat. But it is highly
(a) Sodium Reacts violently with cold water reactive. When it is exposed to moist air, its
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → surface is covered with a thin impervious layer
2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) of aluminium oxide (Al2O3). This layer does not
(b) Calcium Reacts less violently with cold water allow moist air to come in contact with the fresh
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → metal and hence, protects the metal underneath
Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) from further damage or corrosion. Thus, after
the formation of this protective layer of Al2O3,
(c) Magnesium Does not react with cold water, it aluminium becomes resistant to corrosion. It is
reacts with hot water because of this reason that although aluminium
Heat
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) is a highly reactive metal, it is still used in food
Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) packaging.
6. (i) Hydrogen gas is not evolved when most (b) Refer to answer 7(a).
metals react with nitric acid. It is because HNO3 10. (a) (i) Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H2 (ii) K2O + H2O 2KOH
produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of (iii) 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2
the nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO, NO2). (b) As X displaces iron from its salt solution hence
(ii) ZnO reacts both with acids as well as bases to X is more reactive than iron. It will also displace
form salt and water. Thus, ZnO is an amphoteric copper from copper sulphate and silver from silver
oxide. nitrate as both are less reactive than iron. As zinc
ZnO + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O is more reactive than iron hence, X can be more
Zinc oxide Dil. hydrochloric Zinc Water or less reactive than zinc. Then the order of their
acid chloride
reactivities can be
ZnO + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2O
Zinc oxide Sodium Sodium Water
Ag < Cu < Fe < Zn < X or Ag < Cu < Fe < X < Zn.
hydroxide zincate 11. X being a metal loses electrons and Y being a
(iii) Metals conduct electricity due to the flow of non-metal gains electrons to form Z.
free electrons present in them. (i) The chemical bond formed by the transfer of
7. (a) Calcium reacts with cold water to form electrons from one atom to another is known as an
calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. ionic bond. Hence, Z is an ionic compound.
36 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

(ii) Compound Z is an ionic compound thus, it has 14. (i) Atomic number of magnesium (Mg) = 12
high melting and boiling points. \ Its electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2
(iii) Ionic compounds are insoluble in non-polar Atomic number of oxygen = 8
solvents such as kerosene or petrol. Electronic configuration of oxygen = 2, 6
(iv) As Z is an ionic compound, it does not conduct (ii) Magnesium (Mg) reacts with oxygen (O2) to
electricity in the solid state because movement of form magnesium oxide (MgO).
ions in the solid is not possible due to their rigid 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
structure. But it conducts electricity in the molten Properties of MgO are :
state or in aqueous solution due to the movement (a) It involves ionic bonding.
of ions freely. (b) It has high melting point due to strong
12. (i) electrostatic forces of attraction between Mg2+ and
Cl – O2– ions.
Mg → Mg2+ 2 Cl or MgCl2
Cl Magnesium Chloride Magnesium
(iii) In the formation of magnesium oxide, two
Magnesium Chlorine ion (2, 8) ions (2, 8) chloride electrons are transferred from magnesium atom to
atom (2, 8, 2) atoms (2, 6)
oxygen atom as represented :
(ii) Ionic compounds are solids because the 2–
particles which make up ionic compounds are
Mg O → Mg
2+
O or Mg2+O2–
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium Oxide ion or
held together by strong electrostatic bonds. atom (2, 8, 2) atom (2, 6) ion (2, 8) (2, 8)
(iii) MgO
Magnesium oxide
Glass-wool
soaked in
Stand
15. The ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric
water
Hydrogen gas acid produces brisk effervescence hence, it must
Stand be a carbonate ore. Calamine (ZnCO3) is an
Metal sample Cork important carbonate ore of zinc.
Burner Delivery
tube
Water Steps required to obtain metal from the enriched
carbonate ore :
(a) Conversion of the carbonate ore into metal
Action of steam on metal
oxide : This is done by calcination (for carbonate
ores).
13. (a) (i) The malleability and ductility
Calcination is the process of heating the ore
properties of gold make it suitable for ornaments.
strongly in the absence or limited supply of air.
(ii) Silver and gold.
The zinc carbonate on heating decomposes to
(iii) Gallium and caesium have so low melting
points that they melt even on keeping them on palm. form zinc oxide as shown :
Heat
(b) ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
(Absence of air)
Zinc carbonate
(Calamine-ore of Zn)
(b) Reduction of the metal oxide to metal : As
Ca + O zinc is moderately reactive, zinc oxide cannot be
reduced by heating alone. Hence, it is reduced to
zinc by using a reducing agent such as carbon.
Calcium atom Oxygen atom
(Ca) (O) ZnO(s) + C(s) Heat
→ Zn(s) + CO(g)
(2, 8, 8, 2) (2, 6) Zinc oxide Coke Zinc Carbon monoxide
The reduction of metal oxides by heating with
coke is called smelting.
Ca O or Ca2+O2–
16. (i) Calcium carbonate is abundant in earth's
or CaO
crust and calcium hydroxide is used in white
washing. Hence, metal X is calcium (Ca).
Calcium ion Oxide ion
(ii) CaCO3 is strongly heated in the absence of
(Ca2+) (O2–)
(2, 8, 8) (2, 8) air to get the metal oxide. This process is called
Calcium oxide
calcination.
Metals and Non-metals 37
Heat
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) 3. Oxidising Metals generally Non-metals
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide or behave as reducing generally
17. Refer to answer 15. reducing agents. behave as
18. Sodium, magnesium and aluminium have character oxidising
higher affinity towards oxygen than that of carbon agents.
because these are highly reactive metals. Hence,
carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, (b) (i) Refer to answer 6 (iii).
magnesium and aluminium to their respective (ii) The reaction of iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 with
metals. These metals are placed at the top of aluminium is highly exothermic and the iron
the reactivity series. The highly reactive metals produced melts. This molten iron is used to join
like Na, Mg, Al, etc. are extracted by electrolytic cracked iron parts of machines and railway tracks.
reduction of their molten chlorides or oxides.
Ignited
Electrolytic reduction is brought about by passing Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)+ Heat
electric current through the molten state. Metal Iron (III) Aluminium Iron Aluminium
gets deposited at the cathode. oxide (melt) oxide

NaCl Na+ + Cl– 21. (a) Extraction of metals of medium reactivity :

At cathode : Na+ + e– Na The metals in the middle of the reactivity series are
At anode : 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e– zinc, iron, lead, etc. The carbonate ores first need
19. (i) On heating, mercuric oxide decomposes to get converted to oxides as it is easier to get metal
to give mercury and oxygen. from their oxides.
Heat Refer to answer 15.
2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
(ii) On heating mixture of cuprous oxide and (b) Copper glance (Cu2S) when heated in air gets
cuprous sulphide, copper and sulphur dioxide are partially oxidised to copper oxide which further
produced. reacts with the remaining copper glance to give
Heat copper metal.
2Cu2O(s) + Cu2S(s) 6Cu(s) + SO2(g)
D
(iii) When aluminium is heated with manganese 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
dioxide, manganese and aluminium oxide are Copper (from air) Copper Sulphur
formed. glance oxide dioxide
Heat D
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s) 3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3(s) 2Cu2O(s) + Cu2S(s) 6Cu(s) + SO2(g)
(iv) Ferric oxide reacts with aluminium to produce Copper
aluminium oxide and iron. metal
Heat
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
(v) On calcination, zinc carbonate produces zinc
oxide and carbon dioxide.
Calcination
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
20. (a)
S. Chemical Metals Non-metals
No. property
1. Nature of Metals generally Non-metals
oxides form basic oxides. generally
form acidic
oxides. set-up
2. Reaction Metals which lie Non-metals
with water above hydrogen in (except F) 22. Various steps involved in the extraction of
the reactivity series do not react a metal from its ore followed by refining of the
displace hydrogen with water. metal is called ‘metallurgy’. The steps involved are
from water. summarised as follows :
38 CBSE Champion Science Class 10

electrolyte, the metal from the anode dissolves

into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of
copper metal from copper sulphate solution gets
deposited on cathode.

Insoluble
im

set-up

25. (a) Refer to answer 24.

23. (a) Activity : (i) Set up an electric circuit as (b) (i)
shown in the figure. Heat
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)↑
(ii) Place the metal to be tested (Cu, Al, Ag, Fe, (in presence
Zinc sulphide From of excess air) Zinc oxide Sulphur
etc.) in the circuit, between the terminal A and B. (Zinc blende- air dioxide
(iii) Switch on the battery. ore of Zn)
Calcination
(ii) ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
Battery Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide
Bulb 26. (c) : Metals and alloys have free electrons in
them which can move freely inside them, so they
conduct electricity very easily. Bronze is an alloy of
Clips
copper and tin and it is a very good conductor of
Switch electricity.
A B
Insert sample to be tested 27. Bronze is the first discovered alloy. Its
Observations : Bulb begins to glow. composition is copper (90%) and tin (10%).
Conclusion : This indicates that the current is 28.
flowing through the metal wire. Hence, metals are
Galvanisation Alloying
good conductors of electricity.
(b) (i) Refer to answer 6(i). 1. It is the process of 1. It is the process of
(ii) Sodium reacts vigorously with air and catches applying a protective combining two or
fire. Also, sodium reacts with water and the hydrogen zinc coating to steel more metals or a metal
gas is evolved which catches fire. Therefore, sodium or iron, to prevent and a non-mental.
is kept under kerosene. rusting.
(iii) Refer to answer 20(b) (ii).
2. It is done through 2. It is done by heating
24. Refer to answer 21(b). electrolysis. the primary metal and
Copper obtained is refined by electrolytic adding other elements in
refining. definite proportions and
Electrolytic refining of crude copper : then cooling it down to
Thick block of impure metal acts as anode and a room temperature.
thin strip of pure copper metal acts as cathode.
The electrolyte used is aqueous solution of copper 3. The properties of 3. The properties like
sulphate containing a small amount of sulphuric inner metal are not strength, conductivity
acid. On passing electric current through the changed. etc. are changed.
Metals and Non-metals 39

29. Activity : (d) Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Every

(i) Take three test tubes and put clean nails in year large amount of money is spent to replace
each of the three tubes. Label them as A, B and C. damaged iron articles. Corrosion causes damage
(ii) Pour some water in test tube A and cork it. to car bodies, bridges and iron railings, ships and
(iii) In tube B, pour some boiled distilled water to all objects made of metals specially those of
along with some turpentine oil and cork it. iron.
(iv) In test tube C, add some anhydrous calcium (e) Corrosion of iron is prevented by coating
chloride and cork it. it with a layer of oil. The reason being that the
(v) Look these test tubes properly and keep them layer of oil does not allow air and water to react
undisturbed for a few days. the surface of iron. Corrosion of iron can also
Observation : Only in test tube A, iron nails get be prevented by painting, greasing, galvanising,
rusted since the nails in this test tube are exposed anodising, electroplating or making alloys.
to both air and water.
33. (a) Due to strong forces of attraction, the ions
Conclusion : Both air and water are required for
are bound to each other very firmly. As a result,
rusting of iron.
the electrovalent or ionic solids have high melting
and boiling points.
(b) Refer to answer 23(b) (ii).
(c) Calcium reacts with cold water but the reaction
is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for
the hydrogen to catch fire.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)↑
Calcium Cold water Calcium hydroxide Hydrogen
(d) Refer to answer 32(c).
30. When a metal has been kept exposed to air (e) The reduction of metal oxides to metal is
for a long time, then it gets a dull appearance. easier than the reduction of metal sulphides and
The metals lose their shine or brightness due to metal carbonates. Hence, these are first reduced to
the formation of a thin layer of oxide, carbonate their corresponding metal oxides.
or sulphide on their surface and thus, the metal 34. (a) Iron gets corroded and forms ferric
surface gets corroded. The surface of copper gets oxide which is rust, it is reddish brown in colour.
coated with a green layer in moist air due to the For silver and copper, refer to answer 30.
formation of basic copper carbonate, silver articles (b) The various methods used for preventing the
acquire a blackish tinge due to the formation of rusting of iron are given below :
silver sulphide. (i) By applying paint : Materials like railings,
31. (a) (i) Sodium (ii) Iodine (iii) Mercury iron gates, iron bridges, bodies of cars, buses and
(iv) Gold (v) Silver (vi) Carbon trucks, etc. are all painted to protect them from
(b) Alloys are stronger than the metals from rusting. Painting the metal surface does not allow
which they are made, more resistant to corrosion, them to come in contact with the moist air and
have lower melting point, have lower electrical thus, prevents rusting.
conductivity. Solder is an alloy of lead and tin. (ii) Greasing and oiling : When some grease or
An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another oil is applied on the surface of an iron object, then
metal. moisture and air cannot come in contact with it
32. (a) The process of slowly eating up of metals and hence, rusting is prevented.
due to their conversion into oxides, carbonates, (iii) Galvanization : It is a method of protecting
sulphides, etc., by the action of atmospheric gases iron from rusting by coating them with a thin
and moisture is called corrosion. layer of zinc. The iron coated with zinc is called
(b) The corrosion of iron is called rusting. galvanized iron.
(c) Silver articles become black after sometime (iv) Electroplating : It is another technique used
when exposed to air. This is due to formation of to prevent articles from rusting. In this process,
a coating of black silver sulphide (Ag2S) on its metals like tin, nickel and chromium which do not
surface by the action of H2S gas present in the air. corrode are electroplated on iron.